Drachsler figures that in the United States 4.26% of Jewish marriages are between Jews (of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generations) and other races. He says that in the German Empire in 1915, 40% of the Jewish men who married, married non-Jewish wives; and 26% of Jewesses who married, married nonJewish men. But for some reason he says that was an unusual year in this respect. Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Edited by the Faculty of Political Science of Columbia University, Vol. 94 (1920-1921): Monograph on Intermarriage in New York City, a Statistical Study of the Amalgamation of European Peoples by Julius Drachsler, pp. 43, 47 of monograph; pp. 195, 199 of book itself. See also the somewhat astonishing table as to intermarriage in Europe on p. 197 of The Jews by Maurice Fishberg (1911). The same author states that 5% of Jewish marriages in the Northern States of the United States are intermarriages and 33% in the South, pp. 203, 204. Karl Kautsky in his book on Are the Jews a Race? (1926) gives also some tables (pp. 153, 154) showing the large proportion of mixed marriages between Jews and non-Jews in Germany and Holland down to 1908. He adds, "In Italy, France, England and the United States, there are no religious statistics. Zollschan sadly observes that in these countries, in which the Jews have the fullest freedom, 'the process of dissolution of the native Jewry is proceeding at full speed.' In the Jewish families of Italy which belong to the higher social classes he says it has 'almost become a rule to marry their children only to Christians.' Kautsky also says, "The examples of Italy and Denmark go to show how correct were the calculations of those champions of Jewish emancipation who expected that it would result in a complete absorption of the Jews by the races among which they lived. Zollschan is right; it is only in the ghetto, in a condition of compulsory exclusion from their environment, and under political pressure, deprived of their rights and surrounded by hostility, that the Jews can maintain themselves among other peoples. They will dissolve, unite with their environment and disappear, where the Jew is regarded and treated as a free man and as an equal." p. 156.

p. 138, n. 2: The Jews by Maurice Fishberg (1911), pp. 202, 203.

p. 138, n. 3: Population Problems in the United States and Canada by Louis I. Dublin (1926), pp. 161, 162.

p. 138, n. 4: The Melting-Pot Mistake by Henry Pratt Fairchild (1926), p. 153.

p. 139, n. 1: Immigration by Henry Pratt Fairchild, Revised Edition (1925), p. 362.

p. 140, n. 1: Theories of Americanization by Isaac R. Berkson (1920), pp. 61, 62.

p. 140, n. 2: English Traits - Wealth by Ralph Waldo Emerson.

p. 141, n. 1: Essentials of Americanization by Emory S. Bogardus (1919), p. 166.

p. 143, n. 1: The Americans by Hugo Munsterberg (1904), p. 183.

p. 143, n. 2: The United States as a World Power by Archibald C. Coolidge (1919), p. 71.

p. 144, n. 1: Mankind at the Crossroads by Edward M. East (1923),

p. 135.

p. 145, n. 1:

p. 145, n. 2:

p. 145, n. 3: p. 145, n. 4:

p. 102.

See The Menace of Colour by J. W. Gregory (1925), p. 230.
The Citizen by Nathaniel S. Shaler (1904), p. 236.
The Psychology of Peoples by Gustave Le Bon (1898), p. 53.
The Mulatto in the United States by Byron Reuter (1918),

p. 146, n. 1: Mankind at the Crossroads by Edward M. East (1923),

p. 139.

p. 146, n. 2: The Mulatto in the United States by Byron Reuter (1918), p. 397. In this connection the following from Baron Von Taube's book, In Defense of America (1912), bears on the world-wide subject of biology. He says (pp. 101, 102): “As a general rule, especially among planters of English descent, the negroes were very rarely ill-treated. On the contrary, an almost scientific care was exercised in the rearing of the most contented and vigorous specimen, and this not out of any extra humanitarian sentimentality, but simply on the basis of strict business, a happy and welldeveloped negro being considered twice as profitable and valuable as an illtreated one. Some of the old Virginia and Carolina planter regulations for the management of negroes would serve as models for the modern municipal regulations of the white man, especially in regard to the breeding of healthy and sturdy specimens of our own race. In truth, the planters' interests lay in doing all that is so sadly missing in the present provisions of our famous civilization for rearing our future generations or even taking a hygienic care of our own existence, many down grades instead of ameliorations of our human species being the result."

And again he says (p. 145): "In the primitive conditions of existence in the early days of the States, nature took good care to eliminate weaklings and the otherwise unfit, without giving them the chance to propagate their defective breed, as civilization is wont to do today. It must be remembered, too, that some of these rough conditions of life continue to exist, in many parts of the Union, breeding a robust and self-reliant strain of men, sending forth many of their young forces to take part in the general game of life played in the country."

p. 146, n. 3: Professor Coolidge of Harvard says, "The Filipinos were infuriated at the suggestion, made in the United States, that their islands should be colonized by the surplus of the American colored population.” The United States as a World Power by Archibald C. Coolidge (1919), p. 74,

note.

p. 147, n. 1: America's Race Heritage by Clinton S. Burr (1922), p. 156. p. 147, n. 2: See A History of the United States by Cecil Chesterton (1919), p. 277.

p. 147, n. 3: The Indestructible Union by William McDougall. Vol. II of American Nationalism Series, Henry B. Hall, Editor (1925), pp. 163, 164.

p. 148, n. 1: Essentials of Americanization by Emory S. Bogardus (1919), p. 142.

p. 149, n. 1: The Italian Emigration of our Times by Robert F. Foerster (1919), p. 330.

p. 152, n. 1: A Political and Social History of the United States by Arthur M. Schlesinger (1925), p. 229.

p. 152, n. 2: See National Isolation an Illusion by Perry Belmont (1925), p. 153.

p. 154, n. 1: Our Foreigners by Samuel P. Orth (1920), Vol. 35, Lincoln Edition of Chronicles of America Series, p. 168.

p. 155, n. 1: Old World Traits Transplanted by Robert E. Park and Herbert A. Miller (1921), pp. 233, 234.

p. 158, n. 1: Current Problems in Citizenship by William B. Munro (1924), pp. 531, 532.

p. 160, n. 1: The Hindrances to Good Citizenship (1909): Lecture on Private Self-Interest as a Hindrance to Good Citizenship by Viscount James Bryce, p. 66.

p. 167, n. 1: British-American Relations by James D. Whelpley (1924), pp. 101 and 106.

p. 168, n. 1: See Tipling v. Pexall, 2 Bulst. 233.

p. 174, n. 1: Democracy and Liberty by William E. H. Lecky (1878), Vol. 1, p. 213.

p. 175, n. 1: The Future of Trades-Unionism and Capitalism in a Democracy by Charles W. Eliot (1910), p. 29.

p. 175, n. 2: Problems of Today by Moorfield Storey (1920), pp. 61, 62, and 71.

p. 177, n. 1: The American Era by H. H. Powers (1920), pp. 116, 117. p. 177, n. 2: Capital's Duty to the Wage-Earner by John Calder (1923), pp. 53, III, 112.

p. 179, n. 1: The Rights of Man (1901): Lecture on Industrial Rights by Lyman Abbott, pp. 106, 107.

p. 180, n. 1: The Conflict Between Individualism and Collectivism in a Democracy by Charles W. Eliot (1910), pp. 12–14.

p. 181, n. 1: Americanization, edited by Winthrop Talbot (1917): Address on Labor Unions - Americanization by Labor Unions by John

R. Commons, p. 306.

p. 183, n. 1: Races and Immigrants in America by John R. Commons (1908), pp. 151, 152.

p. 185, n. 1: At a meeting of the American Federation of Labor in Detroit October 12, 1926, the report of the resolutions committee was adopted and that report contained the following: "We regard the Soviet régime in Russia as the most unscrupulous, most anti-social, most menacing institution in the world to-day. Between it and our form of political and social organization there can be no compromise of any kind. We repeat the call to American trade unionists to stand true to their faith, to be militant in their defense of the principles of freedom and justice for which our movement stands and upon which our democracy rests its foundation walls.”

p. 186, n. 1: Wealth and Welfare by A. C. Pigou (1912), p. 29. p. 186, n. 2: See Principles of Western Civilization by Benjamin Kidd (1902), p. 34, quoting from Origin of Species, Ch. III, by Darwin.

p. 187, n. 1: International Relations by Raymond L. Buell (1925), p. 170. p. 187, n. 2: Race and National Solidarity by Charles Conant Josey (1923), , P. 211.

p. 187, n. 3: Great American Issues by John Hays Hammond and Jeremiah W. Jenks (1921), pp. 99, 100.

p. 191, n. 1: Democracy and Liberty by William E. H. Lecky (1878), Vol. I, p. 102.

p. 191, n. 2: Economics for Executives: Vol. entitled Enterprise and Business Organization by George E. Roberts, pp. 33, 34 (1923).

p. 196, n. 1: People v. Willcox, 207 N. Y. 86, 98, 99.

p. 197, n. 1:

p. 200, n. 1:

p. 200, n. 2:

Research Reports No. 56, November, 1922, pp. 103, 104.
Yale Review for April, 1923, pp. 467, 468.

See New York Herald-Tribune, February 2, 1925.

p. 201, n. 1: See Our Economic and Other Problems by Otto H. Kahn (1920), pp. 74, 75.

p. 206, n. 1: Yale Review for April, 1923, p. 464.

p. 207, n. 1: President Coolidge in an address, October 23, 1924, said: "It has always been the theory of our institutions that the people should own the government and not that the government should own the people.

James Otis stated this principle before the Revolution, when he said that 'kings were made for the people, and not the people for them.' This policy cannot be maintained unless the people continue to own and control their own property. The most important property of the country is transportation and water power. It is not only very large in amount, but is of the greatest strategic value. It could be used in such a way as to assume virtual control of all other business of any importance. It is proposed that these properties should be brought under public ownership. Responsible public commissions have valued these at about $35,000,000,000. Such a cost would more than double all our public debts. Any deficit in earnings would have to be made up out of taxes. We did that during the war at a cost of $1,600,000,000. With the government in possession of such a great engine, with two and three-quarters millions of employees, spending $9,000,000,000 or $10,000,000,000 each year, holding virtually the power of life and death, what chance would the rest of the people of this country have? It would appear to be perfectly obvious that if these properties are taken off the tax list by public ownership, the other property of the nation must pay their yearly tax of some $600,000,000. In the thinly settled agricultural regions this would make an increase of 30 or 40 per cent on local taxation.

"They have government ownership abroad. It takes 23 men in Germany to move a ton of freight one mile, 24 men in Italy, 31 in Switzerland. In the United States it takes only 5 men. It is interesting to note also that reduced to terms of bread and butter, railroad employees in these countries show weekly earnings of only about one-third of those in this country. Measured by our experience, by efficiency of service, by rate of wages paid, we have everything to lose and nothing to gain by public ownership. It would be a most perilous undertaking, both to the welfare of business and the independence of the people."

There is a widespread and probably well-grounded suspicion that the railroads celebrated the exit of government operation in 1920 by the greatest exhibition of inefficiency the world has ever known as a warning to the country to try the experiment never again. The warning was effective. p. 208, n. 1: Our Debt and Duty to the Farmer by Henry C. Wallace (1925), pp. 189, 190.

p. 213, n. 1: State v. Benson, 128 Atl. Rep. 107 (Del. 1924).

p. 213, n. 2: A caustic criticism of no-par-value stock and of haute finance generally, in concealing and mystifying stockholders as to the real value of their stock, and especially as to the insufficiency of prospectuses, corporate accounts, annual reports, and refusal to give information, is found in an article in The Atlantic Monthly for September, 1926, by Professor W. Z. Ripley,