1843.] Architecture. people among whom they dwelt, viz., Laban the Syriac, and Jacob the Canaanitish. SCHOOL FOR SONS OF CLERGYMEN. This institution, established at Marlborough, is expected to come into full operation, and with every prospect of success, about Midsummer next. The council, consisting of eighteen life governors (one half being clergymen, the other half laymen), have, together with the Lord Bishop of Salisbury, who has accepted the office of patron, been anxiously engaged in forming a scheme for the future management of the school, of which the following are the leading features:-The course of general study will approximate pretty closely to that pursued at Eton and Harrow, especial care being had to the religious instruction of the pupils. The Castle Hotel, a commodious edifice, situate Wiltshire, in the town of Marlborough, ARCHITECTURE. ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRIT. ARCHITECTS. Jan. 9. C. Barry, esq. in the chair. The first paper read was on "A New Mode of Constructing the Flues of Chimneys," by Mr. Moon; according to which it is proposed to make them circular, and of no more than from 8 to 14 inches in diameter, which dimensions, it is stated, will be quite sufficient, now that the old and inconvenient mode of cleaning chimneys by sweeping boys is abolished. Several small models were exhibited by the inventor. Should they be found to answer, and, in getting rid of old inconveniences, not to be attended with fresh ones, such flues will doubtless be a very great improvement, as they might be carried up even through partition walls. 2. A Description of the Testimonial or Obelisk, erected at Lymington to the late Sir Harry Burrard Neale," which is constructed of Dartmoor granite, and is 76 feet high, on a pedestal 18 feet high. The cost was under 1,4001. a most prodigious difference from what will be that of the column in Trafalgar-square. This communication was from Mr. Draper, architect, of Chichester. 3. "Illustrations of the mode of striking Gothic Tracery," by Mr. R. W. Billings, showing how an almost endless number of patterns might be produced by merely striking curves from centres systematically arranged. (Printed at length in the Engineer's Journal for February.) Jan. 23. T. L. Donaldson, esq. in the chair. An interesting letter on the present state of Architecture in Europe, by Herr F. Eisenlohr, was read. A report was brought up by a Committee of the Institute on the remains of colour discoverable upon the Xanthian marbles at the British Museum recently brought over by Charles Fellowes, esq. (Also printed in full in the Feb. Number of Engineer's Journal, p. 67.) The Chairman then read a paper on the Cathedral at Ani, the type of the greater number of Armenian buildings. Feb. 6. W. Tite, esq. in the chair. Mr. J. B. Papworth gave an explana. tion of the method adopted by him in 1829 to confine the lateral walls (then inclining outwards) of Clapham Church. Mr. Tite made some remarks on the evils which resulted from heaping timber on timber in partitions; the accumulated amount of shrinking produced large rents. A paper was afterwards read by Mr. Thomas Morris on Ripon Cathedral. Feb. 20. Mr. Donaldson in the chair. A paper "On Church Building" was read by Mr. G. Godwin, being comments on certain opinions on this subject recently published by the Cambridge and Oxford Societies, for the study of Gothic architectures. Much more attention is now paid to the arrangement of ecclesiastical buildings than was formerly the case. The writer thought that too much stress was laid on the symbolism of church architecture, and that undue importance was given to man's invention and devices; that there was a tendency to exalt the shadow in the place of the substance, and so to produce a state of things which did once occur, and may occur again. A deep chancel, not less than one-third the whole length of the building (which was insisted on), Mr. Godwin considered unsuited for the Protestant service. The antiquity alone of a form or practice was not sufficient authority for its restoration. According to some modern writers nothing was to be done that had not been done before. This course had safety to recommend it, but would not effect for posterity what our forefathers had done for us. The abolition of pews was recommended. In the use of colours for the decoration of religious edifices, the necessity of good judgment was shown, and moderation suggested. The principles of pointed architecture were only beginning to be understood. The more fully ancient edifices were studied, the more clearly it was seen that nothing was introduced for appearance sake, but that the excellence of effect, which was apparent, resulted from the use of sound principles laid down, not with the view of producing that effect, but with reference to stability, convenience, and fitness. The necessity of preserving our ancient buildings intact, was strongly insisted on. Full of information and suggestive of most wholesome thoughts, observed Mr. Godwin, they are contemporary histories, which once lost can never be replaced, and in which every alteration even, is an offence against society. They are the standing monuments of the Christian religion, and attest at once our forefathers' piety and our forefathers' skill. A description of the Walhalla recently erected at Ravensburgh, near Munich, from the designs of Leo Von Klenze, was then laid before the meeting by Mr. Woolley. This structure, for the reception of busts of the great men of Germany, was first conceived by the present King of Bavaria when twenty years of age, and, although delayed, has never been lost sight of. It was commenced in the spring of 1831, and was completed last year. Exteriorly an antique temple, it stands upon a succession of terraces formed by Pelagic walls, rising to the top of a hill, and, when seen from a distance, produces a powerful effect. When ascending to the building, however, the approaches appear almost too ponderous and overwhelming, so to speak, for the building. The sculp. ture in the pediment was designed by the King. The columns are five feet ten inches in diameter. No colours are used externally, but withinside the whole is a mass of variegated marbles, colourings, and gilding. The inside is divided in its length by projections supported by caryatides, which are also coloured variously. The Walhalla in the northern mythology (literally the Hall of the Slain), is the abode of the happy spirits-the favoured of Odin. March 6. Mr. Donaldson in the chair. Mr. W. Pocock read "Observations on the Principles of Architecture, as laid down by Vitruvius." This was a condensed commentary on the original text of the author, the alleged obscurity of which was shown to be rather apparent than real; and was explained to be much connected with the necessity under which Vitruvius lay of employing Latin words for ideas which had originated in Greece, and had been usually expressed in the vernacular of that country. Vitruvius contemplates architecture in a three-fold point of view,-as a science, as an art of design, and as a mechanical application; and he lays down six rules to be regarded in the structure of an edifice, which, with Mr. Pocock's explanation, are as follows: -1st. Order, equivalent to the Greek ráĝis,—the due adjustment of the size of each part, as doors, windows, &c. to the purpose for which each is intended. 2nd. Disposition, diáßeσis,—the arrangement of those parts in convenient and suitable situations. 3rd. Proportion, evpvoμía,— the due observation of the proportions of any part, as the porch, considered without reference to the rest of the building. 4th. Proportion, ovμμerpía,—the relative proportion of each part, as compared with the whole. 5th. Decor, Onuoriμwv, (if we caught the word correctly), the consistency of the building, with the purposse for which it is erected, and with the accidental circumstances with which it is surrounded. 6th. Distribution, oikovoμía, -the economical arrangement of the several essentials, which are parts of the these, his several definitions of the six complete edifice. By observations on rules of Vitruvius, Mr. Pocock showed that no two were synonymous, that none were unessential, and that the whole contain the fundamental laws, without regard to which the architect of the present day does not pretend to eminence. He also showed that it was not reasonable to think that an author on architecture, who lived so close upon the ages which are confessedly allowed to have produced the very ignorant of the principles on which it was first specimens of art, should have been based. Mr. Granville, jun. read "A brief description of the Holy Trinity Church, Hull," illustrated by plans and drawings. The medal of the Institute was awarded to Mr. H. Saunders of Leicester, for the best essay "On Synchronism and Uniformity of Style." A medal of merit, for the second best essay on the same, was awarded to Mr. J. W. Papworth, Associate. No prize was awarded for either of the essays "On the Construction of Roofs of Great Span." The Soane medallion was awarded to Mr. Arthur Johnson, for the best "Design for a Princely Palace," as described by Bacon in his Essay No. 46, "On Building." March 20. Mr. John Shaw in the chair. A paper on the Chapter House of Salisbury was read by Mr. T. H. Wyatt. It is now in a bad state of repair; the capitals and other sculpture are much injured, and the whole is defaced by a number of iron bars introduced for the purpose of tying the whole together. The restoration of the building is contemplated. Mr. B. Ferrey read an account of a curious staircase at the church of St. Editha, Tamworth. It consists of two distinct spiral staircases winding round one centre shaft, the one entered from the church, the other from the churchyard, by which arrangement two individuals may be mak ing the same upward journey without seeing each other. Mr. Godwin pointed out that a similar arrangement was to be found in the church of St. Jacques at Liege. At Dover Castle is a threefold spiral stair case. April 3. His Royal Highness Prince Albert, the Patron of the Institute, presided at a general meeting of the members, and presented the medals awarded during the session, for essays and drawings. His Royal Highness was received by the VicePresidents and the Honorary Secretaries, and conducted to the Library, where the other members of the Council, being assembled, were severally presented. The Prince then presided at a Council, at which some routine business was transacted; and, subsequently, having inspected the various antiquities, casts, and models in the collection, proceeded to the large room, where his Royal Highness took the chair. Mr. Donaldson, Foreign Secrctary, read letters from Italian and French correspondents, at Milan, Coblentz, and Paris. Mr. Fowler, Honorary Secretary, then read Bacon's Description of a Princely Palace, and Mr. A. Johnson was presented to the Prince as the author of the best design founded on that description, and received the Soane Medal. like manner his Royal Highness presented to Mr. E. Chamberlain, of Leicester, the medal of the Institute, for his essay on the subject proposed, "On Synchronism and Uniformity of Style essential to beauty and propriety in Architecture ;" and to Mr. J. W. Papworth the medal of merit, for an essay on the same subject. In Mr. Bailey announced the subjects for essays and drawings, for which the Coun cil propose to offer the medals for the ensuing year, viz., the medals of the Institute for the best essays on the following subjects: : 1. On Cruciform Churches,-their origin, their comparative advantage for the form of worship of the period when they were introduced, and for that of the present age; their general applicability as matter of composition, and their comparative economy with reference to the ecclesiastical buildings of other forms. 2. On the form and construction of the early Spire and Tower, and of the spires and towers of the later periods of pointed architecture, with sections and constructive details, particularly in respect of the junction of the spire with the tower, of the thickness of the walls, and the angles of inclination (if any) of the beds of the masonry, and the entasis, or visual correction. The Soane Medallion, for the best design for the enlargement of Greenwich Hospital, so as to embrace the addition of a public Naval Gallery for Pictures and Statues illustrative of our naval victories, and presenting some important feature, so as to complete the composition by a central object. A communication from Mr. C. Parker was then read, "On the modes usually adopted in forming Foundations in the city of Venice," the soil of which city is of a nature to require the greatest care, and yet where failure is seldom if ever seen. Mr. Barry then addressed the Prince in the name of the Institute, and expressed, in a few words, the grateful sense entertained by the members, of the honour conferred on the body by the gracious manner in which his Royal Highness had acceded to their wishes in presiding on the occasion: to which his Royal Highness very graciously replied, that he had felt much pleasure in taking part in the proceedings of the day. NEW HALL AT LINCOLN'S-INN. April 20. The ceremony of laying the foundation-stone of a new Library and dining- Hall at Lincoln's-Inn took place. At five o'clock a procession left the council-chamber of the old Hall, headed by the beadles, the architect, Mr. Philip Hardwick, and his son, with Mr. Baker, the contractor for the buildings; Lord Lyndhurst, Sir J. Knight Bruce, Vice-Chancellor and Treasurer to the Inn, the Bishop of Durham, Mr. Archdeacon Lonsdale, the Vice-Chancellor of England, Vice-Chancellor Sir J. Wigram, and a large body of benchers. Having arrived at the appointed spot, Sir J. K. Bruce briefly addressed the company, remarking upon the increased and increasing number of those whose rights and privileges it was both the province and the duty of the benchers to watch and guard. This increase rendered more accommodation necessary, and the benchers had resolved upon the present erection, as it was considered highly desirable to preserve intact and in. violate the old Hall and library, endeared and time-honoured with hallowed recollections. The right hon. and learned gentleman concluded by calling upon the chaplain, who pronounced a prefatory prayer. Sir J. K. Bruce then deposited a glass containing the current coins of the realm, over which he laid a brass plate, bearing the following inscription in old English characters : "Stet lapis arboribus nudo defixus in horto Fundamen pulchræ tempus in omne Domûs! Aula vetus Lites et Legum Ænigmata servet, Ipsa nova exorior nobilitanda coquo. XII CAL: MAII. MDCCCXLIII." The stone having been lowered, and Sir J. Knight Bruce having used the level and trowel, and declared the setting true, congratulated the benchers on the array of talent who had honoured the ceremonial by their presence, expressing his hope that the same good feeling and good fel. lowship which characterised the old hall would be followed up in the new one, and that the distinguished individuals who now assisted would be their frequent and their honoured and welcome guests. The Archdeacon then pronounced an impressive extempore prayer, and the ceremony was concluded with the benediction by the Bishop of Durham. The building is placed at the south-west angle of the garden, so that its west front, or side, will come upon the terrace overlooking Lincoln's-Inn-fields, and its south front, or that of the Hall, will be towards Newsquare. The style adopted is that of the latest Tudor, resembling the older parts of Hampton Court. The materials also will be similar, viz. red brick, interlaced with darker glazed bricks, and with stone quoins and dressings; an effect as to colour greatly superior to that attending a mixture of either white or yellow brick with stone. The general plan of the building will run north and south, but not in a formal unbroken line, for the Library at the north end will be placed transversely to the Hall and other parts, in the direction of east and west, with an oriel and gable in each of those fronts, and three windows towards the north. The dimensions of this apartment will be 80 feet by 40 feet, and 48 feet high; those of the dining-hall 120 feet by 45 feet, and 62 feet high; and both will have open timber roofs, with carved beams, &c. Between these two principal portions of the general plan there will be an intermediate one consisting of a corridor of communication, on the east side of which will be a councilroom, and on the west a drawing-room, or benchers'-room. Thus there will be a good deal of contrast and play in the exterior, and also of variety of outline, owing to differences as to height in the roof, and to the gables being turned in different directions. That over the south end of the hall will be flanked by two turrets, between which will be a single large window of perpendicular cha racter. ANTIQUARIAN RESEARCHES. SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES. March 30. Hudson Gurney, esq. V. P. Mr. Gibbs Rogers exhibited a Bushel Measure of brass bearing this inscription in raised characters: ELIZABETH DEI GRACIA ANGLIA FRANCIA ET HIBER NIE REGINA, 1601. and ornamented with the badges in relief of the fleurdelis, rose, and portcullis, and the initials E. R. all crowned. It is in the form of a bathing tub, with two projecting handles. Robert Porrett, esq. F.S.A. communicated two further letters from Sir Henry Widdrington's book: 1. Archbishop Whitgift to Lord Hunsdon, and 2. Lord Hunsdon to Sir H. Widdrington, relating to the prosecution, in 1591, of one Arthur Barclay, the author of an heretical book. James Woodham, esq. of Corpus Christi coll. Cam, communicated from the Parker library a set of Swan-marks belonging to the tenants of the Bishop of Ely. Charles Roach Smith, esq. F.S.A. exhibited an instrument of bronze of the forceps form, found in the bed of the Thames in the autumn of 1840, ornamented with several projecting heads of deities beautifully executed. It is evidently of Roman workmanship, and is supposed to have been used in religious worship. Sir Henry Ellis, Sec., communicated the Account of John Man, Dean of Gloucester, of his expenses when sent ambassador to Spain in 1566. To post down to Plymouth he engaged fourteen horses, for each of which he paid at the rate of 2d. a mile. The total of his expenses going and returning was 3991. 88. 10d. April 6. H. Hallam, esq. V.P. The golden altar-table from the cathedral of Basle, of which we gave a full description in our Magazine for June 1842, p. 653, was exhibited to the Society by Col. Theubet, who still continues its owner. The Director offered some remarks in illustration of its workmanship and character. He stated that, with regard to its original application, it appears to have been intended as a tabula, or moveable decoration for the front of the altar; and cited some examples of this kind of ornament, formerly existing in our own country, for which the like costly materials and elaborate workmanship were called into requisition. These were, one presented to the church of Ramsey about the year 969, at the charge of Aylwyn, Earl of the East Saxons; one bestowed on the church of Ely, by Abbot Theodewyn, who died 1074, formed of gold enriched with gems, and decorated with the representations of sacred personages, and the value of which was so great, that, according to the Historia Eliensis, super divitias regionis Angliæ præcipuum æstimabatur." A third was given to the church of Glastonbury by Abbot Brithwy, early in the eleventh century; and a fourth presented to the church of St. Alban's, by Abbot Gaufrid, who succeeded 1119. One other instance was cited by Mr. Way, the tabula which existed in Winchester Cathedral until the spoliation in the time of Henry VIII. and is described in a contemporary document printed by Strype, as the nether part of the high altar, being of plate of gold garnished with stones; the front above being of broidery work and pearls, and above that a table of images of silver and gilt, garnished with stones." Numerous similar memorials of the pious munificence of former ages existed, doubtless, in Western Europe, but the intrinsic value of the material of which they were composed has generally been the cause of their destruction. 66 John Bruce, esq. F.S.A. communicated "Observations upon certain inaccuracies in the published Letters of Sir Thomas More," the result of a collation of the printed editions with some of the originals still preserved in the British Museum. The principal facts established in this interesting investigation are that More did not approve of the prophetess Elizabeth Barton, whom in his MS. he terms "the wykked woman of Canterbury ;" and that he spoke with high respect of Queen Anne Boleyn, and of the King's alliance with her. These sentiments do not appear in the printed letters. Mr. Bruce, however, having first shown the unfairness and inaccuracy of Bishop Burnet's assertions on the subject, defends their original editor Serjeant Rastall, Sir Thomas More's nephew, from intentional sup pression, and shows that it is more probable that he copied Sir Thomas More's first drafts, and not the letters themselves. April 23, St George's Day. The an nual elections took place, when the Officers were re-elected, and the following were chosen for the Council: George Earl of Aberdeen, K.T. F.R.S. President; John Yonge Akerman, esq.; Thomas Amyot, esq. F.R.S. Treasurer; Edward Blore, esq. D.C.L.; John Bruce, esq.; Very Rev. George Butler, D.D. Dean of Peterborough; Nicholas Carlisle, esq. K.H. D.C.L. F.R.S. Sec.; Sir Henry Eilis, Knt. K.H. B.C.L. F.R.S. Sec.; Hudson Gurney, esq. F.R.S. V.P.; Henry Hallam, esq. M.A. F.R.S. V.P.; Edward Hawkins, esq. F.R.S.; William Rich. Hamilton, esq. F.R.S. V.P.; Rev. Joseph Hunter; Sir R. H. Inglis, Bart.; Philip Viscount Mahon, V.P.; Thomas Spring Lord Monteagle; Capt. Wm. H. Smyth, R.N. F.R.S.; Thomas Stapleton, esq.; William J. Thoms, esq.; Albert Way, esq. M.A. Direc.; Sir Charles George Young, Knt. Garter King of Arms. [The names of the new Members are printed in Italics]. In consequence of the death of H.R.H. the Duke of Sussex, the usual dinner will not take place. NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. March 23. Professor Wilson, president, in the chair. Mr. Borrell's paper "On unpublished Greek coins" was continued. Two, in silver, of Carysthus in Eubæa. The most remarkable of these presents obverse, head bound with fillet; rev. KAPYETI. Victory in a biga, in the field a trident. This head, which appears also upon a published coin of Carysthus, has been termed that of Apollo. Mr. Borrell believes it to be a portrait of some regal personage. The successors of Alexander connected with Eubæa, to whom it might belong, are Demetrius Poliorcetes, Attalus king of Pergamus, and Antiochus the Great. Of these, Demetrius seems to have the strongest claims, but from the features and from the apparent epoch of fabrication. The type on the reverse seems to allude to the gaining of some naval victory. A coin of Commodus, of brass, struck at Eretria, presents a head with three faces. That in the middle is of a female with crenated crown; the other two are male bearded profiles. This singular inedited coin the author admits his incapacity to explain. Camæ in Mysia. A coin in brass: obv. KAMHNON. Head of Jupiter Serapis, with the modius; reverse, ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ Terminal figure of Priapus. Three imperial coins of this city are known; but this is the first autonomous specimen discovered. The author thinks it was nevertheless struck |