hundred horsemen. Next year he became earl marshal (20 April 1551), warden of the marches towards Scotland (27 Sept.), and on 11 Oct. duke of Northumberland. The contest was being renewed in vain by Somerset, the fallen lord protector, who was now charged with plotting against Northumberland's life. Northumberland attended his rival's trial (1 Dec. 1551), and, baffled by superior ability, Somerset was brought to the scaffold (22 Jan. 1551-2). The ascendency of Northumberland was thus complete. All who were suspected of hostility were roughly dealt with. On 22 Dec. the duke took the great seal from Lord-chancellor Rich, and on 22 April caused the degradation of William, lord Paget, from the chapter of the Garter. In June he went to take up his office in the north, and to repress disturbances. He was royally entertained on the journey, stopping with the Cecils at Burghley, near Stamford. He was in London again in July, having appointed Thomas, first lord Wharton, his deputy in the north. In order to increase his reputation he had a genealogical tree compiled, proving his descent from the baronial house of Sutton, alias Dudley, and purchased the family's ancestral home, Dudley Castle, Staffordshire, of John, sixth baron Dudley (TWAMLEY, Dudley Castle, 1867). The illness of Edward VI early in 1553 prompted to Northumberland's aspiring mind the design of altering the succession in favour of his own family. He procured from Edward letters patent for the limitation of the crown' (NICHOLS, Queen Jane, App. i.), by which the king's sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, were set aside in favour of any heir male that might be born, during the king's lifetime, of the Lady Frances, duchess of Suffolk, and aunt of the king; failing whom the crown was to go to the Lady Jane Grey, daughter of the said Frances, to whom Northumberland married (21 May 1553) one of his own sons, Guildford Dudley [q. v.] In furtherance of this scheme Northumberland showed the most furious violence, declaring himself ready to fight for it in his shirt, browbeating the judges, and compelling them and most of the council, including Cranmer, to sign the instrument (21 June). On the death of the king, 6 July 1553, he caused the Lady Jane to be proclaimed queen, and himself took the field (12 July) on her behalf against Princess Mary, whose supporters quickly gathered together in the eastern counties. The total failure of his attempt through the desertion of his forces was followed by his arrest at Cambridge, where, abandoning hope, he made proclamation for Queen Mary with the tears running down his face. On 23 July he was brought to the Tower; on 18 Aug. he was

arraigned for high treason and condemned; and on the 22nd of the same month he was executed on Tower Hill, most of his confederates being pardoned or dismissed with fines. On the scaffold he blamed others for his own acts, avowed himself a catholic, and attributed all the recent troubles in England to the breach with the papacy. Extraordinary importance was attached at the time to this declaration, of which many manuscript versions are extant. It was printed officially in London by John Cawood, printer to the Quenes highnes,' soon after his death, under the title of 'The Saying of John, Duke of Northumberlande,vppon the scaffolde.' Latin and Dutch translations were issued at Louvain in the same year. In 1554 there was published, without name of place of publication, a French Response a la Confession du feu Duc Iean de Northumbelăde,' from a reformed point of view.

Dudley was the ablest man of the time after the death of Henry VIII. He was a cousummate soldier, a keen politician, and a skilful administrator. His nature was bold, sensitive, and magnanimous. His conduct at Norwich and Dussindale, where, before the action, he bound his hesitating officers to conquer or die by the knightly ceremony of kissing one another's swords, and where, after the fate of the day was determined, he stopped further resistance and slaughter by riding alone into the ranks of the enemy and pledging his word for their lives, is to be admired. He was as lenient after as on the day of the victory; and the severities exercised on Ket's followers were against his advice or in his absence. In the same way he spared the life of his rival, Somerset, as long as he could. On the other hand, when his own life lay under forfeit, this brave soldier manifested painful despair. He was a great man, but his character was spoiled by avarice, dissimulation, and personal ambition. He pillaged the religious houses, the chantries, and the church as unscrupulously as any, heaping on himself a vast accumulation of their spoils. He went with the Reformation merely for his own advantage. Bishop Hooper and John Knox were for a time his protégés. The latter was often in his society, and in October 1552 he endeavoured to obtain for him the bishopric of Rochester. But on 7 Dec. 1552 Northumberland wrote that he found Knox neither gratefull nor pleaseable.' Bale dedicated to him, 6 Jan. 1552-3, his 'Expostulation. agaynste the blasphemyes... of a papyst of | Hamshyre.' Northumberland sought to foist Robert Horne into the bishopric of Durham after the deprivation of Cuthbert Tunstall.

His recantation on the scaffold destroyed

came.

Northumberland's popularity with the puritans. John Knox, in his 'Faythfull Admonition made to the professors of God's Truth in England' (1554), turned upon him all his artillery of invective, likening him to Achitophel, while Ponet compared him to Alcibiades (Treatise of Politic Power), though Bale had previously discerned in him a more flattering resemblance to Moses (Erpostulation), and to Sandys (Sermon at Cambr., ap. Fox) he had appeared to be a second Joshua. The indignation of writers of the other side has been excited by his rapacity, especially by his dissolving the great see of Durham, which he had formally effected when his end Northumberland became chancellor of the university of Cambridge in January 1551-2. According to a letter sent him by Roger Ascham at the time, he had literary interests, and was careful to give all his children a good education. His personal unpopularity, which, according to Noailles, the French ambassador, fully accounted for the ruin of Lady Jane Grey's cause, is best illustrated by the long list of charges preferred against him by one Elizabeth Huggons in August 1552 (see NICHOLS, Edward VI, clxvi), and by the Epistle of Poor Pratte,' printed in 1554, and reprinted in Nichols's 'Chronicle of Queen Jane and Queen Mary.' Several interesting letters to and from the duke appear in the 'Calendar of the Hatfield MSS.,' vol. i.

Catherine became the wife of Henry Hastings, earl of Huntingdon.

[Cooper's Athena Cantabr. 112, 543, and authorities cited there. There is also a life of Dudley in the Antiq. Repert., vol. iii. Many particulars are given in Blomefield's Norfolk, vol. ii., and in Tytler's Edward VI and Mary. Among general historians see Fox, Heylyn, Strype, Collier, Fuller (bk. viii.), Burnet, Lingard, Hume; of foreign historians, Thuanus, lib. xiii.; and Sepulveda's De Reb. Gest. Car. V, lib. xxix. (Op. ii. 486). Of modern works, Froude's History, vols. v. vi., and Dixon's History of the Church, vol. iii., should be consulted. See also Historia delle cose occorse Nortomberlan dopo la morte di Odoardo VI, nel regno d'Inghilterra in materia del Duca di Venice, '1558, described in authorities under DUDLEY, LADY JANE; Chronicle of Queen Jane and Queen Mary (Camd. Soc.), 1850; Nichols's Literary Remains of Edward VI (Roxburghe Club), 1857; Doyle's Baronage; notes supplied by Mr. S. L. Lee.]

R. W. D.

DUDLEY, JOHN (1762–1856), miscellaneous writer, eldest son of the Rev. John Dudley,vicar of Humberstone, Leicestershire, was born in 1762. He was first educated at Uppingham school, whence he went to Clare Hall, Cambridge. He proceeded B.A. 1785 (when he was second wrangler and mathematical prizeman), and M.A. 1788. In 1787 he was elected fellow, and in 1788 tutor. In 1794 he succeeded his father in the living of Humberstone. His grandfather had previously held the benefice, which continued in the family for three generations during 142 years. In 1795 he was also presented to the vicarage of Sileby, Leicestershire. According to his own account (advertisement to Naology), Dudley spent a long and happy life' as 'a retired student,' occupying himself chiefly with mythological and philosophical studies. He died at Sileby, 7 Jan. 1856.

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He married Jane, daughter and heiress of Sir Edward Guildford, by whom he had five sons and two daughters. The eldest son, JOHN, called in his father's lifetime LORD LISLE and EARL OF WARWICK, married, 3June 1550, Anne Seymour, daughter of the Duke of Somerset. What was Northumberland's object in making this alliance is not known. Edward VI attended the wedding. On 18 Jan. 1551-2 young Warwick was allowed to maintain a train of fifty horsemen, and on 28 April 1552 became master of the horse. He was remarkably well educated, and in 1552 Sir Thomas Wilson dedicated to him his 'Arte of Rhetorique.' Like all his brothers, he was implicated in his father's plot in favour of Lady Jane Grey; was condemned to death in 1553; was pardoned, but died without issue in 1554, ten days after his release from the Tower. His widow married, 29 April 1555, Sir Edward Untón, K.B., by whom she had seven children. From 1566 she was insane. Three other of Northumberland's sons, Ambrose, Robert, and Guildford, are separately noticed. Henry, the fifth son, was slain at the battle of St. Quentin in 1555. [Gent. Mag. February 1856, pp. 197-8; RoOf the two daughters, Mary married Sir Henry | milly's Cantab. Grad. p. 116; British Museum Sidney and was mother of Sir Philip Sidney; | Catalogue.] F. W-T.

Dudley wrote: 1. 'Sermon preached before the University of Cambridge on the Translation of the Scriptures into the Languages of Indian Asia,' Cambridge, 1807. 2. 'The Metamorphosis of Sona, a Hindú Tale,' in verse, 1810. 3. 'A Dissertation showing the Identity of the Rivers Niger and Nile,' 1821. 4. Naology, or a Treatise on the Origin, Progress, and Symbolical Import of the Sacred Structures of the most Eminent Nations and Ages of the World,' 1846. 5. The AntiMaterialist, denying the Reality of Matter and vindicating the Universality of Spirit,' 1849. This is a treatise written under the influence of the philosophy of Berkeley, to whose memory it is dedicated.

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entertain the match with the archduke, but in the following November he told Norfolk, its chief champion, that no good Englishman would allow the queen to marry a foreigner. De Quadra, De Feria's successor, reported that the queen's encouragement of Dudley's over-preposterous pretensions' so irritated Norfolk and other great noblemen that the murder of both sovereign and favourite had been resolved upon. In January 1559-60 De Quadra designates Dudley 'the king that is to be,' and describes his growing presumption and the general indignation excited by the queen's ruin. On 13 Aug. 1560 Anne Dowe of Brentford was the first of a long line of offenders to be sent to prison for asserting that Elizabeth was with child by Dudley.

1560, Lady Amy is said to have directed the whole household to visit Abingdon fair. The three ladies declined to go, but only Mrs. Owen dined with Lady Amy. Late in the day the servants returned from Abingdon and found Dudley's wife lying dead at the foot of the staircase in the hall. She had been playing at tables with the other ladies, it was stated, had suddenly left the room, had fallen downstairs and broken her neck.

Dudley heard the news while with the queen at Windsor, and directed a distant relative, Sir Thomas Blount, to visit Cumnor. Blount was instructed to encourage the most stringent public inquiry, and to communicate with John Appleyard, Lady Amy's half-brother. All manner of rumours were soon abroad. Mrs. Pinto, Lady Amy's maid, said that she had heard her mistress 'pray to God to deliver her from desperation,' and although she tried to remove the impression of suicide which her words excited, Dudley's reported relations with Elizabeth go far to account for Lady Amy's alleged 'desperation.' Thomas Lever, a clergyman of Sherburn, wrote to the privy council (17 Sept.) of the grievous and dangerous suspicion and muttering' about Lady Amy's death, and it was plainly hinted that Dudley had ordered Anthony Forster to throw Lady Amy downstairs. On 13 Sept. Dudley repeated to Blount his anxiety for a thorough and impartial investigation, and (according to his own account) corresponded with one Smith, foreman of the jury. He added that all the jurymen were strangers to him. A verdict of mischance or accidental death was returned. Dudley seems to have suggested that a second jury should continue the inquiry, but nothing followed. On a Friday, probably 20 Sept., his wife's body was removed secretly to Gloucester Hall, now Worcester College, Oxford, and on Sunday, 22 Sept., was buried with the most elaborate heraldic ceremony in St. Mary's Church. The corporation and university attended officially. Dudley was absent, and Mrs. Norrys, daughter and heire of the Lord Wylliams of Thame,' acted as chief mourner. John Appleyard was also present. Dr. Francis Babington [q. v.], one of Dudley's chaplains, preached the sermon, and is said to have tripped once and described the lady as 'pitifully slain' (Leicester's Commonwealth, pp. 22, 36).

Meanwhile Lady Amy, Dudley's wife, lived for the most part in the country. Extant accounts kept by her husband's stewards show that at the beginning of Elizabeth's reign she was travelling about in Suffolk and Lincolnshire, and paid occasional visits to Christchurch, Camberwell, and London. Her most permanent home seems to have been the house of a Mr. Hyde at Denchworth, near Abingdon. Hyde had a brother William who was M.P. for Abingdon; he had bought land of Dudley's father, and was friendly with Dudley himself. Dudley's account-books show that he frequently visited Lady Amy at Mr. Hyde's in 1558 and 1559. She spent large sums on dress, for which her husband's stewards paid. A letter addressed by her to a woman tailor, William Edney of Tower Royal, respecting an elaborate costume is still preserved at Longleat. Another of her letters (Harl. MS. 4712), dated 7 Aug. (1558 or 1559), and addressed to John Flowerdew, steward of Siderstern, gives, in her husband's name, several detailed directions about the sale of some wool on the Siderstern estate, which had become the joint property of her husband and herself on her father's death in 1557. The language suggests a perfect understanding between husband and wife. Early in 1560 Lady Amy removed to Cumnor Place, which was not far from Mr. Hyde's. Anthony Forster or Forrester, the chief controller of Dudley's private expenses and a personal friend, rented Cumnor of its owner, William Owen, son of George Owen, Henry VIII's physician, to whom the house had been granted by the crown in 1546. Forster was That Dudley was, as Cecil wrote a few M.P. for Abingdon in 1572, purchased Cum-years later, infamed by his wife's death' is nor in the same year, and nothing is historic- obvious. If the court gossip reported by the ally known to his discredit. Besides Forster Spanish ambassador is to be credited, Dudley, and his wife, Lady Amy found living at Cum- in his desire to marry the queen, had talked nor Mrs. Odingsells, a widow and a sister of of divorcing or of poisoning his wife many Mr. Hyde of Denchworth, and Mrs. Owen, months before she died. De Quadra, indeed, William Owen's wife. On Sunday, 8 Sept. wrote home at the time that the news of her

VOL. XVI.

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