Amye Robsart' and in The Italian Biography.' There is a close resemblance between his features and those of Shelley.

[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 258-62, communicated by Dudley's son Carlo in a letter dated from Rome 17 Oct. 1673; The Italian Bio

of Dame Alice Dudley, privately printed, without author's name, date, or place (an ill-arranged but elaborate work by the Rev. Vaughan Thomas, B.D. (1775-1853), vicar of Stoneleigh, issued about 1856, and representing the accumulations of fifty years); Adlard's Memoirs and Correspondence (from the State Papers), forming an appendix to Amye Robsart and the Earl of Leicester (1870); Salvetti's Correspondence in Hist. MSS. Comm. 11th Rep. pt. i. 174, 181–3; Walpole's Lord Herbert of Cherbury's Autobiogr. (1886), Royal and Noble Authors, ii.; Biog. Brit. (Kippis); pp. 156-7; Bargrave's Alexander VII, Camd. Soc.; Sir N. H. Nicolas's Report of Proceedings on claim to Barony of De L'Isle, 1829; Gillow's Bibl. Dict. of English Catholics.]

S. L. L.

whose daughter, Adelhida, married Charles Talbot, duke of Shrewsbury. Of Dudley's six daughters, Anna died in 1629, and was buried in the church of San Pancrazio, where her father and mother set up an elaborate tomb. Teresa married Conte Mario di Carpegna; a third married the Prince of Piom-graphy of Sir Robert Dudley, Kt.... and Notices bino; the fourth, Marquis of Clivola; the fifth, Duke di Castillon del Lago (WOOD). Dudley wrote the following: 1. A Voyage to the Isle of Trinidad and the Coast of Paria,' printed in Hakluyt's 'Voyages,' iii. 574 (1600). 2. A Proposition for His Majesty's Service to bridle the Impertinence of Parliaments,' written in 1612, and forwarded to Sir David Foulis. The manuscript was found in Sir Robert Cotton's library in 1629, and caused much commotion in both the court and parliamentary parties. It frankly recommended to James I a military despotism, and was first printed in Rushworth's Collections' (1659). [For a full account of the confusion caused by the distribution of copies in 1629, see art. COTTON, SIR ROBERT.] 3. 'Dell'Arcano del Mare di D. Roberto Dvdleo, Dvca di Northvmbria e Conte di Warvick,' Florence, vol. i. (1646), vols. ii. and iii. (1647), dedicated to Ferdinand II, duke of Tuscany. These magnificent volumes are divided into six books; the first deals with longitude, and the means of determining it; the second plies general maps, besides charts of ports and harbours, in rectified latitude and longitude; the third treats of maritime and military discipline; the fourth of naval architecture; the fifth of scientific or spiral navigation; and the sixth is a collection of geographical maps. Numerous diagrams give the book great value. A second edition appeared at Florence in 1661. Wood states that Dudley was also the author of a physical work called 'Catholicon, in good esteem among physicians.' Wood had never seen a copy; none is known; and it has been inferred that it was a book of medical prescriptions thumbed out of existence. But it is quite possible that Dudley

sup

is credited with such a book in error, caused by the fact that a Pisan doctor, Marco Cornachini, published at Florence in 1619 a work dedicated to Dudley, describing a powder of extraordinarily effective medical properties invented by Dudley. The powder, composed of scammony, sulphuret of antimony, and tartar, appears in many English and foreign pharmacopoeias as 'Pulvis Warwicensis, or Pulvis Comitis de Warwick.' Wood also adds that Dudley was noted for riding the great horse, for tilting, and for his being the first of all that taught a dog to sit in order to catch partridges.'

Engraved portraits appear in Adlard's

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DUDLEY, THOMAS (A. 1670-1680), engraver, was a pupil of Wenceslaus Hollar [9. v.], and his plates are etched in a manner resembling, but greatly inferior to, his master's style. A book-plate in the print room of the British Museum shows him to have

had considerable technical skill, but his portraits and figures are ill drawn. His most important work was a series of etchings exefrom drawings by Francis Barlow [q. v.], cuted in 1678, representing the life of Æsop, (now in the print room aforesaid), and added by Barlow to his second edition of the 'Fables' including one of Titus Oates on a broadside. (1687). A few portraits by him are known, entitled 'A Prophecy of England's Future Lisbon in Portugal, as he engraved portraits Happiness.' In 1679 he seems to have visited of John IV and Peter II of Portugal, of of Portalegre (1679), and of a general, the Theodosius Lusitanus (1679), Bishop Russel last named (in the print room) being signed Tho. Dudley Anglus fecit Vlissippone."

[Huber et Roost's Manuel des Curieux et des Amateurs de l'Art, vol. ix.; Le Blanc's Manuel de l'Amateur d'Estampes; Cat. of the Sutherland Collection of Portraits.]

L. C.

DUDLEY, WILLIAM (d. 1483), bishop of Durham, younger (probably third) son of John Sutton de Dudley, baron Dudley (q. v.], by Elizabeth Berkeley, his wife, was educated at University College, Oxford, proceeding B.A. 1453-4, and M.A. 1456-7. He was instituted to the living of Malpas, Cheshire, in 1457, became rector of Hendon, Middlesex, on 24 Nov. 1466, was appointed to various prebendal stalls in St. Paul's Cathedral between 1468 and 1473, and was archdeacon

a different manner from any other. His plan was to open an English school, which should by-and-by develope into a college, this to become the headquarters of a great campaign against Hinduism. The Bible was to be the great centre and heart of all his work, and the leading aim of the mission would be to impress its truths. But along with this there would be taught every form of useful knowledge, from the A B C up to the subjects of the most advanced university studies. The use of the English language in his school was a great innovation, and brought down on him much unfavourable criticism. But he was firmly persuaded, and the result has justified his belief, that the English language was destined to be the great instrument of upper education in India, and he had the immovable conviction that nothing was better fitted than our western knowledge to undermine the superstitions of the country and open its mind to the gospel. It was a leading feature of his plan from among the converts of the mission to train up native preachers of the gos-Christian Observer' endeavoured to show pel, it being his decided conviction that only through native teachers and preachers could

the young man of twenty-nine was able to hold the whole audience as by a spell for nearly three hours, in a speech which for combined exposition, reasoning, and impassioned appeal was almost without a parallel, his triumph was complete. For some years afterwards he went through the country expounding his plan, and not only secured general approval, but on the part of many awakened a new interest in the work of missions generally and cordial devotion to his own mission in particular.

India become christian.

From the beginning his school was highly successful. Some very decided conversions took place in its earliest years, bringing on it a fearful storm, but openly stamping it with the character of a mission school, while it began to expand into a missionary college, that soon after obtained unprecedented renown. Duff' was cheered by the co-operation of Sir Charles Trevelyan, who arrived at Calcutta soon after himself, and by the friendship of the governor-general, Lord William Bentinck [q. v.] His plan received an extraordinary impulse from a minute of the governor-general in council on 7 March 1835, in which it was laid down that in the higher education the great object of the British government ought to be the promotion of European science and literature among the natives of India, and that all the funds appropriated for the purposes of education would be best employed on English education alone. A pamphlet of Duff's, entitled 'New Era of the English Language and Literature in India,' showed the immense importance which he attached to this minute. He confessed, however, that the enactment had a defect in treating the spread of christianity in India as a matter of worldly expediency.

Broken down in health by ceaseless and enthusiastic activity, Duff visited his native country in 1834. Here his enthusiasm did not at first receive a very flattering response; but when he was called to address the general, assembly, and when, in response to this call,

Duff returned to India in 1840. Ever since the issue of Lord William Bentinck's minute, a vehement controversy had been going on between the 'Orientalists,' as the party was called who were opposed to it, and the friends of European education. In 1839 Lord Auckland, governor-general, adopting a reactionary policy, passed a minute, the object of which was to effect a compromise between the two parties. Duff took up his pen, and in a series of letters which appeared in the

the mischief and the folly of supporting at one and the same time the absurdities of the east and the science of the west. All his life Duff fought hard for a more reasonable and consistent policy, but without the complete success which he longed for. On revisiting India at this time, he found many proofs of the progress of western ideas. His own institution was now accommodated in a structure that had cost between 5,0007. and 6,000l., and was attended by between six and seven hundred pupils, and the college department was in full and high efficiency. In 1843 the disruption of the Scottish church took place, and as Duff, with all the other foreign missionaries of the church, adhered to the Free church, all the buildings, books, and apparatus of every description that had been collected for his mission had to be surrendered. Once more he found himself in the same state of destitution in which he had been after his shipwrecks, on his first arrival in the country. But his spirit rose to the occasion, and being very cordially encouraged by the church at home, which determined, notwithstanding its other difficulties, to support all its missionaries, he proceeded with his work. By-and-by a new institution was provided, more suited to the enlarged operations now carried on. He was cheered by the hearty support of men like Sir James Outram and Sir Henry Lawrence, and by the accession of a new band of converts which included several young men of high caste and of equally high attainments. The success of the mission caused a great crusade by the supporters of the native religions against it,

and it passed through one of the severest of those social storms to which it was always exposed in times of success. He had the satisfaction of seeing several of his pupils receiving training for the work of native missionaries, and beginning that work. Branch schools, too, were formed in several villages in the neighbourhood of Calcutta. The operations of the mission were greatly enlarged. In 1844 Lord Hardinge became governorgeneral. One of his first acts was to declare government appointments open not only to those who had studied at Government College, but to the students of similar institutions, a step which greatly delighted Duff. In the same year Duff took part in founding the 'Calcutta Review,' to the early numbers of which he contributed frequently. The first editor was Mr. (afterwards Sir J. W.) Kaye, who on leaving Calcutta in 1845 besought Duff to undertake the charge, the 'Review' having proved a great success. Duff continued to edit it till ill-health drove him likewise away in 1849, when it was handed over to one of his colleagues. This arrangement continued till 1856, when the 'Review' passed into other hands.

pupils were to be allowed freely to consult it, and to ask questions on it of their instructors, who if they chose might give instructions on it, but out of school hours. While Duff was delighted with this minute, it was a great disappointment to him during all the remainder of his life that he could not get its provisions fully and fairly carried into effect.

In 1854 Duff, at the earnest solicitation of a citizen of great enthusiasm and public spirit, Mr. George H. Stuart of Philadelphia, paid a visit to the United States. His travels and orations in that country were a series of triumphs. No such man has visited us since the days of Whitefield' was the general testimony as he parted from them on the quays of New York. Never did any man leave our shores so encircled with christian sympathy and affection.' The university of New York conferred on him the degree of LL.D. The university of Aberdeen had previously made him D.D.

When he returned to India in 1856, Lord Canning was governor-general, and there were mutterings of the great storm which soon burst out. Duff, who knew the people well, was not unprepared for it, and with other missionaries had been urging on the authorities his views regarding the right treatment of the people. What followed was recorded by him in a series of twenty-five letters to the convener of the foreign missions com

in the 'Witness' newspaper, and afterwards collected in a volume which went through several editions, entitled 'The Indian Mutiny: its Causes and Results' (1858). When the mutiny was over, Duff preached a memorable sermon in the Scotch Free church, in which, like another Knox, he condemned the policy of the government, some of whose members were present. The mutiny had no such unfavourable effect as some dreaded on the progress of christianity in India. In 1850, a census showed the native protestant christians to be 127,000. In 1871 the number was 318,363. Among the martyrs during the mutiny was his third convert, Gopeenath Nundi. The loyalty of the native christians to the British government was conspicuous.

In 1849 Duff had the advantage, on his way home, of traversing India and seeing many of the chief seats of mission work. His second visit home was signalised by his elevation to the chair of the general assembly of the Free church in 1851, and another mis-mittee, which were published from time to time sion tour, the chief object of which was to induce that church to place its foreign mission scheme on a higher and less precarious platform, and secure for it an income adequate to its great importance. Hardly less was it signalised by his appearance before Indian committees of parliament, to give evidence on various questions, but especially that of education. This led to the famous despatch of Lord Halifax, president of the board of control, addressed to the Marquis of Dalhousie, then governor-general, and signed by ten directors of the East India Company. This despatch was really inspired by Duff, and embodied the very views with which he had started his work in 1830. It proceeded on the principle that 'the education we desire to see extended in India must be effected by means of the English language in the higher branches of education, and by that of the vernacular languages to the great mass of the people.' The plan embraced a system of universities, secondary schools, primary schools, normal schools, art, medical, and engineering colleges, and finally female schools. The system of grants in aid was to be applied without restriction. The Bible was to be in the libraries of the colleges and schools, and the

During this period of Duff's stay in India, his chief object of public solicitude was the university of Calcutta, now in the course of foundation. He had been appointed by the governor-general to be one of those who drew up its constitution. For the first six years of the history of the university,' says his biographer, Dr. George Smith, in all that secured its catholicity, and in such questions as pure text-books and the establishment of the chair of physical science contemplated in