riding the northern circuit with Mr. Justice Beaumont, who also died on 22 April (CHAMBERLAIN'S Letters, Camd. Soc. 8). His will was signed, probably in extremis, on 25 April 1598, and proved in the P. C. C. on 16 May following (LEWYN, p. 44). Drew sold the family seat of Sharpham for 2,2501., and erected the mansion of Killerton on the site of some monastic buildings in the parish of Broad Clist. Here he lived, and was buried in the parish church,where a sumptuous monument remains in the south aisle, erected to his and his wife's memory in 1622, with a Latin inscription in prose and verse. By his wife, Bridget Fitzwilliam of Lincolnshire, he had four sons and three daughters, all of whom survived him. Thomas, his eldest son and heir, was knighted by Charles I, and removed the family mansion from Killerton to Grange in the parish of Broadhembury, which has ever since remained the seat of the family.

[Prince's Worthies of Devon, 1810, pp. 334-7; Tuckett's Devonshire Pedigrees, p. 62; Masters of the Bench of the Inner Temple, 1883, p. 15; Return of Names of Members of Parl. 1878; Lysons's Magna Britannia, Devonshire; Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. p. 188, &c.; Burke's Hist. of the Commoners, iv. 672.]

C. W-H.

DREW, GEORGE SMITH (1819-1880), Hulsean lecturer, son of George Drew, tea dealer, of 11 Tottenham Court Road, London, was born at Louth, Lincolnshire, in 1819. Admitted a sizar of St. John's College, Cambridge, on 22 Jan. 1839, he took his B.A. degree as 27th wrangler in 1843, and was ordained the same year (College Register). After serving a curacy at St. Pancras, London, for about two years, he was presented to the incumbency of the Old Church, St. Pancras, in 1845 (Gent. Mag. new ser. xxiv. 298), and to that of St. John the Evangelist, in the same parish, in 1850 (ib. xxxiv. 85). He was one of the earliest promoters of evening classes for young men, and published three lectures in support of the movement in 1851 and 1852. He had taken his M.A degree in 1847, and became vicar of Pulloxhill, Bedfordshire, in 1854 (ib. xliii. 74). During the winter and spring of 1856-7 he made a tour in the East, and as the result he composed a book published as 'Scripture Lands in connection with their History,' 8vo, London, 1860; 2nd edition, 8vo, London, 1862, and again, 8vo, London, 1871. Drew was vicar of St. Barnabas, South Kensington, from 1858 till 1870, was select preacher to the university of Cambridge in 1869-70, and rector of Avington, Hampshire, during 1870-3, but returned to London in the last named year as vicar of Holy Trinity, Lambeth, a preferment which he retained

A

until his death. In 1877 he was elected Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge, and the following year he published his discourses in a volume entitled The Human Life of Christ revealing the order of the Universe.... With an Appendix,' 8vo, London, 1878. Drew, who was a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and at one time an active member of the British Association, died suddenly at Holy Trinity vicarage, 21 Jan. 1880. He married, 20 May 1845, Mary, eldest daughter of William Peek of Norwood, Surrey (ib. xxiv. 189). His other writings are: 1. 'Eight Sermons, with an Appendix,' 8vo, London, 1845. 2. The Distinctive Excellencies of the Book of Common Prayer. Sermon [on Lamentations, iii. 41] preached in Old St. Pancras Church; with a preface containing a brief history of that church,' 8vo, London, 1849. 3. Scripture Studies, or Expository Readings in the Old Testament,' 12mo, London, 1855. 4. Reasons of Faith, or the order of the Christian Argument developed and explained; with an Appendix,' 8vo, London, 1862; 2nd edition, 8vo, London, 1869. 5. Bishop Colenso's Examination of the Pentateuch examined; with an Appendix,' 8vo, London, 1863. 6. Ecclesia Dei,' 8vo, London, 1865. 7. 'Church Life,' 8vo, London, 1866. 8. 'Korah and his Company; with other Bible teachings on subjects of the day, etc.,' 8vo, London, 1868. 9. 'Ritualism in some Recent Developments,' 8vo, London, 1868. 10. Church Restoration: its Principles and Methods,' 8vo, London, 1869. 11.Divine Kingdom on Earth as it is in Heaven,' 8vo, London, 1871. 12. Nazareth: its Life and Lessons,' 8vo, London, 1872. 13. The Son of Man: his Life and Ministry,' 8vo, London, 1875. 14. 'Reasons of Unbelief; with an Appendix,' 8vo, London, 1877. He also wrote largely in Fairbairn's Imperial Bible Dictionary,' Cassell's Bible Dictionary,' the 'Christian Observer,' the Contemporary Review,' and the 'Sunday Magazine.' Some of his works exhibit much scholarship.

school ably and successfully during sixteen years. His first celestial observations were made with a three and a half foot refractor, for which he substituted later an excellent five-foot achromatic by Dollond, mounted equatorially, and in 1847 installed in a small observatory, built by him for its reception in his garden (Monthly Notices, x. 68). With the help of a fine transit-circle by Jones, acquired soon after, and of the Beaufoy clock, lent by the Royal Astronomical Society, he very accurately determined the time, and supplied it during many years to the ships leaving Southampton.

Hepublished in 1835 'Chronological Charts illustrative of Ancient History and Geography,' which he described as 'a system of progressive geography;' and in 1845 'A Manual of Astronomy: a Popular Treatise on Descriptive, Physical, and Practical Astronomy, with a familiar Explanation of Astronomical Instruments, and the best methods of using them.' A second edition was issued in 1853. At the Southampton meeting of the British Association in 1846, Drew was appointed one of the secretaries of the mathematical section, and printed for the use of the association a pamphlet On the Objects worthy of Attention in an Excursion round the Isle of Wight, including an Account of the Geological Formations as exhibited in the Sections along the Coast. Shortly afterwards he determined upon instituting systematic meteorological observations, and summarised the results for 1848 to 1853 inclusive, in two papers on the Climate of Southampton,' read before the British Association in 1851 and 1854 respectively (Report, 1851, p. 54; 1854, p. 29). Invited to assist in the foundation of the Meteorological Society in 1850, he sought, as a member of the council, to forward its objects by writing a series of papers On the Instruments used in Meteorology, and on the Deductions from the Observations,' which were extensively circulated among the members of the society, and formed the groundwork of a treatise on 'Practical Meteorology,' published by Drew in 1855, and re-edited by his son in 1860. His last work was a set of astronomical diagrams, published by the Department of Science and Art in 1857, faithfully representing the moon, planets, starclusters, nebulæ, and other celestial objects (Monthly Notices, xvi. 14). Among the papers communicated by him to the Royal Astronomical Society (of which he was elected a member on 9 Jan. 1846), may be mentioned one on the 'Telescopic Appearance of the Planet Venus at the time of her Inferior Conjunction, 28 Feb. 1854' (ib. xv. 69), recording a considerable excess of the observed over

VOL. XVI.

DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833), metaphysician, born 6 March 1765, was the son of Joseph Drew, by his second wife, Thomasin Osborne. Joseph Drew made a hard living in a cottage near St. Austell, Cornwall, by streaming for tin and a little small farming. He had been impressed by a sermon from Whitefield and was one of the early Cornish methodists. Samuel was put to work in the fields at seven years old, his parents receiving 2d. a day for his labour. His mother died in 1774, when his father married again; and Samuel, finding home disagreeable, was apprenticed to a shoemaker at St. Blazey when between ten and eleven. He was a wild lad and joined in smuggling adventures, but was discouraged for a time (as he always asserted) by meeting one night a being like a bear with fiery eyes which trotted past him and went through a closed gate in a supernatural manner. Soon afterwards he ran away from his master, but was found at Liskeard and brought back to his father, who, after some difficulties, was now prospering as a farmer at Polplea, near Par. He afterwards worked for a time at Millbrook, Plymouth, and was nearly drowned in a smuggling adventure, from which he had not been deterred by any bogey. Returning to his home he became journeyman shoemaker in a shop at St. Austell in January 1785. The death of an elder brother, who had been a studious youth of religious principles, and the funeral sermon preached upon him by Adam Clarke [q.v.], had a great effect upon his mind, and he joined the Wesleyan society in June 1785. He took a keen interest in politics, began to read all the books he could find, and was much impressed by a copy of Locke's Essay.' He set up in business for himself in 1787. He became a class-leader and a local preacher in 1788; and though some accusation of heresy led to his giving up the class-leadership for many years, he continued to preach through life. On 17 April 1791 he married Honour Hills. He began to write poetry, always kept a note-book by the side of his tools, and used to write with his bellows for a desk. His first publication was 'Remarks upon Paine's "Age of

C

Reason," caused by some controversy with a freethinking friend, which appeared in 1799 and was favourably noticed in the 'Anti-Jacobin Review' for April 1800. He made the acquaintance of the antiquary John Whitaker, the vicar of Ruan-Lanihorne, and of John Britton [q. v.] In July 1800 he published some 'Observations 'upon R. Polwhele's 'Anecdotes of Methodism,' defending his sect against Polwhele's charges. Whitaker now encouraged him to complete a book upon which he had long meditated, which was finally published by subscription in 1802. It was entitled 'Essay on the Immateriality and Immortality of the Soul.' It had much success. After the first publication he sold the copyright to a Bristol bookseller for 207. After four editions had appeared in England and two in America, he brought out a fifth with additions in 1831, which he sold for 2507. His old adversary Polwhele generously reviewed him with high praise in the AntiJacobin' for February 1803. He became famous as the Cornish metaphysician,' and made many friends among the clergy, though he declined to become a candidate for the orders of the church of England. He formed a close intimacy with Adam Clarke, through whose influence he was elected in 1804 a member of the Manchester Philological Society. Another friend was the Rev. Dr. Thomas Coke [q. v.], who was writing various books for the Wesleyan conference. He was also superintendent of the Wesleyan missions, and, being overwhelmed with work,employed Drew to write for him. The books appeared under the name of Coke, and were in fact from his notes, but it seems that Drew was the chief author, though he did not complain of the concealment of his name. In 1806 he was

invited through Clarke to revise metaphysical

works for the Eclectic Review,' but the con

nection did not last long. In 1809 he published an Essay on the Identity and Resurrection of the Body,' which attracted little notice, though it reached a second edition in 1822. About the same time he began to write an essay for the Burnett prize [see BURNETT, JOHN, 1729-1784], which, however, was adjudged in 1814 to J. L. Brown and J. B. Sumner. He published his essay in 1820; but it did not attract much notice.

In 1814 he undertook a history of Cornwall. Part of it had been written by F. Hitchins, on whose death the composition was entrusted to Drew. Though Drew is only described as editor, he wrote the greatest part. It is not more than a fair compilation.

In 1819 he moved to Liverpool, again through the recommendation of Clarke. H was to edit the 'Imperial Magazine,' started

in March 1819, and superintend the business of the 'Caxton Press. A fire destroyed the buildings at Liverpool, and the business was transferred to London, where Drew settled. Here he was employed in absorbing work, which seems to have tried his health. Hopes of making a provision for retirement to Cornwall were disappointed by pecuniary losses, He made short visits to Cornwall, during one of which his wife died at Helston, 19 Aug. 1828, at the house of a son-in-law. Drew rapidly declined in strength after this blow. He returned to his work in London, but died at Helston 29 March 1833, while staying with his son-in-law. He had seven children, of whom six survived him.

Drew's writings are interesting as those of a self-taught metaphysician, who seems to have read nothing on his first publication except Locke and Watts. It cannot be said, however, that his arguments show more than a strong mind, quite unversed in the literature of the subject. He appears to have been a very honourable and independent man, strongly attached to his family, and energetic as a preacher and writer.

[Life by his eldest son (2nd edit.), 1835; Autobiographical sketch prefixed to Essay on Identity, &c. 1809; Polwhele's Biographical Sketches of Cornwall, i. 96-103; Boase and Courtney's Bibliotheca Cornubiensis; Smiles's Self-Help.] L. S. |

DRING, RAWLINS (A. 1688), physician, son of Samuel Dring, born at Bruton, Somersetshire, was educated at Wadham College, Oxford, of which he became first scholar and a fellow in 1682. He proceeded B.A. 27 June 1679, M.A. 24 May 1682. Then entering on the physic line, he practised at Sherborne, Dorsetshire. He was the author virum & clarissimum pyrophilum J. N. Arof Dissertatio Epistolica ad amplissimum migerum conscripta; in qua Crystallizatio nem Salium in unicam et propriam, uti dicunt, figuram, esse admodum incertam, aut accidentalem ex Observationibus etiam suis, contra Medicos & Chymicos hodiernos evincitur,' 16mo, Amsterdam, 1688. According to Wood, the reason why 'tis said in the title that it was printed at Amsterdam is because the College of Physicians refused to license it, having several things therein written against Dr. Martin Lister.

[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 738; Wood's G. G. Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 369, 383.] [See BE

DRINKWATER, JOHN.
THUNE, JOHN DRINKWATER, 1762–1844.]

DROESHOUT, MARTIN (A. 16201651), engraver, belonged to a Netherlandish family, of which numerous members were