settled in England. In the registers of the Dutch Church, Austin Friars, published by W. J. C. Moens, F.S.A. (Lymington, 1884), there are several entries concerning the family, the name being spelt Droeshout, Droshaut, Drossaert, Drussoit, &c. From these, and from a return of foreigners living in London in 1593 (HAMPER, Life of Sir William Dugdale, appendix), it appears that about 1590 Michael Droeshout of Brussels, 'a graver in copper, which he learned in Brussels,' after sojourning in Antwerp, Friesland, and Zeeland, came to London, where John Droeshout, painter, and Mary, or Malcken, his wife, had been settled for some twenty years, who seem to have been his parents. Michael Droeshout, from whose hand there exists a curious allegorical engraving of the Gunpowder Plot,' married on 17 Aug. 1595 Susanna van der Ersbek of Ghent, and, among other children, was father of John Droeshout, baptised 16 May 1596, and of Martin Droeshout, baptised 26 April 1601. There was also a Martin Droeshout, apparently brother of Michael, who was twice married at the Dutch Church, viz. on 26 Oct. 1602 to Anna Winterbeke of Brussels, and 30 Oct. 1604 to Janneker Molyns of Antwerp. He was granted denization on 20 Jan. 1608, being described as Martin Droeshout, painter, of Brabant' (Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ser., James I). A Martin Droeshout was admitted a member of the Dutch Church in 1624, and it is with one of these, probably the younger, that we may identify the artist known throughout the literary world as the engraver of the portrait of William Shakespeare prefixed to the folio edition of his works published in 1623, with the well-known lines by Ben Jonson affixed below it. This is considered by Mr. George Scharf, C.B., F.S.A.('On the Principal Portraits of Shakespeare,' Notes and Queries, 23 April 1864), as having the first claims to authenticity, since it is professedly a portrait of the great dramatist. He further says that 'a general feeling of sharpness and coarseness pervades Droeshout's plate, and the head looks very large and prominent with reference to the size of the page and the type-letters around it; but there is very little to censure with respect to the actual drawing of the features. On the contrary, they have been drawn and expressed with great care. Droeshout probably worked from a good original, either a "limning" or crayondrawing, which having served its purpose became neglected and is now lost.' Besides the portrait of Shakespeare, Droeshout engraved numerous other portraits, some of which are of extreme rarity, and also titlepages for booksellers. His engravings are

executed in a stiff and dry manner, which, however, occasionally attains to some excellence; there may be instanced the full-length portraits of George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, and of James, marquis of Hamilton. Among other portraits were John Fox, Mountjoy Blount, earl of Newport, General William Fairfax, Sir Thomas Overbury, Dr. Donne, Hilkiah Crooke, and others. In the print room at the British Museum are some rare sets of engravings of the Sibyls' and the Seasons.' Contemporary with Martin Droeshout, and pursuing the same profession in a similar but inferior style, was JOHN DROESHOUT (1596-1652), who may be identified with the John Droeshout mentioned above as an elder brother of Martin Droeshout. He was employed by booksellers, for whom he engraved portraits of Arthur Johnston, John Babington, Richard Elton, John Danes, Jeffrey Hudson, and others, besides other frontispieces and broadsides. He also engraved a set of plates to 'Lusitania Liberata,' by Don Antonio de Souza, including_some portraits of the kings of Portugal. In his will, dated 12 Jan. 1651-2, and proved 18 March 1651-2 (P. C. C., Somerset House, 55, Bowyer), he describes himself as 'of St. Bride's, Fleet Street, London, Ingraver,' and mentions his wife Elizabeth, his nephew Martin, his two sons-in-law, Isaac Daniell and Thomas Alford, and his servant or apprentice, Thomas Stayno.

[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Nagler's Monogrammisten, iii. 2243, iv. 1733; Granger's Biogr. Hist. of England; Bromley's Cat. of Engraved English Portraits; Lowndes's Bibl. Man.; information from Mr. W. J. C. Moens, F.S.A.; authorities cited above.] L. C.

DROGHEDA, VISCOUNT and EARL OF. [See MOORE, CHARLES and HENRY.]

DROKENSFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1329), bishop of Bath and Wells, born probably in the village of Drokensford, or, as it is now called, Droxford, in Hampshire, was controller of the wardrobe to Edward I in 1291, and continued to hold that office until 1295, when he appears as keeper of the wardrobe (STEVENSON, Documents, i. 204, ii. 16). These offices gave him much employment both in auditing accounts and in directing expenditure, and he was in constant attendance at court. He accompanied Edward in the expeditions he made to Scotland in 1291 and 1296. In 1297 he discharged the duties of treasurer during a vacancy. The next year he was again in Scotland, and was busily engaged in finding stores for the castles that were in the hands of the king, and he appears to have again accompanied

a vacancy.

Edward I on the expedition of 1303-4. His services were rewarded with ecclesiastical preferments; he was rector of Droxford, of Hemingburgh and Stillingfleet in Yorkshire, and of Balsham in Cambridgeshire; he held prebends in Southwell and four other collegiate churches in England, besides certain prebends in Ireland; was installed as prebendary in the cathedral churches of Lichfield, Lincoln, and Wells; and was chaplain to the pope (LE NEVE; WHARTON; Calendar). His secular emoluments were also large, for he appears to have had five residences in Surrey, Hampshire, and Kent, besides a sixth estate in Chute Forest, Wiltshire, and a grant of land in Windsor Forest (Calendar). He is sometimes incorrectly styled chancellor, or keeper of the great seal, simply because on one occasion, as keeper of the wardrobe, he had charge of the great seal for a few days during After the death of Edward I he ceased to hold office in the wardrobe, and in the first year of Edward II sat in the exchequer as chancellor (MADOX). On 25 Dec. 1308 the king, in sending his congé d'élire to the chapters of Bath and Wells, nominated him for election; he received the temporalities of the see on 15 May 1309, was consecrated at Canterbury on 9 Nov., and was enthroned at Wells about twelve months afterwards. During the first four years of his episcopate he was seldom in his diocese; 'political troubles,' he writes, in December 1312, 'having hindered our residence' (Calendar). In later years, though often in London and elsewhere, and paying an annual visit to his private estates, he was also much in Somerset. He did not make either Bath or Wells his headquarters, but moved about constantly, attended apparently by a large retinue, from one to another of the manorhouses, sixteen or more in number, attached to the see and used as episcopal residences. Magnificent and liberal, he was, like many of his fellow-bishops, a worldly man, and by no means blameless in the administration of his patronage, for he conferred a prebend on a member of the house of Berkeley who was a layman and a mere boy, and in the bountiful provision he made for his relations out of the revenues of his church he was not always careful to act legally (ib.) He had some disputes with his chapter which were settled in 1321 (REYNOLDS). Although he was left regent when the king and queen crossed over to France in 1313, and was one of the commissioners to open parliament, he found himself 'outrun in the race for secular preferment' in the reign of Edward II, and probably for this reason was hostile to the king (STUBBS). He joined in the petition

for the appointment of ordainers in March 1310 (Ann. Londin. p. 170). In July 1321 he and others endeavoured to arrange a peace between the king and the malcontent lords at London (Ann. Paulini, p. 295). At the same time he was concerned in the rebellion against Edward, and in February 1323 the king wrote to John XXII and the cardinals complaining of his conduct, and requesting that he should be translated to some see out of the kingdom (Fœdera). He signed the letter sent by the bishops to the queen in 1325 exhorting her to return to her husband, and on 13 Jan. 1327 took the oath to support her and her son at the Guildhall of London (Ann. Paulini, p. 323). He died at his episcopal manor-house at Dogmersfield, Hampshire, on 9 May 1329, and was buried in St. Katharine's Chapel in his cathedral church, where his tomb is still to be seen. Two months before his death he endowed a chantry to be established at the altar nearest to his grave.

[Bishop Hobhouse's Calendar of Drokensford's Register (Somerset Record Soc., printed for subscribers); Stevenson's Documents illustrative of the History of Scotland (Rolls Ser.); Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy); Wharton's Anglia Sacra, i. 568; Godwin, De Præsulibus, p. 375; Foss's Judges, iii. 86; Madox's Hist. of the Exchequer, ii. 30; Rymer's Fœdera, iii. 989, ed. 1705; Annales and Edw. II, ed. Stubbs (Rolls Ser.); Stubbs's Londin.; Annales Paulini, ap. Chronicles, Edw. I Constitutional History, ii. 355; Reynolds's Wells Cathedral, pp. 145, 147.]

W. H.

DROMGOOLE, THOMAS, M.D. (1750?— 1826?), was born in Ireland somewhere about the middle of the eighteenth century, and took his medical degree at the university of Edinburgh. He settled as a physician in Dawson Street, Dublin, and became a prominent member of the catholic board, which met at the beginning of the century to further the cause of catholic emancipation. Dromgoole was an anti-vetoist, that is, he was opposed to the purchase of freedom for the catholics at the price of giving the government a veto in the appointment of their bishops. In 1813 he made some vigorous speeches on the subject, overthrowing Grattan's contention in the House of Commons that the veto was approved in Ireland, and materially contributing to the temporary defeat of the Catholic Emancipation Bill. In the following year his speeches were published, together with an anonymous Vindication,' said by Mr. W. J. Fitzpatrick to have been written by Dr. Lanigan, who also, according to the same authority, was the real author of the speeches, though they were 'enunciated through the ponderous trombone of Dromgoole's nasal

twang.' Sheil, describing Dromgoole's mode of emphasising the end of each sentence in his speeches by knocking loudly on the ground with a heavy stick, spoke of him as a kind of rhetorical paviour. Dromgoole's ill-timed outspokenness brought a hornets' nest about his ears; he was satirised by Dr. Brennan under the name of Dr. Drumsnuffle,' and was at last driven into exile, ending his days at Rome under the shadow of the Vatican. He probably died between 1824 and 1829.

[W. J. Fitzpatrick's Irish Wits and Worthies, ch. xxiv.; Wyse's Catholic Association of Ireland, i. 161.]

L. C. S.

DROPE, FRANCIS (1629?-1671), arboriculturist, a younger son of the Rev. Thomas Drope, B.D., vicar of Cumnor, Berkshire, and rector of Ardley, near Bicester, Oxfordshire, was born at Cumnor vicarage about 1629, became a demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1645, three years after his brother John, and graduated as B.A. in 1647. In 1648 he was ejected, having probably, like his brother, borne arms for the king, and he then became an assistant-master in a private school, kept by one William Fuller, at Twickenham. At the Restoration he proceeded M.A. (23 Aug. 1660), and in 1662 was made fellow of his college. He subsequently graduated as B.D. (12 Dec. 1667), and was made a prebendary of Lincoln (17 Feb. 16691670). He died 26 Sept. 1671, and was buried in the chancel of Cumnor Church. His one work, A Short and Sure Guide in the Practice of Raising and Ordering of Fruit-trees,' is generally described as posthumous, being published at Oxford, in 8vo, in 1672. The work is eulogised in the 'Philosophical Transactions,' vol. vii., No. 86, p. 5049, as written from the author's own experience.

Drope's elder brother, JOHN (1626-1670), was demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1642; proceeded B.A. 12 July 1645; bore arms for the king' in the garrison of Oxford; was made fellow of his college in 1647, being ejected by the parliamentary visitors the next year; became master at John Fetiplace's school at Dorchester about 1654; proceeded M.A. at the Restoration (23 Aug. 1660); was restored to his fellowship; studied physic, which he practised at Borough, Lincolnshire, and died at Borough in October 1670. He was a poet on a small scale, and published 'An Hymenæan Essay' on Charles II's marriage in 1662, a poem on the Oxford Physic Garden, 1664, and other poems which Wood read in manuscript.

[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 941; Fasti, ii. 103, 228, 299; Felton's Portraits of Writers on Gardening, p. 31.] G. S. B.

DROUT, JOHN (A. 1570), poet, was, as we learn from the title-page of his only known work, an attorney of Thavies Inn. He is author of a black-letter tract of thirty leaves, entitled "The pityfull Historie of two louing Italians, Gaulfrido and Barnardo le vayne, which ariued in the countrey of Grece, in the time of the noble Emperoure Vaspasian. And translated out of Italian into Englishe meeter,' &c., 12mo, London, 1570. In dedicating this, the first frutes of my trauell," to Sir Francis Jobson, knt., lieutenant of the Tower, Drout mentions his parents as still living, and expresses his own and their obligations to Jobson. In 1844 John Payne Collier reprinted twenty-five copies of this piece from a unique copy. Collier doubts whether Drout really translated the story from the Italian, and suggests that Drout describes it as a translation so that he might take advantage of the popularity of Italian novels. In his preliminary remarks upon Romeo and Juliet,' Malone, whose sole knowledge of Drout's book was derived from its entry in the 'Stationers' Registers,' supposed it to be a prose narrative of the story on which Shakespeare's play was constructed (MALONE, Shakespeare, ed. Boswell, vi. 4). It is not in prose, and only a part relates to the history of Romeo and Juliet; it is in the ordinary fourteen-syllable metre of the time, divided into lines of eight and of six syllables. It is merely valuable to the literary antiquary.

[Arber's Transcript of Stationers' Registers, i. 204 b; Lowndes's Bibl. Manual (Bohn), ii. 869, voce 'Gaulfrido,' Appendix, p. 250; Athenæum, 26 April 1862, p. 563.] G. G.

DRUE, THOMAS (ƒ. 1631), dramatist, is the author of an interesting historical play, The Life of the Dvtches of Svffolke,' 1631, 4to, which has been wrongly attributed by Langbaine and others to Thomas Heywood. The play was published anonymously, but it is assigned to Drue in the 'Stationers Registers' (under date 13 Nov. 1629) and in Sir Henry Herbert's Office-book.' Another play, 'The Bloodie Banquet. By T. D.,' 1620, 4to, has been attributed without evidence to Drue. An unpublished play, the Woman's Mistake,' is ascribed in the 'Stationers' Registers," 9 Sept. 1653, to Robert Davenport [q. v.] and Drue. Possibly the dramatist may be the Thomas Drewe who in 1621 published 'Daniel Ben Alexander, the converted Jew, first written in Syriacke and High Dutch by himselfe. Translated .. into French by S. Lecherpiere. And out of French into Eng

lish,' 4to.

[Arber's Transcript of Stationers' Registers, iv. 188; Chalmers's Supplemental Apology, p. 217.] A. H. B.