93). At the suggestion of the bishops of Scotland he was added to the committee of council which accompanied the army (ib. p. 95), and was himself made a member of the privy council in 1678 (DOUGLAS). Apparently dissatisfied with this reward he joined the party,' as it was called, the body of Scottish nobles who opposed Lauderdale in this year under the leadership of Hamilton, their chief ground of complaint being this very invasion of the west, in which Perth had eagerly assisted, and he was one of those who came to London in April 1678 and acted in concert with Shaftesbury and the Duke of Monmouth. In the reports made to Lauderdale he is spoken of as busy and spiteful,' and as one of the chief incendiaries among the parliamentary opposition who were then engaged upon their last attack on Lauderdale (Lauderdale Papers, iii. 132). The efforts of the 'party' succeeded so far that to weaken their influence orders were sent to despatch the highlanders from the west, but failed as regarded Lauderdale himself. He then returned with the 'party' to Scotland, and took part in the opposition to Lauderdale in the convention of July 1678 (ib. p. 249). During 1681 he was in partnership with William Penn in the settlement of East New Jersey (Hist. MSS. Comm. 6th Rep. 700 b). In August 1682 he was one of the commissioners for the trial of the mint in Scotland (ib. p. 658 a), and as such took part in the prosecution of the treasurer-deputy, Charles Maitland of Haltoun, Lauderdale's brother, for peculation. During this year he was again at Whitehall. He was at this time in confidential communication with Archbishop Sancroft, expressing his love of the church of England, of which I hope to live and die a member' (CLARKE, Letters of Scottish Prelates, p. 40). On 16 Nov. 1682 he was made justice-general and extraordinary lord of session; and he presided at the trial of Sir Hugh Campbell of Chesnock for treason. He did his best for the crown, since the estate, if confiscated, was promised to one of Charles's illegitimate children, but he was unable to force the jury to find a verdict of guilty. He was also, by the influence of the Duchess of Portsmouth, made one of the seven who formed the cabinet for the management of Scottish affairs (OMOND, Lord Advocates of Scotland, i. 223). In 1684 Perth attached himself to the faction of his kinsman, the Duke of Queensberry, in opposition to that of Aberdeen, the lord chancellor. On the dismissal of Aberdeen, Perth succeeded to the chancellorship, and was also made, on 16 July 1684, sheriff principal of the county of Edinburgh and governor of the Bass.

For ten years, Burnet says, he had seemed incapable of an immoral or cruel action, but was now deeply engaged in the foulest and blackest of crimes (Hist. own Time, i, 587). He is especially notorious as having added to the recognised instruments of torture that of the thumbscrew, and as having thereby extracted, especially from Spence, who was supposed to be in concert with Argyll, confessions which the boot could not extort. On the death of Charles II he was continued in office by James II. As late as July 1685 he was still in correspondence with Sancroft about 'the best and most holy of churches;" he mentioned an occasion on which he had preferred James's life to his own, and said significantly, 'So now, whenever the occasion shall offer, life, fortune, reputation, all that should be dear to an honest man and a christian, shall go when my duty to God and his vicegerent calls for it.' On 1 July he again wrote, lamenting that he was 'Ïeast acceptable where I study most to please (CLARKE, pp. 68, 71, 76, 82). This could refer to nobody but James. He speedily found the right method of making himself more acceptable. James had just published the celebrated papers in vindication of the catholic faith found in Charles's strong box. Perth declared himself convinced by their arguments, and prevailed on his brother, John Drummond [q. v.], Lord Melfort, to join him in his apostasy. He had meanwhile quarrelled with Queensberry, lord treasurer of Scotland, his former patron, and the quarrel was brought before James. Previous to the conversion James had determined to dismiss Perth, but after it Queensberry, a staunch protestant, was himself turned out, having merely a seat on the treasury commission, and Perth and Melfort became the chief depositaries of the royal confidence (BURNET, i. 653). After the death of his first wife, Perth married Lilias, daughter of Sir James Drummond of Machany, by whom he had four children. This lady dying about 1685, Perth within a few weeks married his first cousin, Lady Mary Gordon, daughter of Lewis, third marquis of Huntly, and widow of Adam Urquhart of Meldrum. With her, according to Burnet (i. 678), Perth had had an intrigue of several years' standing, without waiting for the necessary dispensation from Rome. The pope remarked that they were strange converts whose first step was to break the laws of the church, and was with difficulty prevailed upon to grant the dispensation. Perth now established a private chapel in his house at Edinburgh, and a cargo of popish trinkets and vestments arrived at Leith. The mob rose, attacked Perth's house and insulted his wife.

The troops fired on the people. Several of the ringleaders were captured and hanged. Perth, believing that Queensberry was the author of the attack, in vain promised a pardon to one of them if he would accuse his rival (FOUNTAINHALL, 31 Jan., 1 Feb. 1685-6). He was now the chief agent in the catholic administration of Scotland, and when James announced to the privy council his intention of fitting up a chapel in Holyrood he carried through the council an answer couched in the most servile terms (MACAULAY, i. 619). He succeeded, however, in inducing James to revoke the proclamation ordering all officials, civil and military, to give up their commissions and take out new ones without taking the test, and to receive, remissions for this breach of the law at the price of 81. each. He was entrusted also with the negotiations which James opened with the presbyterians (BALCARRES, Memoirs Bannatyne Club). In 1687 he was the first to receive the revived order of the Thistle. In the same year he resigned the earldom of Perth and his heritable offices in favour of his son and his son's male heir (DOUGLAS).

When James retreated from Salisbury before William, the people, in the absence of the troops, whom Perth had unwisely disbanded, rose in Edinburgh. Perth, who was detested equally for his apostasy and his cruelty, departed under a strong escort to his seat of Castle Drummond. Finding himself unsafe there, he fled in disguise over the Ochil mountains to Burntisland, where he gained a vessel about to sail to France. He had, however, been recognised, and a boatful of watermen from Kirkcaldy pursued the vessel, which, as it was almost a dead calm, was overtaken at the mouth of the Forth. Perth was dragged from the hold in woman's clothes, stripped of all he had, and thrown into the common prison of Kirkcaldy. Thence he was taken to Stirling Castle, and lay there until he was released in June or August 1693 on a bond to leave the kingdom under a penalty of 5,000l. He went at once to Rome, where he resided for two years, when he joined James's court at St. Germain. He received from James the order of the Garter, was made first lord of the bedchamber, chamberlain to the queen, and governor to the Prince of Wales. On the death of James II he was, in conformity with the terms of the king's will, created Duke of Perth. He died at St. Germain on 11 March 1716, and was buried in the chapel of the Scotch College at Paris. He is described as very proud, of middle stature, with a quick look and a brown complexion, and as telling a story 'very prettily.' By his third wife, who died in 1726, he had three children. [Authorities cited above.]

O. A.

DRUMMOND, JAMES, fifth EARL and second titular DUKE OF PERTH (1675-1720), was the eldest son of James Drummond, fourth earl of Perth [q. v.], by his first wife, Jane, fourth daughter of William, first marquis of Douglas. He joined his uncle Melfort in France shortly after the deposition of James II. He began studying at the Scotch College, Paris, but on James going to Ireland joined the expedition, and was present at all the engagements of the campaign. He then resumed his studies in Paris, and afterwards travelled in France and Italy. In 1694 his father, released on condition of his leaving Scotland, met him at Antwerp after five years' separation, and describes him as 'tall, wellshaped, and a very worthy youth.' He had recently danced before the French and Jacobite courts at Versailles with great approbation. The young man was allowed in 1695 to return to Scotland, but was so much a prey to melancholy that his father sent him word 'to be merry, for a pound of care will not pay an ounce of debt.' In 1707 he was one of the Scotch Jacobites who conferred with Colonel Hooke, the Pretender's envoy, and though a catholic he stipulated that there should be security for the protestant religion. In 1708 he collected two hundred men at Blair Athol in expectation of the Pretender's arrival. For this he was summoned to Edinburgh, sent to London, and imprisoned in the Tower. In 1713 he made over his estates to his infant son. In the rising of 1715 he undertook with two hundred of his highlanders and some Edinburgh Jacobites to surprise Edinburgh Castle, but the scheme miscarried. He commanded the cavalry at Sheriffmuir. He escaped from Montrose in February 1716 with the Pretender and Lords Melfort and Mar, and after five days' passage reached Gravelines. He was subsequently with the Pretender at Rome and in Spain. He died at Paris in 1720 and was buried beside his father at the Scotch College, where his white marble monument still exists. His widow, Jane, daughter of the fourth Marquis of Huntly, entertained Charles Edward for a night at Drummond Castle in 1746, and was nine months a prisoner at Edinburgh for collecting taxes for him. She died at a great age at Stobhall in 1773.

[Perth's Letters, Camden Society, 1845; Luttrell's Journal; Epitaph at Scotch College; Douglas and Wood's Peerage of Scotland, ii. 364.] J. G. A.

DRUMMOND, JAMES, sixth EARL and third titular DUKE OF PERTH (1713-1747), born 11 May 1713, was eldest son of James Drummond, fifth earl of Perth [q. v.] He was brought up by his mother at Drummond

Castle till his father's death, when his mother took him and his younger brother John to France. This step gave great offence to the boy's kinsmen and to the Scotch Jacobites, who feared that it might entail a confiscation of the estates, and would be held up to odium by the whigs. They accordingly urged the Pretender to interfere, but he replied that as she pleaded her husband's repeated injunctions, and her anxiety for a catholic education for her children, he could do nothing. The boy was accordingly educated at Douay, then sent to Paris to learn accomplishments, and is said to have excelled in mathematics. On reaching manhood he returned to Scotland, interested himself in agriculture and manufactures, and, though his father's attainder had deprived him of a legal title, styled himself and was recognised by his neighbours as Duke of Perth. In July 1745 the authorities resolved on arresting him as a precautionary measure, and Sir Patrick Murray and Campbell of Inveraray undertook to effect this under the guise of a friendly visit. This treacherous scheme miscarried, for when after dinner they disclosed their errand he asked leave to retire to a dressing-room, escaped by a back staircase, crept through briars and brambles past the sentinels to a ditch, lay concealed till the party had left, borrowed of a peasant woman a horse without saddle or bridle, and in September joined the Young Pretender at Perth. When Murray was afterwards a prisoner at Prestonpans, Perth's only revenge was the ironical remark, "Sir Patie, I am to dine with you to-day.' He conducted the siege of Carlisle, where he ignored his superior officer, Lord George Murray, in a way which made the latter proffer his resignation, but the quarrel was appeased. During the retreat from Derby he was sent with a hundred horse to hurry up the French reinforcements, but passing through Kendal with his escort a little in advance he narrowly escaped capture in his carriage. Anxious to avoid useless bloodshed, he told his men to fire over the heads of the mob. His servant was knocked off his horse by a countryman, who rode off with it and with the portmanteau containing a large sum of money, and Perth had to renounce his mission. He was not at the battle of Falkirk, having been left with two thousand men to continue the siege of Stirling. His chief exploit was the surprising of Lord Loudon's camp, 29 March 1746. He had secretly collected thirty-four fishing boats, crossed Dornoch Firth from Portmahamock, and jumping into four feet of water was the first to land, but the success would have been much greater had not a long parley with an outpost enabled the

main body to escape. Four vessels laden with arms, victuals, uniforms, plate, and furniture, were, however, captured. At Culloden he commanded the left wing. On his standard-bearer bringing him next day the regimental colours he exclaimed, 'Poor as I am, I would rather than a thousand pounds that my colours are safe.' The French ship Bellone ultimately rescued Perth, with his brother, Sheridan, and Hay, but, exhausted by fatigues and privations, he died on board, 13 May 1746, and the ship being detained by contrary winds his body had to be committed to the deep. His name was inserted in the act of attainder passed the same month. Douglas's description of him, 'bold as a lion in the field of battle, but ever merciful in the hour of victory,' seems fully justified. The Perths, indeed, are a striking instance of the moral superiority of the later over the earlier Jacobites.

Perth's brother JOHN (d. 1747), fourth duke, was also educated at Douay, showed decided military tastes, passed through several grades in the French army, then raised the Royal Scotch regiment, and was sent in December 1745 with this and other reinforcements to Scotland. He called upon six thousand Dutch soldiers to withdraw, as having capitulated in Flanders and promised not to serve against France. Hessians had to be sent for to take their place. His tardiness in joining Charles Edward is not easy to explain, for he was repeatedly urged to hasten his movements, but his march was perhaps through a hostile country, and the firths were watched by English cruisers. He came up just before the battle of Falkirk, and mainly contributed to its success, taking several prisoners with his own hand, having a horse killed under him, and receiving a musket-shot in the right arm. On the siege of Stirling being raised he covered the rear. At Culloden he was posted in the centre, and prevented the retreat from becoming a rout. He died, without issue, at the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom in 1747, and was succeeded by his uncle John, son of James, first duke, by his second wife, who died, also without issue, in 1757. John's half-brother Edward, sixth duke, son of the first duke by his third wife, was a zealous Jansenist, and was confined in the Bastille for his opinions, his wife (a daughter of Middleton) being twice refused the last sacraments and obliged to apply for judicial compulsion. He died at Paris in 1760, being the last male descendant of the first duke.

[Letters of Eguilles, Revue Rétrospective, 1885-6; Lockhart Papers; Douglas and Wood's Peerage.] J. G. A.

DRUMMOND, JAMES (1784 ?-1863), botanical collector, elder brother of Thomas Drummond (d. 1835) [q. v.], was elected associate of the Linnean Society in 1810, at which time he had charge of the Cork botanic garden. In 1829 he emigrated to the then newly established colony of Swan River, Western Australia, and ten years later began to make up sets of the indigenous vegetation for sale, but previously several of his letters giving accounts of his widely extended journeys for plants had been published by Sir William Hooker in his various journals. Dr. Lindley's Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River,' 1839, was drawn up from Drummond's early collections, the botany of that part of the Australian continent then being little known. He died in Western Australia 27 March 1863, aged 79. The genus Drummondia was created by De Candolle to commemorate his botanic services, but that genus is now merged in Mitellopsis. Drummondia of Hooker has not been accepted by bryologists, the species being referred to Anodontium of Bridel, but finally Drummondita, a genus of Diosmeæ, was founded by Dr. Harvey in 1855.

[Proc. Linn. Soc. (1863-4), pp. 41-2; La sègue's Bot. Mus. Delessert, p. 282; Bentham's Flora Australiensis, i. 10*; Hooker's Journal Bot. (1840), ii. 343; Hooker's Kew Journal (1850), ii. 31, (1852) iv. 188, (1853) v. 115, 403.]

B. D. J. DRUMMOND, JAMES (1816-1877), subject and history painter, born in 1816, was the son of an Edinburgh merchant, noted for his knowledge of the historical associations of the Old Town. On leaving school he entered the employment of Captain Brown, the author of works on ornithology and cognate subjects, as a draughtsman and colourist. He did not, however, remain long in that situation, and found more congenial work in the teaching of drawing, on giving up which he became a student in the School of Design, under Sir William Allan [q. v.] He was eighteen years of age when he first exhibited in the Royal Scottish Academy; the subject was Waiting for an Answer.' In the following year's exhibition Drummond was represented by The Love Letter,' and in 1837 by 'The Vacant Chair.' He was enrolled as an associate of the academy in 1846, and was elected an academician in 1852. In 1857 he was chosen librarian of the academy, and in the following year, along with Sir Noel Paton and Mr. James Archer, was entrusted with the task of preparing a report upon the best mode of conducting the life school of the academy. This report was presented to the council in November of the same year, and

VOL. XVI.

met with unanimous approval. On the death of W. B. Johnstone, R.S.A., in 1868, Drummond was appointed to the office of curator of the National Gallery. From an early period of his life he devoted himself closely to the study of historical art; his treatment of such subjects was distinguished no less by imaginative grasp and power than by the care with which he elaborated the archeological details. Among his large pictures of an historical nature are 'The Porteous Mob' (which was purchased and engraved by the Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in Scotland, and now hangs in the National Gallery of Scotland), 'Montrose on his way to Execution,'The Covenanters in Greyfriars Churchyard,' 'Old Mortality,' 'John Knox bringing Home his Second Wife,' 'Peace,' and War.' The last two pictures were exhibited in the Royal Academy of London, and were purchased by the prince consort. War' was engraved for the Art Journal.' Drummond also painted numerous minor works of a similar type, some of which were illustrative of such incidents as Sir Walter Scott at an old bookstall, and James VI on a visit to George Heriot's shop. For Lady Burdett-Coutts he painted the view of Edinburgh Castle from the window of her ladyship's sitting-room in the Palace Hotel, with portraits of the baroness and her friend Mrs. Brown. He was one of the most active members of the Royal Scottish Society of Antiquaries, member of the council, and curator of the museum. At the meetings of the society he read numerous papers, which were generally illustrated. He died in Edinburgh on 12 Aug. 1877.

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[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Art Journal, 1877, p. 336.] L. F.

DRUMMOND, JAMES LAWSON, M.D. (1783-1853), professor of anatomy, younger brother of William Hamilton Drummond, D.D. [q. v.], was born at Larne, co. Antrim, in 1783. His school years were passed at the Belfast Academy, and he received a surgical training at the Belfast Academical Institution. After acting as navy surgeon in the Mediterranean for some years (1807-13), he retired from the service (21 May 1813), and went to Edinburgh for further study. On 24 June 1814 he graduated M.D. at Edinburgh, exhibiting a thesis on the comparative anatomy of the eye. He at once began practice in Belfast. In 1817 he volunteered a course of lectures on osteology at the Academical Institution, and succeeded in obtaining the establishment of a chair of anatomy, of which he was elected (15 Dec. 1818) to be the first occupant. This post he

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