Leyden, where he matriculated 16 Sept. 1743 and remained two years. He returned to England an excellent classical scholar, a good mathematician, master of French, Italian, and Hebrew, and a student of philosophy. He refused, however, to become a minister, or to take to any regular work, preferring to spend his time in literary society. He was an original member of the club formed by Dr. Johnson in the winter of 1749, which met weekly at the King's Head in Ivy Lane. Through the influence of Dr. Chandler he obtained the work of translating into Latin a number of tracts left by Dr. Daniel Williams, the founder of the library; but he soon tired of his task. After a visit to France he resolved to translate Toussaint's 'Les Mours,' but after the first sheets were printed refused to go on with it. Dyer's means at this time were very limited, his father having died and left the bulk of his property to his widow and eldest son and daughter. Dr. Johnson and Sir John Hawkins vainly pressed Dyer to write a life of Erasmus, but he consented to revise an old edition of Plutarch's 'Lives.' For this edition (that published by Tonson in 1758) he translated the lives of Pericles and Demetrius, and revised the whole work, receiving 2007. in payment. He had also acted as tutor in Greek to Richard Gough. In 1761 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1766 was put on the council. He joined the 'Literary Club' on its formation in 1764, and was a constant attendant at its meetings; the other members had such a high opinion of his knowledge and respect for his judgment as to appeal to him constantly, and his sentence was final' (Dr. Percy, quoted by Malone in PRIOR, Life of Malone, p. 425). Through this club Dyer first formed the acquaintance of Burke, with whom he afterwards became extremely intimate. Chamier, another member, obtained for Dyer an appointment in connection with the war office. By the death of his mother and brother Dyer came into possession of 8,000l., which he invested in India stock, wishing to become a director of the company. Failing in this, he speculated with his fortune, at the suggestion of Dr. Johnson, in annuities on Lord Verney's estate, and lost the whole of it, not without damage to his reputation as a man of honour. Immediately after his loss he was seized with an attack of quinsy, from which he died 15 Sept. 1772. It was hinted that he had committed suicide. The money he left was insufficient to pay for his funeral.

According to Sir John Hawkins, Dyer wilfully neglected the opportunities of his life, and was by his own choice and determination a sensualist of the worst type. Malone de

VOL. XVI.

clared that Hawkins's character of Dyer was 'greatly overcharged and discoloured by the malignant prejudices of that shallow writer who, having quarrelled with Burke, carried his enmity even to Burke's friends' (PRIOR, Life of Malone, p. 419). Dr. Percy agreed that it was on the whole a gross misrepresentation. Burke wrote the following notice of Dyer in one of the London papers (not, however, as Malone believed,' for the 'Chronicle'): 'He was a man of profound and general erudition, and his sagacity and judgment were fully equal to the extent of his learning. His mind was candid, sincere, and benevolent, his friendship disinterested and unalterable. The modest simplicity and sweetness of his manners rendered his conversation as amiable as it was instructive, and endeared him to those few who had the happiness of knowing intimately that valuable and unostentatious man.'

Sir Joshua Reynolds and Malone both believed that Dyer was the author of 'Junius's Letters.' The evidence on which they formed this opinion was of the weakest circumstantial kind, and was chiefly built up on the fact that immediately after Dyer's death, Reynolds, who was one of his executors, entered his rooms in Castle Street, Leicester Square, and found William Burke destroying a large quantity of manuscript. On Reynolds asking for an explanation, Burke answered that the papers were of great importance to himself, and of none to anybody else (PETER BURKE, Public and Domestic Life of E. Burke, p. 68, ed. 1853).

Dyer's portrait was painted by Reynolds, and a mezzotint was engraved from it. Many years after Dyer's death Dr. Johnson bought a copy to hang in the little room which he was fitting up with prints (CROKER, Boswell, p. 269). Bell, the publisher, had a small engraving done from the mezzotint, and prefixed it to a volume containing the poems of John Dyer [q. v.]

[Hawkins's Life and Works of S. Johnson, i. 220-32; Prior's Life of E. Malone, pp. 419-26; J. C. Symons's William Burke the Author of Junius, p. 118; Peacock's Leyden Students (Index Soc.), p. 32; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. ix. 261; Boswell's Johnson, ed. G. B. Hill, 1887, i. 28, 478, ii. 17, iv. 11; Piozzi's Letters, ii. 339; Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, vi. 266; Royal Society's Lists.]

A. V.

DYER, THOMAS HENRY, LL.D.(1804– 1888), historian, born 4 May 1804, in the parish of St. Dunstan-in-the-East, London, was educated privately. His early years were spent in a West India house, but upon the passing of the Negro Emancipation Act he relinquished a commercial career and

U

much probability, with one John Wyldebere, who at the dissolution became vicar of Willesborough, and was still there in 1542. The several conjectures as to Dygon's individuality are discussed in Grove's Dictionary of Music,' iv. 625. His only extant composition is printed in Hawkins's 'History of Music,' ii. 518, and shows him to have been in advance of many of his English contemporaries.

[Dugdale's Monasticon, ed. 1846, i. 123; Weever's Funeral Monuments, p. 259'; Willis's Mitred Abbeys, i. 54; Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 34.]

W. B. S.

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DYKE, DANIEL, B.D. (d. 1614), puritan divine, was born at Hempstead, Essex, where his father, who had been silenced for nonconformity, was a minister. He received his education at Cambridge, proceeded B.A. at St. John's College in 1595-6, and M.A. at Sidney Sussex College in 1599; became fellow of the latter house in 1606, when or soon after he proceeded B.D., and became minister of Coggeshall, Essex. On the publication of Whitgift's articles in 1583 he was suspended for nonconformity by the Bishop of London (Aylmer), and directed to leave the county. He accordingly removed to St. Albans, where he became a preacher, and it is recorded that his ministry was particularly acceptable and profitable.' Dyke strove to effect a thorough reformation in the church, and combined with others for that purpose. This, with the fact that he had neglected to take priest's orders, and refused to wear the surplice (counting them remnants of popery), and was accused of teaching doctrines contrary to the tenets of the church, caused Aylmer to suspend him, and in default of submission to deprive him of his preferment. The parishioners petitioned Lord-treasurer Burghley, who is said to have frequently befriended Dyke, to intercede with Aylmer for his restoration, which was done; but the bishop declined, as charges of incontinency had also been made against Dyke. This led to his character being investigated, and he was tried for the alleged offence at the St. Albans sessions, when the woman who had accused him confessed her fraud and publicly implored his forgiveness. Burghley again interceded on his behalf, but Aylmer still refused to restore him, as he considered the parish sufficiently served and Dyke would not take priest's orders. He died in 1614: the place of his burial is uncertain. Brook (Lives of the Puritans, ii. 235) says he was a man of unblemished character, a divine of great learning and piety, and a preacher of sound heart-searching doctrine;' Bishop Wil

kins classes his sermons among the most excellent in his day, and of his Mystery of Self-deceiving' Fuller says that it is a book that will be owned for a truth while men have any badness in them, and will be owned as a treasure while they have any goodness in them.' His name or that of his brother, Jeremiah Dyke [q. v.], is among those of the ministers who subscribed the Book of Discipline' (BROOK).

Dyke wrote: 1. 'The Mystery of Self-deceiving,' 1615. 2. Certaine comfortable Sermons vpon the 124 Psalme,' 1616. 3. 'Six Evangelical Histories: of Water turned into Wine, of the Temple's Purgation, of Christ and Nicodemus, of John's last Testimony, of Christ and the Woman of Samaria, of the Ruler's Son's Healing,' 1617. 4. 'Exposition upon Philemon and the School of Affliction, 1618. 5. Two Treatises: The one, of Repentance; the other, of Christ's Temptations.' His works were collected and published by his brother in two volumes in 1635.

[Fuller's Worthies, i. 437 (ed. 1811); Baker's MS. Collect. xv. 79; Manuscript Register, p. 385; Strype's Life of Aylmer, p. 104 (ed. 1824); Neal's Hist. of the Puritans; Wood's Athene Oxon. (Bliss), i. 788; Williams's Christian Preacher, p. 453; Brook's Puritans, ii. 235; Carter's Hist. of Cambridge, p. 376; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xii. 127, 176, 3rd ser. ix. 534.] A. C. B.

DYKE, DANIEL (1617–1688), baptist divine, son of Jeremiah Dyke, M.A. [q. v.], minister of Epping, Essex, was educated first at a private school in the country, and then sent to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he appears to have remained until he took the degree of M.A. He received episcopal ordination, but this was subsequently disputed, and on a marriage performed by him being sought to be set aside he produced his letters of ordination. He is stated (Lansd. MS. 459, fol. 109) to have been presented to Eastwick, Hertfordshire, about 1636, and to have resigned in 1658. In 1645 his great learning and brilliant oratory caused him to be appointed to the rectory of Great Hadham, Hertfordshire, a living worth 3007. per annum, by the parliament. Cussans (Hist. Hertfordshire, Edwinst ree,'p. 186) says this was because his principles were opposed to those of his predecessor. In 1651 he was appointed by Oliver Cromwell one of his chaplains in ordinary, and in 1653 a trier for the approval of ministers, an office for which his learning, judgment, and piety rendered him well qualified, and was, with two exceptions, the only professed baptist on that commission. Although urged to conform he resigned his preferments immediately after the Restora

tion, asserting that however well disposed the king might be towards dissent the royalists would insist on the expulsion of the nonconformist clergy and their persecution. Calamy, however, counts him among the ejected ministers (Nonconf. Memor. ii. 304). Dyke continued to preach whenever an opportunity offered, and, although writs were frequently issued for his apprehension, was never imprisoned longer than a few hours. In February 1668, after preaching for a year on trial, he was set apart' as joint elder with Kiffin to the baptist congregation at Devonshire Square, London, which office he continued to hold until his death in 1688. His remains were interred in the dissenters' burialground in Bunhill Fields, his funeral sermon being preached by Warner. Dyke was a man of sincere piety, a grave and solid divine, and humble and unobtrusive in disposition. Crosby (Hist. Baptists, i. 359) says that 'his modesty was such that he could never be persuaded to publish anything under his own name;' but it is certain that the following were written wholly or in part by him: 1. The Quakers' Appeal Answered, and a full Relation of the Occasion, Progress, and Issue of a Meeting at the Barbican between the Baptists and the Quakers,' 1674. 2. 'The Baptists' Answer to Mr. Wills' Appeal,' 1675. 3. Recommendatory Epistle before Mr. Cox's Confutation of the Errors of Thomas Collier.' He also edited a volume of sermons by his father, Jeremiah Dyke.

DYKE, JEREMIAH (d. 1620), puritan divine, was the son of a minister at Hempstead, Essex, dispossessed for nonconformity, and the brother of Daniel Dyke, B.D. [q. v.] He took his degrees at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, but the date is unknown. After taking orders he was preferred to the living of Epping in Essex in 1609, which he held till his death. His name or that of his brother is among those of the ministers who subscribed the Book of Discipline' (BROOK, Lives of the Puritans). He is described as having been a man of a cheerful spirit and eminently useful in his ministry,' of moderate views, and one who, although he disliked ceremonies, submitted, so far as his conscience permitted, to their use, yet as being a thorough puritan at heart. Brook says he died in 1620, and was buried in his parish church; but if this be so there must have been another minister

The following works are attributed to him: 1. A Counterpoison against Covetousnes,' 1619. 2. Good Conscience, or a Treatise shewing the Nature, Means, Marks, Benefit, and Necessity thereof,' 1624. 3. The Mischiefe and Miserie of Scandals, both taken and given,' &c., 1631. 4. The Righteous Man's Tower, or the Way to be Safe in a case of Danger,' 1639. 5. The Right Receiving of and Rooting in Christ,' 1640. 6. 'The Worthy Communicant, or a Treatise showing the due order of Receiving the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper,' 1642. He also published several sermons and made additions to the works of his brother, Daniel Dyke, B.D.

[Brook's Lives of the Puritans, ii. 279; Fuller's Worthies, Hertfordshire, p. 437 (ed. 1811); Newcourt's Repert. Eccl. ii. 248; Fuller's Hist. Cambridge, p. 154; Cussans's Hist. Hertfordshire, Braughing,' p. 40; Carter's Cambridge; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ii. 363.]

A. C. B.

DYKES, JOHN BACCHUS (18231876), musician and theologian, son of William Hey Dykes of Hull, and grandson of the Rev. Thomas Dykes [q. v.], incumbent of St. John's in the same town, was born on 10 March 1823. When ten years old he played the organ in his grandfather's church. Shortly after 1840 his father moved to Wakefield, where Dykes attended the proprietary school until October 1843, when he entered at St. Catherine's College, Cambridge. Here he distinguished himself as an amateur musician; he was instrumental in founding the University Musical Society, at whose early concerts his performances of comic songs were a great feature (GROVE, Dict. of Music, iv. 204a). He graduated senior optime in January 1847, and in the same year was ordained deacon to the curacy of Malton, Yorkshire. In 1849 he was appointed minor canon and precentor of Durham, and the university of Durham conferred on him the honorary Mus.Doc. degree. In 1862 Dykes was appointed vicar of St. Oswald's, Durham, when he resigned the precentorship, though still retaining his minor canonry. His latter years were embittered by disputes with his diocesan. Dykes was a high-churchman, with pronounced views on doctrinal and liturgical questions. The bishop was a low-churchman, who was determined to suppress what he regarded as heresy. The struggle was carried on with much bitterness on both sides. The bishop refused to license the vicar's curates,

and Dykes was left with all the care of a great parish on his unaided hands. At last the stress was too great for him. His mental and bodily health broke down about the end of 1874, and, though at times he rallied, he never regained his strength and gradually sank until he died at St. Leonards, 22 Jan. 1876. He was buried in the churchyard of St. Oswald's on 28 Jan.

6

Dykes's literary works consist of sermons, published singly and in Fowle's Plain Preaching for a Year; an 'Introduction on the Manner of Performing Divine Service, prefixed to the Annotated Book of Common Prayer;' Eucharistic Truth and Ritual, a Letter to the Bishop of Durham' (1874); and contributions to the 'Theologian and Ecclesiastic' and Literary Churchman.' But it is by his hymn-tunes that he will be chiefly remembered. Most of these appeared first in Hymns Ancient and Modern, of which collection they are by far the best and most popular of the modern compositions. They are characterised by remarkable melodic beauty and also by the excellent way in which they are written for the words to which they are set. Though their style is perhaps too much that of the part-song, yet, judged from the point of view of most similar modern compositions, they are undoubtedly the best of their kind. Dykes also wrote several services and anthems. He was married in 1850 to Susan, daughter of G. Kingston, esq., by whom he had two sons and four daughters, all of whom survived him.

[Obituary notices in Literary Churchman and other papers; Brit. Mus. Cat.] W. B. S.

DYKES, THOMAS (1761-1847), divine, was born at Ipswich on 21 Dec. 1761, and, after going to a boarding-school at a village in the neighbourhood, entered his father's business. An illness, however, led him to turn his mind to religion. After taking the advice of the Rev. Joseph Milner of Hull, he entered Magdalene College, Cambridge, in 1786, and, having taken his degree, was ordained to the curacy of Cottingham, near Hull, in 1788. In October 1789 he was ordained priest to the curacy of Barwick-inElmet, having a few months previously married Mary, the daughter of Mr. Hey, a wellknown surgeon of Leeds, by whom he had a family. He was now bent upon supplying the want of churches in Hull by building a new church at his own cost in the parish of the Holy Trinity, and, in spite of the opposition of the corporation, who were the patrons of the living, he obtained the sanction of the Archbishop of York. The church was consecrated under the name of

St. John's in 1791, and opened for divine service on 13 May 1792. Dykes was the first incumbent, but though an extremely popular preacher he never realised from his pew-rents the amount invested in the building, and the deficiency, over 500l., was made good by private subscription. Two hundred sittings were added to the church in 1803, and the steeple was built at the same time. In 1833 Dykes became master of the Charterhouse at Hull, and took up his residence there, and in the following year was also presented to the vicarage of North Ferriby, where the duties were performed by a curate. The benefactions of Dykes to the town of Hull were numerous; it was chiefly through his exertions that the female penitentiary was built in 1812, and one of the main objects of his life was to supply the deficiency of church accommodation. Christ's Church, founded in 1821, St. James's Church, founded in 1829, were offshoots of St. John's; and he furthered by his eloquence and his purse the erection of the Mariners' Church, St. Stephen's and St. Paul's, and the enlargement of the church at Drypool. In spite of advancing years he continued to discharge his duties as incumbent of St. John's until about eighteen months before his death on 23 Aug. 1847. During his long ministry he followed worthily in the footsteps of Joseph Milner, who had laid the foundation of the religious revival in Hull; his doctrinal views were moderately Calvinistic, and the chief features of his sermons were persuasiveness and pathos. On political questions he was a tory, and was emphatically opposed to the concession of the Roman catholic claims, though chiefly from religious motives.

A selection from his sermons was published by the Rev. W. Knight, incumbent of St. James's Church, Hull, together with a 'Memoir and Extracts from his Correspondence,' by the Rev. John King, incumbent of Christ Church, Hull, in 1849. Among his separate publications may be mentioned a sermon On the Open Abounding of Profligacy and Immorality' (1804); a sermon 'On the Death of the Rev. Miles Atkinson' (1811); and a sermon 'On the Doctrines of the Church of England, considered in relation to their Moral Influence' (1817).

[Memoir by the Rev. John King mentioned above; Funeral Sermon by the Rev. W. Knight, The Christian Pastor's Removal from Earth to Heaven (1847); and a notice in the Christian Observer, vol. xlviii. (1848), where most of the dates are incorrect.] L. C. S.

DYMOCK, ROGER (A. 1395), theologian, studied at Oxford, and there proceeded to the degree of doctor in divinity. He is known only by an unpublished treatise, 'Ad