1876 by the publication of a work in two volumes The English Bible: an external and critical history of various English translations of Scripture; with remarks on the need of revising the English New Testament.' In the movement for a revision of the English New Testament he was greatly interested. He was one of the original members of the New Testament revision company, and while he was able he attended the meetings very diligently. He studied carefully the passages that were discussed, and made up his mind after thorough inquiry, but seldom spoke. He was held in great esteem by the chairman, Bishop Ellicott, and many other eminent members of the company. In 1869, along with some personal friends, he paid a visit to Egypt and the Holy Land, and was able to verify by personal observation many geographical and other points on which he had expressed his opinion in some of his books. In 1873, along with Professor Calderwood, he received a commission from the synod of the united presbyterian church to visit the United States, and convey the fraternal salutations of his church to the presbyterians of that country. So early as 1867 symptoms of heart derangement had begun to appear, brought on, doubtless, by his great and constant labours. In 1872 these symptoms returned in an aggravated form. But it was not possible to induce him to take the rest which he required. His last illness was in 1876, and his death occurred on 3 June of that year. Numberless letters of sympathy and resolutions of public bodies attested the remarkable esteem and affection in which he was held. Eadie used to say that there were three things he was fond of bairns, birds, and books. His collection of books was a very remarkable one, and on his death some of his friends were taking steps to procure it for the use of the church, when a liberal gentleman, Mr. Thomas Biggart of Dalry, purchased it for 2,000l., presented it to the synod, and fitted up a room in the United Presbyterian College, where it now is, under the name of the Eadie Library. [Rev. J. Brown's Memoir of John Eadie, D.D., LL.D.; Glasgow newspapers, 4 June 1876; Proc. of United Presb. Synod, 1877.] W. G. B. EADMER or EDMER (d. 1124 ?), historian, was a monk of Canterbury at the end of the eleventh and the beginning of the twelfth century, distinguished among his contemporaries for high character and literary powers. His works, the principal part of which have survived to our day, fully justify his reputation. There are few better pieces of contemporary history than his 'Historia Novorum; and his biographies, especially that of Anselm, are of a higher order than most similar compositions. Nothing apparently is known of Eadmer before he emerges into notice as the close companion and friend of Archbishop Anselm. Leland and Bale have very carelessly confused him with an Eadmer who was abbot of St. Albans, and died in 980, more than a hundred years before the era of the Canterbury monk. In this error they have been followed by Pits. Nothing, indeed, can well be more absurd than Bale's account of this writer. As regards contemporary estimate, William of Malmesbury may be cited, who says that in his narrative of events he does not venture to compare himself to Eadmer, 'who has told everything so lucidly that he seems somehow to have placed them before our very eyes. For those who wish to read the letters which passed between the pope, the king, and Anselm, the book of Eadmer will give every facility. He has so arranged the letters as to support and verify all his assertions in the most decisive way' (De Gest. Pontiff. vol. i.) Eadmer must have been well known to Pope Urban before the end of the eleventh century, for when Anselm after his consecration desired to have some one assigned to him by the pope as his director, Eadmer was thus assigned to him; and, says William of Malmesbury, he was so completely under his guidance that, being accustomed to have him in his chamber, Anselm not only never rose without his command, but would not even change his side in bed without his permission. Selden, who edited Eadmer's main work ('Historia Novorum') from a manuscript in the Cotton Library in 1623, has pointed out in his preface the very high merits of this work. Especially is it distinguished by its avoidance of all trivial details and alleged miracles, which abound in most of the monkish histories. Compared with William of Malmesbury's work on the same period, in which these grotesque miracles abound, Eadmer's is vastly superior. His style is good and contains very few unclassical words. His history, after a brief mention of some of the English kings anterior to the conquest, begins practically from that date, and is continued to 1122-a work, says William of Malmesbury, 'remarkable for its sober and pleasant style (De Gest. Regum). The history throughout has a special regard for ecclesiastical matters, and for the doings of the two archbishops of Canterbury (Anselm and Ralph) with whom the writer was in the closest relations. He tells us (bk. ii.) that it had been his custom from childhood to take special note of all matters connected with the church. Eadmer shows a strong national feeling, and asserts the rights and privileges of the English church. The 'Life of St. Anselm' was first printed at Antwerp in 1551. It was reprinted with the chief editions of Anselm's works, and has been edited, together with the 'Historia Novorum,' in the Rolls Series (1884), by Mr. Martin Rule. Eadmer composed many other biographical and ecclesiastical pieces, the manuscripts of which are in the collection of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Of these the following have been printed by Henry Wharton in the second part of the Anglia Sacra: 1. A Life of St. Dunstan,' written, according to Mr. Wright (Biog. Lit.), at the beginning of the twelfth century. This had been previously printed by Surius in an imperfect form. It has appended to it, in Wharton, some very curious correspondence as to the body of St. Dunstan. 2. A 'Life of St. Bregwin, Archbishop of Canterbury 759-63. This was written after the death of Archbishop Ralph, which took place in 1122. 3. A 'Life of St. Oswald, Archbishop of York.' This, says Mr. Wright, appears to be little more than an abridgment of a life written by a monk of Ramsey in the time of Archbishop Elfric, and preserved in Cotton MS. Nero E. There is also a 'Life of Wilfrid' by Eadmer, printed by Mabillon in the 'Act. Ord. Bened. This he professes to have compiled partly from Bede and partly from a Life of Wilfrid' by Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, which is perhaps the same as the metrical life by Fridegode (WRIGHT). Lists of other minor works of Eadmer will be found in Wharton and in Bale. In 1120 this monk, who had become widely known both by his writings and also by his close companionship, first with Archbishop Anselm, and then with Archbishop Ralph, was selected by Alexander, king of Scotland, for the archbishopric of St. Andrews, which had been for some time vacant (cf. Historia Novorum, books v. and vi.) Alexander sent a deputation to Archbishop Ralph to ask for his monk Eadmer, who had been highly recommended to him for the primatial see. Upon this the archbishop wrote to King Henry, who was at Rouen, and obtained his consent. He then despatched Eadmer into Scotland, but with strict orders not to agree to anything as to his consecration which should compromise the dignity of the see of Canterbury. This was the time of the most bitter rivalry between the northern and southern primates. Eadmer was duly elected by the chapter of St. Andrews, but a difficulty at once arose as to his consecration. The Scotch king would not agree to either of the English primates consecrating. Eadmer maintained that the jurisdiction of Canterbury extended over the whole island, and that he must be consecrated by Archbishop Ralph. This utterly untenable claim Alexander would not allow, and after a time Eadmer returned to Canterbury without any arrangement as to his consecration. After remaining a year and a half in the monastery without a settlement being arrived at, Eadmer sent a letter to the king of Scotland resigning all claims to the see. Gervase, a monkish historian of Canterbury of a little later date, often quotes Eadmer, and describes him as the cantor or precentor of the church. He has sometimes been confused with Elmer, who was prior of the Christ Church monastery about the same time. Pits, in the strangely inaccurate account which he gives of him, makes him a Cluniac monk and abbot of St. Albans. The death of Eadmer is usually assigned to 1124. [Eadmeri Monachi Cantuarensis Historia Novorum, ed. Selden, London, 1623; Anglia Sacra, pt. ii., London, 1691; Wilhelmi Malmesburiensis De Gestis Pontiff. Angl., London, 1870; Bale, De Scriptt. Britann., Basel, 1557; Collier's Eccl. Hist. vol. ii., London, 1845; Wright's Biographia Literaria, Anglo-Saxon Period, London, 1862.] G. G. P. EADNOTH (d. 1067), staller, or master of the horse, under Eadward the Confessor (KEMBLE, Coder Dipl. 845), Harold (FLOR. WIG. ii. 3), and William the Conqueror (4.-S. Chron., sub ann. 1067), appears to have held large estates, especially in the west country, and in one case to have taken advantage of Harold's favour to gain land at the expense of the church, and in another probably of the favour of the conqueror to do so at the expense of a private landowner (Norman Conquest, ii. 548, iv. 758). When Harold's sons invaded England in 1067 with a Danish fleet from Ireland, and, after having been beaten off from Bristol by the burghers, ravaged the coast of Somerset, Eadnoth met them with a local force and fought a battle with them, in which, according to Florence of Worcester, the invaders gained the victory, while William of Malmesbury says that they were defeated, and it may be inferred from the Chronicle' that the issue was doubtful. Eadnoth was slain, and many good men on both sides' (A.-S. Chron.) Eadnoth left a son named Harding, who was alive when William of Malmesbury wrote. There is no reason to doubt that he was the father of Robert FitzHarding, the founder of the second and present house of the lords of Berkeley [see BERKELEY, family of]. [Anglo-Saxon Chron. sub ann. 1067; Florence of Worcester, ii. 3 (Engl. Hist. Soc.); William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum, ii. 429 (Eugl. Hist. Soc.); Kemble's Codex Dipl. 845; Freeman's Norman Conquest, ii. 548, iv. 227, and Note S. 757-61, which contains all that can be made out on the subject of Eadnoth's lands.] W. H. EADRIC. [See EDRIC.] with the convent of Christ Church with reference to the allowance to be made to him during his illness, which may account for part of the story told by William of Malmesbury, for he left lands to the rival house of St. Augustine's (THORN). He is said, moreover, to have helped Earl Godwine to get possession of Folkestone in defiance of the right of the convent of Christ Church (FREEMAN, Norman Conquest, ii. 559). [Kemble's Codex Dipl. 754-84 passim, 13231325; Historia de Abingdon, i. 451, 461 (Rolls Ser.); Anglo-Saxon Chron. sub ann. 1038, 1046, 1048; William of Malmesbury's Gesta Regum, i. 333 (Engl. Hist. Soc.), Gesta Pontiff. p. 34 (Rolls Ser.); Anglia Sacra, i. 106; Thorn's Twysden, col. 1784; Stubbs's Reg. Sacrum Anglic. p. 20; W. H. Hook's Archbishops, i. 487 sq.] EADSIGE, EADSINE, EDSIE, or ELSI (d. 1050), archbishop of Canterbury, one of the chaplains of Cnut, who granted Folkestone to the convent of Christ Church in order to obtain his admission into the house, stipulating that Eadsige should have the land for his life, was suffragan bishop in Kent in 1035, and is said to have had his see at the church of St. Martin, outside Canterbury. He succeeded Archbishop Ethelnoth EAGER, JOHN (1782-1853?), organist, in 1038, and in 1040 fetched his pall from was born in 1782 in Norwich, where his father Rome. He crowned Harthacnut, and at the was a manufacturer of musical instruments. coronation of Eadward the Confessor on He learnt the rudiments of music from his 3 April 1043 delivered an exhortation to the father, and made such progress that at the age king and the people (A.-S. Chron.) Eadsige of twelve he attracted the notice of the Duke belonged to the party of Godwine and op- of Dorset, who took him to Knowle as a page. posed the policy of the great men of the Here he improved his education in the fine northern part of the country. Soon after the library, and probably acquired skill upon the accession of Eadward he fell into bad health violin, of which the duke was an amateur. Toand was unable to perform the duties of his wards the end of the century his patron became office. Fearing lest some man whom he did insane, and Eager, for whose support no pronot approve might beg or buy his arch- vision had been made, ran away to Yarmouth, bishopric, he secretly took counsel with the where he proceeded to set up as a teacher of king and Earl Godwine, and through the music. Soon afterwards he married Miss earl's influence obtained the appointment of Barnby, a lady of good fortune, and in October Siward, abbot of Abingdon, as his coadjutor. 1803 was appointed organist to the corporation Siward was consecrated in 1044, taking his of Yarmouth on the death of John Roope. In title from Upsala (STUBBS) or from Rochester 1814 J. B. Logier patented his 'chiroplast,' an (Historia de Abingdon, i. 451), and attests invention for holding the hands in a proper charters as archbishop, his name appearing position while playing the pianoforte, and his before that of Elfric of York (KEMBLE, Codex system of teaching was ardently taken up by Dipl. 780 sq.) William of Malmesbury says Eager. The adherents of the new method were that he was ungrateful and kept Eadsige short of course vehemently attacked by conservative of food during his illness, that he was conse- musicians, and Eager came in for a full share quently deprived of the succession, and that of abuse in the Norfolk papers and elsewhere. he had to console himself with the bishopric He graduallyconvinced a considerable number of Rochester. This story evidently arose of persons of the excellence of the system, from a confusion between him and another which, in addition to the use of the chiroplast, Siward, bishop of Rochester 1058-75; it professed to teach the groundwork of harmony, was a satisfactory mode of explaining the &c., much more rapidly and thoroughly than reason of what was held to have been the any other method. Another of its peculiarifailure of the expectation of the suffragan. ties was that twelve or more of the pupils His retirement was really caused by ill-health; were required to play simultaneously on as he went back to Abingdon and died there on many pianos. He opened a musical academy 23 Oct. 1048. It seems probable that Eadsige for music and dancing,' in the conduct of recovered from his sickness in 1046, when he which he was assisted by his daughters, at again attests a charter as archbishop, Siward the Assembly Rooms, Norwich, and public using the title of bishop, and that he re-examinations were in due course held for the sumed the government of his entire see on the retirement of Siward, about eight weeks before his death. Eadsige died on 29 Oct. 1050. It is possible that some dispute arose 1 purpose of convincing the audience of the genuineness of the method. After the second of these Eager published 'A Brief Account, with accompanying examples, of what was actually done at the second examination of Mr. Eager's pupils in music, educated upon Mr. Logier's system. . . . June 18, 1819, addressed to Major Peter Hawker,' published by Hunter in St. Paul's Churchyard. The appendix to the account gives certain letters written to, but not inserted in, the Norwich Mercury' and the Norfolk Chronicle' by persons who considered that the opinions expressed by those papers were unfair. Eager's reputation does not appear to have suffered; ten years afterwards he is spoken of in the highest terms by the writer of the History of Norfolk,' and then held the post of organist to the corporation. In 1833 Eager left Norwich for Edinburgh, where he resided till his death about twenty years later. He separated from his wife, by whom he had two daughters, Mrs. Bridgman and Mrs. Lowe, before leaving England; obtained a Scotch divorce about 1839, and afterwards married a Miss Lowe, sister of his second daughter's husband. He wrote pianoforte sonatas, and some songs and glees of no importance. 6 EAGLES, JOHN (1783-1855), artist and author, son of Thomas Eagles [q. v.], was born in the parish of St. Augustine, Bristol, in 1783, and baptised 8 Nov. of that year. After receiving some preliminary training under the Rev. Samuel Seyer [q. v.] at Bristol, he was admitted a pupil of Winchester College on 9 July 1797, and continued there until 16 July 1802 (College Register). His wish was to become a landscape-painter. He went on a tour in Italy, and tried to form his style on Gaspard Poussin and Salvator Rosa. While in Italy he narrowly escaped death when sketching on a tier of the Coliseum at Rome. When on his way to draw the Three Temples of Pæstum, between Salerno and Eboli he fell in with banditti, and was literally stript to the skin.' Both adventures are related by him in the Sketcher' (ed. 1856, p. 9). He had, too, the reputation of being a good etcher, and in 1823 published six examples after his idol, G. Poussin. In 1809 he was an unsuccessful candidate for admission in the Water-Colour Society (REDGRAVE, Dictionary of Artists, 1878, p. 135). At length he determined to take orders, and with that view entered Wadham College, Oxford. He took the two degrees in arts, B.A. 14 Jan. 1812, M.A. 13 May 1818 (Oxford Graduates, ed. 1851, p. 202). His first curacy was that of St. Nicholas, Bristol. In 1822 he removed with his family to the curacy of Halberton in Devonshire, where he resided for twelve or thirteen years. For the last five years of this time Sydney Smith was his rector. From Halberton he removed to the curacy of Winford, near Bristol, and thence to Kinnersley in Herefordshire, where he held the living for a friend;' but in 1841, relinquishing all regular duty, he returned to live near his birthplace. He died at King's Parade, Clifton, on 8 Nov. 1855. He left a numerous family. From 1831 till within a few months of his death Eagles was a contributor to Blackwood's Magazine.' His contributions were chiefly on art, and the best of these were contained in a series of papers entitled 'The Sketcher,' which appeared in the magazine during 1833-5. Having been revised by himself the autumn before he died, they were published in a volume, 8vo, Edinburgh and London, 1856. Another volume of miscellaneous Essays contributed to Blackwood's Magazine' was issued the following year. Though not in the first rank, they are brimful of shrewd sense, genial humour, amusing anecdote, apt quotation, and duly italicised puns. Eagles wrote on the fine arts as a critic of the old-fashioned school, to which he loyally adhered in artistic as in other matters. Scattered throughout the Sketcher' are many pleasing lyrics. A selection from these and other of his poems, original or translated, was made by the author's friend, John Mathew Gutch [q. v.], and fifty copies printed for private distribution, 8vo, Worcester, 1857. It contains a reissue of a Latin macaronic poem which had appeared at intervals in the columns of Felix Farley's Bristol Journal,' then under the editorship of Gutch, and was written to expose the abuses which had for years existed in several public bodies in Bristol, especially in the corporation. These rhymes, enlarged and translated with notes and some humorous designs, were afterwards published as 'Felix Farley, Rhymes, Latin and English, by Themaninthemoon,' 8vo, Bristol, 1826. Some imitations in English of the Horatian ode, mostly on similar subjects, also contributed to Felix Farley,' are less happy. A volume of 'Sonnets,' edited by another friend, Zoë King, 8vo, Edinburgh and London, 1858, contains 114 examples, characterised for the most part by thought and refinement. 6 Eagles left in manuscript translations of the first two books of the Odyssey' and of five cantos of the 'Orlando Furioso.' He also edited 'The Journal of Llewellin Penrose, a Seaman,' 4 vols. 8vo, London, 1815, one edition of which he sold to Murray for two hundred guineas. Another edition was published by Taylor & Hessey, 8vo, London, 1825. It is a narrative partly founded upon incidents in the life of the author, one Williams, whom Thomas Eagles had rescued from destitution. Williams bequeathed the manuscript to his benefactor. Nearly half a century afterwards John Eagles told the tale in one of his latest and best Blackwood essays, 'The Beggar's Legacy' (Blackwood's Magazine, March 1855; Essays, ed. 1857, pp. 490-501). Eagles was shy and retiring, but hospitable to men of similar tastes. For 'society at large' he cared little,' and did not trouble himself touching what the world thought of him or his occupations (introduction to the Sketcher, 1856). There is a crayon portrait of Eagles by the elder Branwhite, and another in oils by Curnock. [Authorities cited; information obligingly communicated by the warden of Winchester; Gent. Mag. new ser. xliv. 661–2, xlv. 148-9, 3rd ser. i. 448-52; Gutch's Preface and Reminiscences prefixed to A Garland of Roses; Athenæum, 9 Aug. 1856, p. 987, 31 July 1858, p. 137; Bentley's Miscellany, xlvi. 594-605.] G. G. all EAGLES, THOMAS (1746–1812), classical scholar, was baptised in the parish of Temple Holy Cross, Bristol, 28 April 1746. He was descended on his father's side from a family which had resided in Temple parish for nearly two centuries; his mother, whose maiden name was Perkins, came from Monmouthshire, and he died seised of estates in that county which had belonged to his maternal ancestors for many hundred years. On 16 Sept. 1757 he was entered at Winchester College. At school he gave promise of becoming an excellent classic. The death of a nobleman, however, to whom he had looked for preferment, obliged him to give up thoughts of making the church his profession, as his father desired. Accordingly he left Winchester, 18 Jan. 1762 (College Register), and returned to Bristol, where he eventually prospered as a merchant. For the last few years of his life he was collector of the customs at Bristol. He died at Clifton 28 Oct. 1812 (Gent. Mag. vol. lxxxii. pt. ii. p. 498). His wife, Charlotte Maria Tyndale, survived until 20 Feb. 1814 (ib. vol. lxxxiv. pt. i. p. 411). He left a son, John [q. v.] His eldest daughter, Cæcilia, married 9 Feb. 1796 to William Brame Elwyn, barrister-at-law and recorder of Deal (ib. vol. lxvi. pt. i. p. 167), had died before her parents, 3 June 1811, aged 34 (ib. vol. lxxxii. pt. ii. p. 366). In 1811 Eagles was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. 6 To the last Eagles cherished a love for the classics. He left a translation of part of Athenæus, which, under the title of 'Collections from the Deipnosophists, or Banquet of the Gods,' was announced for publication in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' for January 1813 (vol. lxxxiii. pt. i. p. 40). It never appeared, but by the care of his son 'Selections' from the first two books, with notes, were published anonymously in Blackwood's Magazine' for 1818 and 1819 (iii. 650-3, iv. 23-8, 413-17, 666-74). Eagles contributed to a periodical essay which appeared on the fourth page of 'Felix Farley's Bristol Journal,' with the title of 'The Crier.' It came out first in 1785, nearly about the same time that the Lounger' was published at Edinburgh, and was perhaps the first attempt. ever made in a provincial town to support a periodical essay. After some interruptions it closed in 1802. In 1807 he attempted unsuccessfully to commence a series of papers to be called 'The Ghost.' He took a warm interest in the Rowley and Chatterton controversy, on which he left some dissertations. He was a Rowleian (CORRY and EVANS, Hist. of Bristol, ii. 299-300). He was a painter, but never exhibited his pictures, and was besides an accomplished musician. One of his many acts of quiet benevolence has been beautifully commemorated by his son in an essay, 'The Beggar's Legacy,' contributed to 'Blackwood's Magazine' in March 1855. A selection from his correspondence with a young acquaintance, R. D. Woodforde, begun in 1787 and closed in 1791, was published by the latter, 8vo, London, 1818. [Gent. Mag. vol. lxxxii. pt. ii. pp. 589-90, new ser. xlv. 148-9; Reminiscences prefixed to A Garland of Roses gathered from the Poems of J. Eagles, ed. J. M. Gutch.] G. G. EALDULF (d. 1002), archbishop of York. [See ALDULF.] EAMES, JOHN (d. 1744), dissenting tutor, was a native of London, and it is not improbable that he was a son of John Eames, born at Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire, 29 Jan. 1644-5, the only son of James Eames, innholder. He was admitted at Merchant Taylors' School on 10 March 1696-7, and was subsequently trained for the dissenting ministry. He preached but once, being deterred from further efforts by diffidence and by difficulty of elocution, and seems never to have been ordained. In 1712 Thomas Ridgley, D.D., became theological tutor to the Fund Academy, in Tenter Alley, Moorfields, |