cludes his note with a quotation, in Greek and MR. HUGHES can find Shelley's essay on vege Smith's Fruits and Farinacea the Proper Diet of Man, 1845. This is a clever book, naming many writers on the subject and their works. Smith has also written a good book on Vegetable Cookery, 1866. If this subject be pursued far, it will be well to procure Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie.'s Description des Plantes Potagères. In Mr. Beach's American Practice Condensed (New York, 1857) there is, at p. 11, atarianism in any edition of the poetical works good résumé of facts as to the difference between animal and vegetable diet. In Sir John Sinclair's Code of Health there is much in favour of a vegetable diet. Lankester, in his Popular Lectures on Food, says very little to the purpose, but still the chapter commencing at p. 119 can be consulted. Prof. Johnston's Chemistry of Common Life, 2 vols., 1855, does not contain much on the subject, but admits that vegetable diet is in every part of the world the chief staff of life. Sylvester Graham's Science of Human Life, 1854, is one of the best repertories of all that needs to be known on the subject. He is strenuously in favour of vegetarian diet. Shelley thought that all vice might be expelled from the world if men would only eschew flesh; but I am unable to point to the passage. James Bontius, physician to the Dutch settlement at Batavia, wrote a treatise, De Conservanda Valetudine ac Dieta, 1645, in which he advocates a vegetarian diet, chiefly, however, in view of a residence in the East. A. Cocchi, an eminent physician of Florence, wrote a work which in 1745 was translated into English as The Pythagorean Diet; or, Vegetables only conducive to Preservation of Health and the Cure of Diseases. John Frank Newton wrote a Return to Nature; or, a Defence of the Vegetable Regimen, 1811. This is all I can refer to just now. Putting prejudice aside, two things are certain. Men can live in full strength upon a vegetable diet, never touching flesh. They will be less feverish, have less disease, and will when afflicted recover quicker than those whose staple food is flesh. But once you have accustomed the system to flesh there will be craving for flesh, and relapses recurring at intervals, which it is best to indulge. Secondly, you could feed four times the population if all were vegetarians. C. A. WARD. He slays the lamb that looks him in the face," pp. 161-182, ed. Clark, 1821, is the last note in the volume. Shelley seems to have been influenced and led to adopt this system by "Mr. Newton's Return to Nature; or, Defence of Vegetable Regimen, Cadell, 1811." (In the edition of Queen Mab by J. Brookes, 1829, at p. 198, this author's name is printed erroneously Newland.) Shelley refers also to Dr. Lamb's Reports on Cancer, and con which gives the notes to Queen Mab, or in almost any one of the numerous separate editions of that poem. The essay or note illustrates a passage on the same subject in the text of the poem, and was elaborated into a separate pamphlet, with additions, and was published the same year as that in which the poem was privately printed (1813). I believe the treatise was reprinted as an appendix to an American medical work (Dr. Turnbull's Manual on Health) in 1835, and in 1880 I reprinted it in its integrity in my edition of Shelley's Prose Works, vol. ii. H. BUXTON FORMAN. 46, Marlborough Hill, St. John's Wood, N.W. Shelley's contribution to the literature of vegetarianism originally appeared as a note to Queen Mab, and was afterwards (in the same year, 1813) issued as a pamphlet, A Vindication of Natural Diet. I think it may be found in any edition of Shelley's prose works. Some time since I bought a lot of old pamphlets, and amongst them were some sheets of the library edition of Shelley's works, the Vindication of Natural Diet being complete. It has been passed from hand to hand, and bears marks of usage; but if MR. HUGHES has any difficulty in procuring a copy, I shall be happy to lend him mine if he will send me his address. H. SCHERREN. 68, Lamb's Conduit Street, W.C. In Shelley's Queen Mab are the following lines: "No longer now He lays the lamb that looks him in the face, Poetical Works, edited by Mrs. Shelley, And in the notes on this poem Shelley refers Preston. I have no doubt that if MR. HUGHES applied to "No longer now I have an edition of Queen Mab, published by the editor of The Dietetic Reformer, 20, Paternoster the English language has a much better chance of Row, he could be supplied with a list of such being listened to than those who have studied the books as he asks for. The passage on vege- subject. I have not been able to find, during tarianism in Shelley's Works is to be found in twenty years' search, that there is any other subQueen Mab, nearly at the end of canto viii., and ject in which ignorance is commonly regarded as begins:a primary qualification for being chosen to write popular" articles on it. At the same time I am rather sorry to see that SIR J. A. PICTON'S communication contains several inaccuracies; in many cases he has not followed that historical method weak verbs has been, in all details, correctly exwhich he justly advocates. The formation of plained in the introduction to Morris's Specimens of Early English, pt. i. p. lxi, which the student should consult. It will thus appear that the original suffix in the verb send was -de, not -ed. form. This became sente, as being more easy to This gave send-de, written sende, once a common pronounce rapidly, and finally sent. Sende is the only form which is found in Anglo-Saxon, and the word sended never existed, except (perhaps) by misThe suffix -de was short for ded (dyde), as has been rightly said. Another inaccuracy is the fancy that the suffix te is High German. It has, in English, nothing to do with High German, but depends upon phonetic laws. The suffix -de becomes -te after voiceless consonants, such as p, t, k (h, gh). Hence the M.E. slep-te, mel-te, brough-te, mod. E. slept, met, brought (never slepd, med, broughd). Some verbs inserted a connecting vowel; hence It is WM. H. PEET. There is a treatise of Porphyry, De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium, and there are two of Plutarch, De Esu Carnium. See also Plato, De Legibus, 1. vi. p. 626, Lugd., 1590; Hierocles, In Aurea Pythagoreorum Carm., p. 303, Lon., 1673; Lilius Gyraldus, De Interpretatione Symb., "Ab Animalibus Abstinendum," ibid. ad calc., pp. 160ED. MARSHALL. 163. Shelley's views upon the subject of vegetarianism may be seen in an interesting and scholarly book, recently published, by Mr. Howard Williams, B.A., The Ethics of Diet. Copies may be obtained, and catalogues of vegetarian literature, from Mr. R. Bailey Walker, 56, Peter Street, Manchester. At this address is also published The Dietetic Reformer, the monthly organ of the Vegetarian Society. Hastings. EDWARD H. Marshall, M.A. use. lov-e-de, hat-e-de, whence lov-ed, hat-ed. Cambridge. SIR J. A. PICTON maintains (6th S. viii. 101, 232) that in such German phrases as "sich zum Gelächter machen," "zu Schaden kommen,"” “ zu Tode ärgern," "zu Werke gehen," the zu does double duty, and belongs at least as much to the infinitive as it does to the substantive; whilst MR. C. A. FEDERER (6th S. viii. 129) maintains, in opposition to him, that in these cases the zu belongs to the substantive only, "and has nothing whatever to do with the infinitive." But every German scholar must unhesitat ingly side with MR. FEDERER. The ordinary German PARALLEL PASSAGES (6th S. vii. 325; viii. 51). infinitive includes the Eng. to, and SIR J. A.-My knowledge of Lockhart's paper on Greek PICTON'S mistake seems to have arisen from his tragedy, in which was the passage resembling, and being unaware of this fact. Thus ärgern alone perhaps suggestive of, Tennyson's line in Locksley means "to make angry, to provoke, to vex," and Hall, was derived from an article in Blackwood's SO zu Tode ärgern" means "to vex to death," Magazine for July, 1882, on The Lights of the zu belonging to Tode only, and not to ärgern. Maga, ii.," i. e. J. G. Lockhart. Giving the writer That this is so is indisputably shown by such a credit for accuracy in his quotations, I copied his sentence as "Er that sein Möglichstes, ihn zu extracts verbatim from p. 120 of the above number. Tode zu ärgern" (He did his utmost to vex him C. M. I., however, has proved that the author of to death), where the infinitive requires a zu, and “The Lights of Maga" was not so careful as your the zu belonging to the infinitive has to be put in present correspondent, who was misled by placing between the subst. Tode and the infinitive. too implicit confidence in the authority before him, whose words, moreover, he had no means at hand of verifying. Non cuivis homini contingit to have a complete set of Blackwood on his own shelves. Sydenham Hill. F. CHANCE. I should like to know what authority SIR J. A. PICTON has for stating that "at a comparatively early period this preterite [A.-S. code] was dropped, and in its place went, the present tense of the secondary verb wendan, from windan, to wind, was adopted," &c. I have always understood that went-wended was a past indefinite form, and I believe I have the corroborative evidence of Prof. Skeat and Dr. R. Morris. F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY. CONCERNING SINGULAR ERROR OF HUMboldt A SUPPOSED NEW STAR IN THE FOURTH CENTURY (6th S. viii. 404).—Since I wrote the note you have kindly inserted at this reference, I have noticed that the mistake in question was made before Humboldt by Cassini, so that it was probably taken from him, although Cuspinianus is the authority given by both authors. Cassini's work, Eléments d'Astronomie, was published in 1740. In it, at p. 59, occurs this passage :— "Une troisième [i. e., new star] que Cuspinianus, au rapport de Licetus (p. 259), découvrit l'an 389 vers l'Aigle, et qui cessa de paroître, après avoir été vûë aussi brillante que Venus, dans l'espace de trois semaines." I cannot find the passage of Cuspinianus in any extant work of his; and it would seem that it was also inaccessible to Cassini, as he refers to Licetus, whose book, De Novis Astris et Cometis, was published at Venice in 1623. The passage (in p. 259) relating to this subject is,— W. E. BUCKLEY. "ENGROSSED IN THE PUBLIC" (6th S. viii. 495, 523). This expression will find its explanation in the circumstances of the trade with Africa at the time when the adventures of Robinson Crusoe were supposed to have taken place-say about the middle of the seventeenth century. The quotation is not given quite correctly. Crusoe had been describing to his friends in Brazil the advantages of the trade with the Coast of Guinea; how easy it was to purchase there for trifles not only gold dust, elephants' teeth, &c., but negroes for the service of the Brazils in great numbers. This trade, however, would have to be it was, it had been carried on by the assientos, or carried on furtively, since "at that time, so far as permission of the kings of Spain and Portugal, and engrossed in the public stock; so that few negroes were brought, and those excessive dear." In other words, the trade was a close monopoly, carried on by a joint-stock company. In 1662 Charles II. granted a charter to a body of merchants under the title of "The Company of Royal Adventurers of England to Africa," granting them the exclusive right to the trade in negroes. This company having become much involved, and unable to proceed, resigned their charter in favour of another company, called "The Royal African Asiento Company," which in 1689 entered into a contract to supply the Spanish West Indies with slaves. The previous charter was abrogated in 1689, by sections 1 and 2 of the Bill of Rights, but the company continued for some time masters of the situation, and it was not until the early years of the eighteenth century that private enterprise in the slave trade became successful. The term "engrossed in the public stock" thus becomes quite intelligible. Sandyknowe, Wavertree. J. A. PICTON. Although I cannot explain these words, quoted by ZURY (our old friend was Xury), I may offer the following readings. In Elliot Stock's facsimile reprint of the first edition of Robinson Crusoe, 1719 (1883), the words are "engrossed in the publick"; in Major's edition, 1831, "engrossed in the public stock"; in a French translation by Petrus Borel, Paris, 1836, "qui en avaient le monopole public"; in a German version, by Prof. Carl Courtin, Stuttgart, 1836, "er ein Monopol war." Perhaps Defoe wrote "engrossed from the publick." Such a phrase sounds harsh and strange; but if the kings of Spain and Portugal engrossed the trade in negroes, and kept it from the public, they might be said to engross it from the public. I offer this merely as a suggestion. J. DIXON. THE MANX LANGUAGE (6th S. vi. 208, 435; vii. 316, 395).-When A MANXMAN stated that a woman who died about ten years ago at the village of Kirk Andreas was the last person who could not speak English, he should have added, in the northern part of the island. Thus limited, his assertion might have been correct. As it stands it is not so. I have recently made inquiries as to the accuracy of the statements contained in my former note on this subject, and, through the kindness of a gentleman who resides permanently in the Isle of Man, I am able not only to confirm, but to add to them. I have ascertained that the woman Kagan (or Keggen, as I now have the name) is still living, and that both she and her husband are quite unable to speak or understand English. The old man is eighty years of age; his wife, seventy-eight. It is also stated, on trustworthy authority, that in Nonague, four miles from Port Erin, is a man named Kurly, who cannot speak English; but my information in this case is not direct. From the foregoing it will be seen that, with regard to language, the inhabitants of the southern part of the island are more primitive than those of the northern districts. This state of things, however, is just the reverse of what we were asked to believe. The country around Jurby is not unknown to me, and I was well aware that in that neighbourhood Manx was still spoken. But for strangers the district has few attractions save Runic stones, and monuments of this class may be found in other and more accessible parts of the C. W. S. island. BY-AND-BY (6th S. viii. 469, 527). The statement that by was repeated in order to signify "as near as possible" has no true foundation. Examples show that it means rather "in due order." Such phrases are best understood by consulting the right books, viz., Mätzner's and Stratmann's old English dictionaries. Mätzner is quite clear about it. He says that bi and bi sometimes indicates "in order, with reference to space." He cites, "Two yonge knightes, ligging by and by," i. e., side by side (Chaucer, C. T., 1013); "He slouh twenti, Ther hedes quyte and clene he laid tham bi and bi" (Rob. of Brunne, tr. of Langtoft, ed. Hearne, p. 267); "His doughter had a bed al by hir-selve, Right in the same chambre by and by" (Chaucer, C. T., 4140). Here it means in a parallel direction; not as near as possible. Further, says Mätzner, it is used with reference to the succession of separate circumstances; hence, in due order, successively, gradually, separately, singly. "These were his wordes by and by" (Rom. of the Rose, 4581); "Whan William......had taken homage of barons bi and bi" (Rob. of Brunne, as above, p. 73); "This is the genelogie...... Of kynges bi and bi" (id. p. 111); "By and by, si[n]gillatim" (Prompt. Parv.). To these examples may be added those already cited. In later times the phrase came to mean "in course of time," and hence either (1) immediately, as in the A.V. of the Bible, or (2) after a while, as usual at present. On this later use see Wright's Bible Word-book, new edition. We thus see that the earliest authority for the phrase is Robert of Brunne, who is one of the most important authors in the whole of English literature, seeing that Mr. Oliphant has shown that it is his form of English rather than Chaucer's which is actually the literary language. It seems a pity, under the circumstances, that he should be " a source unknown" to any one; but Hearne's edition is out of print and scarce, and we still wait for a new one. WALTER W. SKEAT. PORTRAIT OF A LADY (6th S. viii. 517).-There can be little doubt as to who the lady was, viz., Margaret, daughter of Francis Russell, second Earl of Bedford (he died 1585), and wife of George Clifford, third Earl of Cumberland. The latter died in 1605, aged forty-seven, s.p.m., but left an only daughter, Ann Clifford, married first to Richard Sackville, Earl of Dorset, secondly to Philip, Earl of Pembroke. She only had issue by her first husband. It appears that Margaret's father obtained the wardship of George Clifford, third Earl of Cumberland in 13 Elizabeth (see letter written by him on the subject dated from Russell Place, January 3, 1570), and that thus early, when his daughter, according to the date on the picture, could only have been ten years of age, there had been "communication betweene my Lord of Cumberland and me, for the marriage of his sonne to one of my daughters." This marriage, though consummated, unfortunately did not turn consort were separated during the latter years of out completely happy, and the earl and his the earl's life. D. G. C. E. The arms are those of Clifford impaling Russell, and these, together with the coronet and the date, readily identify the portrait as that of Margaret, Countess of Cumberland. She was wife of George Clifford, third Earl of Cumberland, and third daughter of Francis Russell, second Earl of Bedford. Her only surviving daughter Anne is well known; she was married first to Richard Sackville, second Earl of Dorset, and secondly to Philip Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, Lord Chamberlain of the Household. A. E. LAWSON LOWE, F.S.A. Shirenewton Hall, near Chepstowe, Mon. The lady represented in the picture described by BOILEAU must be the Lady Margaret Russell, wife of George Clifford, third Earl of Cumberland. She was born on the 6th or 7th of July, 1560, and was married at St. Mary Overie's Church in 1577. She was the mother of the famous "Anne Dorset, Pembroke and Montgomery," who thus wrote of her mother: "This Margaret Russell, Countess of Cumberland, was endowed with many perfections of mind and body.' She was naturally of a high spirit, though she tempered it well with grace, having a very well-favoured face, with sweet and quick grey eyes, and of a comely personage.' G. W. TOMLINSON. This is the portrait of Lady Margaret, third daughter of Francis, second Earl of Bedford, who married in 1577 George Clifford, third Earl of Cumberland. H. S. W. DANDY (6th S. viii. 515).—Dandiprat was an old name of derision applied to a dwarf. Minsheu, 1617, gives it, "a dwarf, ex. Belg. danten, i. ineptire, et præte, i. sermo, nug, fabulæ "; after which he gives a second use of the word as applied to money: "Dandiprat or dodkin, so called because it is as little among other money as a dandiprat or dwarfe among other men." (See "Dodkin " and Dwarf.") The modern word dandy had probably no connexion with dandiprat, and originated in slang. According to Grose (Classical Dictionary, 1788) a very favourite slang expression about 1760 was, "That's the barber," meaning that is the right thing. When the "barber" became vulgar a new slang word was employed, and the saying became "That's the dandy," which in turn was superseded by other terms, such as "That's the ticket" and "That's your sort." The use of dandy as equivalent to "all right" is hardly yet extinct, for I not long since heard a carpenter whose saw did not cut, wanting, as he expressed it, "to be sharps'd," and who took up another in better condition, say, "Ah! that's the dandy. The introduction of the modern slang word dandy as applied, half in admiration and half in derision, to a fop dates from 1816. John Bee (Slang Dictionary, 1823) says that Lord Petersham was the founder of the sect, and gives the peculiarities as “French gait, lispings, wrinkled foreheads, killing king's English, wearing immense plaited pantaloons, coat cut away, small waistcoat, cravat and chitterlings immense, hat small, hair frizzled and protruding." There is a good picture of the "Fashionable Fop" in the Busy Body for March, 1816, but the word dandy is not used.. Pierce Egan, in his edition of Grose, 1823, says. the dandy in 1820 was a fashionable nondescript men who wore stays to give them a fine shape, and were more than ridiculous in their apparel:"Now a Dandy's a thing, describe him who can? that is very much made in the shape of a man; but if but for once could the fashion prevail He'd be more like an Ape if he had but a tail." The dandy of 1816-24 was, in fact, the old macaroni depicted in the London Magazine for April, 1772. The dandy of 1816 led to several other applications of the word, such as dandizette and dandy-horse, or velocipede. Of this latter Bee says (1823): "Hundreds of such might be seen in a day; the rage ceased in about three years, and the word is becoming obsolete." The word dandy has certainly not become obsolete, but after 1825 its meaning gradually changed; it ceased to mean a man ridiculous and contemptible by his effeminate eccentricities, and came to be applied to those who were trim, neat, and careful in dressing according to the fashion of the day. EDWARD SOLLY. Surely dandy must be the French dandin, as un grand dandin "; to which noun is also the verb dandiner, explained thus in Fleming and Tibbins's Grand Dictionnaire: "Balancer son corps nonchalamment, soit exprès, soit faute de contenance"; this affected nonchalance is quite the dandy affectation. Of course the English meaning given is "a noddy, a ninny"; but "il marche en se dandinant" is not to walk like a ninny, but to walk with the affected airs of a man about town, a buck, a dandy, in short. E. COBHAM BREWER. In Shropshire bantam fowls are invariably called dandies. BOILEAU. "Oμμа yns (6th S. viii. 208, 456).—So far as my limited knowledge of Greek literature extends, I venture to assert that this expression is not applied to Athens. Athens and Sparta were regarded as "the eyes of Greece," and it is to this that Milton probably alludes in Paradise Regained, iv. 240. In Aristotle's Rhetoric (iii. 10) we have the remarkable expression, καὶ Λεπτίνης περὶ Λακεδαιμονίων οὐκ ἐᾶν περιιδεῖν τὴν Ελλαδα ἑτερόφθαλμον yevouévny, in reference to Leptines dissuading the Spartans from razing Athens to the ground, as was proposed at the close of the Peloponnesian war: "They were not to put out one of the eyes of Greece." But I am unable to adduce any |