elm-bank', and are adopting the North-country week-end'; but such compounds, made up of two nouns, with the emphasis on the second, are comparatively rare. HENRY ATTWELL. Barnes. JOHN EVERARD. -I would greatly value any scrap of information concerning John Everard, D.D., temp. Charles I. The name is variously spelt Evered, Everitt, Everad, &c. He died at Fulham about the end of 1640. In the State Papers is a copy of an order directing Sir Wm. Becher and Ed. Nicholas, Clerks of the Council, to repair to the dwelling of Dr. Everitt at Fulham and to seize all his papers and bring away such of them as may concern the State," &c. What are the facts concerning this matter? Was the doctor a political agitator, or suspected of sedition ? CHAS. JAS. FERET. 49, Edith Road, West Kensington, W. MILITARY FLAGS.-Being interested in certain foreign military flags carried during the end of last century or beginning of the present, I would be glad if any of your readers could give me the following information : 1. Flag of the Invincibles (French regiment), captured by the 42nd, lost, and afterwards recaptured by Lutz of the Queen's Germans, now 96th (Manchester) Regiment, at the battle of Alexandria, in Egypt, 21 March, 1801 (see Wilson's Egypt,' 1803). It is stated that a representation of this flag appeared in the prints of the day, and is shown in one as laid out at the feet of Sir Ralph Abercromby. Can any one say where the prints referred to can be seen, or give their titles? 2. Sketch of a Dutch flag bearing the following emblems: a figure with shield and spear, having a distant resemblance to that of Britannia, but more Eastern in character; a monogram voc on it (v being the central letter), at the top of the flag, and the letters P and D (widely apart) at the bottom. What do these letters and emblems represent ? 3. Sketch of the flag of a Hesse Darmstadt regiment in the French service, bearing the following emblems: a double L and x within a wreath (Louis, or Ludwig, Landgrave, the tenth); a crown much like an English one, and what resembles somewhat a tulip or lily, but may be a rough representation of a grenade. What do these emblems represent ? C. W. HADDOW.-I shall be glad to learn the signification of this place-name. A low-lying farm of some size, adjacent to a canal which forms the western boundary of the parish, is popularly known as Hodder-named on the Ordnance map Hathow-but in the (seventeenth century) parish registers Haddow. J. FERNIE. Burton by Lincoln, Beylies. WINDMILL. (8th S. ix. 488.) in Robert Louis Stevenson's 'Foreigner at Home': There is this delightful description of windmills "There are, indeed, few merrier spectacles than that of many windmills bickering together in a fresh breeze over a woody country; their halting alacrity of movement, their pleasant business, making bread all day with uncouth gesticulations, their air, gigantically human, as of a creature half alive, put a spirit of romance into the tamest landscape." Hugh Miller speaks somewhat to the same effect in his First Impressions of England and its People,' but I cannot give the exact reference. The " poet's corner "of a country newspaper is hardly the place in which to look for "literature," but perhaps the following verses from an old correspondent. It will be noticed that the rhymes number of the Epworth Bells may interest your are not arranged in the orthodox rondeau order :— The Whirling Mill. The whirling mill goes blithely round, And facing windward straight and true, eminence to catch the breezes, even in a ruined and.quiescent state, is a noteworthy object. ARTHUR MAYALL. Mossley. The districts in England in which windmills are, or were, common have not produced many poets. Such mills are seldom found except in flat countries, where streams are few and sluggish, and they have been almost exterminated by steam. I am a native of Holderness, in East Yorkshire, and my earliest recollections include windmills of many kinds, of wood and of brick, with four, five, and six sails. There were some very ancient and picturesque wooden mills near York, one of which belonged to the family of Etty the painter. I fancy it is mentioned in his Autobiography.' Was not the "tall mill that whistled on the waste," in 'Enoch Arden,' a windmill? Dr. Grosart mentions the "whir of windmills" and the Dutch landscape of Holderness, Marvell's ' Poems,' p. xxi. W. C. B. Born in a district in which steam has long supplanted mills, I have always attached some notion of romance as well as beauty to these picturesque objects. Views very similar to my own as to their appearance and influence found expression in the Table Talk' of the Gentleman's Magazine some dozen or more years ago. I forget the date. H. T. LEAD LETTERINg on Sepulchral MONUMENTS (8th S. ix. 425).—This question reminds me of an incident at Ischia, which, although adding no fresh evidence as to the date of the custom, yet has reference to a monument of whose existence a note in 'N. & Q' may be desirable. One evening, in the spring of 1876, at the Piccola Sentinella in that island, an American, a General Darling, who had been in the War of Secession, and was staying there with his wife, produced and passed round the table a small fragment of white marble, with embedded in it a small italic t in lead or some other white shiny metal. He had picked it up that day amongst the débris of a tomb erected in the bottom of an extinct orater in Ischia and once containing the body of, it was said, the brother of Sir John Moore, who fell at Corunna. The tomb had been broken to pieces, in the hope, probably, of finding something of value inside, the loneliness of the situation affording good opportunity for such an act of spoliation. Never was a more singular place chosen for a grave-the sides of the crater being overgrown with scrub, and the place conveying the sensation of fiery forces underneath, once active above, and yet latent though unseen. J. B. The use of lead on sepulchral monuments is by no means so modern a practice as, in what is surely but a temporary lapse of his memory, MR. H. HEMS thinks. There is ample evidence that the Romans used lead in this manner, if not, as I think, the Greeks likewise. An ancient English instance occurs to me, while I recollect that when I saw that of Sir John d'Aubernoun I., c. 1277, the very extraordinary specimen of its kind, the great brass patriarch of its order, which for so many centuries bas adorned the church of Stoke d'Aubernoun, Surrey, one at least of the little escutcheons at the head of the slab in which the plate is set was (and, I hope, still is) blazoned with the arms of the knight, Azure, a chevron or, where lead, and not enamel, served for the former colour. Other observers may have noticed similar examples in various places. F. G. S. Surely not so very uncommon. There is a French inscription in Lombardic letters to Emeric de Lumley, Prior of Finchale in 1341 and 1342, in the south choir aisle of Durham Cathedral, and one to Robert de Graystanes, who died about 1333, or not long after, in the Chapter House; both these two examples of later date, and we sometimes see in lead letters. In Brancepeth Church are one or the letters that have had lead in them. Bp. Hatfield's Hall, Durham. J. T. F. rude inscription, reading, "Pray for the Soull In Brancepeth Church, co. Durham, is a very of Nicholas Cokke," the incised letters of which have been filled with lead. In the same church is another inscription, reading, "Obiit Octob. | 21 | 1600 | Hic iacet Nicho | lavs Mvu [?] qvondam de Stockley, qvi | hanc sponse vocem veluti cygneam | cantilenam mo- riens cantita- | bat, veni Domi | ne Iesv et Iam veni cito." I think the letters of it are also filled with lead. R. B. ceremony, on Good Friday, rings which were worn as remedies against cramp and falling sickness. He also adds that a Mr. Gage Rookwode, in 1838, stated the belief in the efficacy of such rings to be still extant in Suffolk. The following, from an article on 'Medical Superstitions,' which appeared in Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, vol. i., New Series, 1844, may be worth quoting : "It is by no means uncommon to meet with educated people who wear rings composed of zinc and copper, which are supposed to bave a favourable effect in rheumatic affections, merely because plates of these metals, with a fluid between them, are employed to form a galvanic circle. To fire off a child's pop-gun at a Flanders fortress would be quite as rational, and equally effective." This would appear to be another phase of the "cramp-ring" superstition. C. P. HALE. THE WHITE BOar as a Badge (8th S. ix. 267, 331, 358).—Mr. Cass, in the last paragraph of his reply on p. 331, apparently was misled by a misprint, or a mistake, in the passage he quotes from Burke's General Armory,' where "boar" should be bear. See Montagu's Guide to the Study of Heraldry,' London, Pickering, 1840, p. 63 :— "The badge of his [Richard III.'s] queen, Anne Neville, was a white bear, collared, chained, and muzzled gold; an ancient mark of the house of Warwick, said to be derived from Urso d'Abitot." FRANCIS PIERREPONT BARNARD. St. Mary's Abbey, Windermere. by the coat in a street of Constantinople and snarling at me Ghiawr." Now this is the very sound that Zenker caught and literated Gjawr, being careful to explain in his preface that he means by g the German g, or Arabic ghain, and by j the Arabic ye. The interpolation of this ye is the first step in the endless Turkish corruption of such Arabic words as kafir. Just as some English turn kind into kee ind, so all Turks turn kághaz into kiághaz, after which it becomes kiáhaz and kiáhat. Similarly they turn káfir into kiáfir, after which guttural commencement and growling termination are all that are required to turn it into abusive Ghiawr. However, the Edinburgh Review for July, 1813, a mail-coach copy of which Byron mentions on 22 Aug. as having reached him, was content to trust Byron. And there was confirmation. Dr. Clarke, the second volume of whose travels the Edinburgh had taken in hand in its preceding number, spelt the word Djour, which comes to the same thing, the dj rendering of the Arabic (and English) j being apparently picked up from French writers, whose employment of this lettering, as in the case of Djerid and Djinn is necessitated by their own j having a different sound. Our ordinary literation of such a word would be juur. But the Edinburgh receives with the same equanimity that wonderful gem, "the gem of Gi-am-schid." This was too much for the orientalism of Tom Moore, on whose representation "the jewel of Giam-echid" eventually substituted. But besides the irregular was SOUTHEY'S ENGLISH POETS' (8th S. ix. 445). division of the word is to be noted the fact that -MR. THOMAS BAYNE says that the line, "CHAUVIN": "CHAUVINISM" (8th S. ix. 428). -In addition to the references given by the Editor to articles on this subject in the Sixth Series, permit me to note those in 4th S. vii. 408; x. 226, 281. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. the first letters are written exactly as those of The Chiaus spake, and as he said The But how Byron spake of the Chiaus, only Byron could say. The previous occurrence of Gi-am-shid would lead one to suspect Chi-aus, though the numSTRAPS (8th S. ix. 468).—In the market-place ber of syllables required by the metre would be as at Hull there stands a classical equestrian statue well secured by Chia-us; and this would be more of William III. There used to be a foolish story, in accordance with the actual pronunciation of the current among schoolboys, that the sculptor (Schee-word, which we transliterate chawsh, though the makers, I believe, but I have no books at hand), chiaus spelling is not peculiar to Byron. on discovering that he had omitted the stirrups, derivation therefrom of English chouse, suggested by a passage in Ben Jonson's 'Alchemist,' substantially explained by Gifford, approved by Dr. Brewer and Mr. Sala, but not supported by the 'O. E. D.,' has been discussed in the current series of N. & Q.' In any case the 'Giaour' must be accepted as a highly poetical fragment, not as a guide to Oriental philology. committed suicide. W. C. B. 'THE GIAOUR' (8th S. ix. 386, 418, 491).-The other day, asking a friend with a better memory than my own if he could call to mind any particular occasion on which he had been called an infidel, I received answer, "I remember a man seizing me KILLIGREW. If Dr. Clarke, who travelled in 1801, is con- jim is pronounced hard in Egypt and some sidered a more careful observer than Lord Byron, parts of Arabia (Wright's Arabic Grammar,' it is nevertheless to be observed regarding him second edition, i. 5, and personal knowledge). that he comes still nearer to the goodly etymo- On this point also A. H. may consult the logical time of the great Sir Roger Dowler, and 'Thesaurus' of Gesenius, p. 252, with advantage. regarding both of them that, in the absence of a Such words, therefore, as the Hebrew gamal and guide to their systems of literation, it is difficult the Arabic jamal (a camel) were originally proto tell for certain what either meant. nounced in the same way. The derivation of giaour from the root gur is plausible. The Turks did not borrow any words from Hebrew, but in Arabic this root appears as jur, and jawr, the infinitive of the verb jūra (he deviated from the right course) is used as an epithet, and might be applied to one who had deserted the faith (see Lane's 'Arabic-English Lexicon,' book i. part ii. P. 483). The lexicographers, however, generally regard giaour as meaning not an apostate, but an unbeliever in Islam, and if this signification is admitted, the derivation from kafir would be the more accurate. Perhaps A. H. will kindly give the authority of a trained Orientalist for his assertion. W. F. PRIDEAUX. Dr. Edward Clarke, in his well-known 'Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa,' invariably spells this word djour. Lord Byron adopted the spelling usual among the Franks of the Levant. Dr. Clarke's work was published 1819-24. I think it may be stated, without fear of contradiction, that in England Lord Byron's poem has been hitherto known as The D'jour,' although I well remember the late Mr. Murray having once pronounced it in my hearing "Gower.” RICHARD EDGCUMBE. 33, Tedworth Square, Chelsea. Byron published his poem in 1813, and I doubt if this word was known in English literature before that date. Italian was then the lingua franca of the Mediterranean, and PROF. SKEAT is almost certainly right in saying that Byron adopted the usual spelling_among the Franks in the Levant. But MR. JAS. PLATT, Jun., has, in his last note, indicated the road by which that spelling came into vogue. Oriental words beginning with y are almost universally spelt with a soft g, gi, j, when occidentalized. This is most commonly seen in local and personal names, as Jerusalem, Jericho, Jaffa, Jacob, Joseph, and many others. The Arabic yarbu' becomes jerboa in English books of natural history. The Turkish yeni-cheri comes to us through the Italian as janissary. Similarly the form yawr (Teutonicè jaur), which, according to Zenker, is the vulgar pronunciation of Kafir, becomes giaour in the mouth of an Italian. The combination aou is not diphthongal, as MR. PLATT seems to think, but represents the sounds a and wi or u in gawir. At the same time, MR. PLATT rightly hits a peculiarity in modern Turkish pronunciation, namely, the slight sound of i after the consonants g and k. For instance, katib, a writer, is pronounced kiātib, and the well-known statesman Kamil Pasha, has always been spoken of as Kiamil. Even in the British Isles kyar for car, &c., is occasionally heard. The note of A. H. merits a short reply. In Arabic jebel means a mountain, but there is no such word as gebel in Hebrew. In that language har corresponds with jebel. A. H. may have been thinking of the proper name Gebal. There is no doubt that originally the Hebrew letter gimel and the Arabic letter jim were both pronounced hard. Even at the present day the Kingsland, Shrewsbury. OXFORD IN EARLY TIMES (8th S. ix. 308).— When I was a child, some fifty years ago now (eheu! fugaces), I was taught that the Ox in Oxford had nothing to do with the useful bovine mammal of that name, but that it was a corruption of the Celtic word for water, as in usquebaugh, and the rivers Uske and Eske. Thus interpreted, Oxford signified not the ford over which the oxen crossed, but the ford across the water. Perhaps the esteemed PROF. SKEAT will (in Shakspearian phrase) now unmuzzle his wisdom on this knotty point, and set the question at rest for ever. MELANCTHON MADVIG. Oseney is not Oxford, any more than Southwark is London; the site of Oxford is between the rivers Cherwell and the Isis or Thames; Oseney is a mere island between two branches of the latter river, and wholly disconnected from the Cherwell. No doubt Osenford is a mistake for Oxenford, and, as many understand it, ox is put for ux, i. e., Usk, Isca, Exe, an old water-name preserved in Whiskey. A. H. "SIMILITIVE" (8th S. viii. 507).-This word is not an invention on the part of Mr. G. H. Kitchin. Ash's Dictionary,' 1775, has, "Similitive (adj. from simile), Expressing similitude. Sc." F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY. THE WORD "HYPERION" (8th S. viii. 249; ix. 193, 471).—I make bold to say that the language which we speak is English, and that a large number of words in it, including proper names, were taken into English from French. Consequently, we must look at the French intermediate forms, and we are not bound by the laws of quantity in Greek and Latin. I for example, my Name-index to Chaucer, and the first name I light upon is Amphioun. What is the length of the ? The man who guesses will go by Latin and Greek, and will declare it to be long; but it does not follow that it is long in English because it was long originally. On the other hand, the man who knows Old French will ask where the accent really fell-a question of far more importance. 49, Edith Road, West Kensington, W. Now the O.F. Amphioun was formed, as the spelling with ou shows, not from the nom. Am- 358).—I agree with C. C. B. in his doubt as to "FANTIGUE" (8th S. viii. 326; ix. 36, 90, 254, phion, but from the accus. Amphionem; and the whether this word is the same as fantod, and I accent, in late Latin, fell upon the first and third should very much like to know what is the origin syllables; indeed, any Englishman, if left to him- of the latter word. It is given in a 'Dictionary of self, will say A'mphiónem still. Consequently, the Kentish Dialect' (E.Ď.S.), after fanteeg, as an the Middle English form neglected the accent on adjective, meaning "fidgetty, restless, uneasy. the i, and therefore shortened the i as a conse- Wright's Provincial Dictionary' gives " Fantodds, quence of that neglect; of course, the same things., indisposition. Leic." Jago's Glossary of the had already happened in Old French. This expla- Cornish Dialect,' 1882, has: nation enables us to scan Chaucer's lines in 'Cant. culous [sic] notions." F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY. "Fantads. RediTales,' A 1546, E 1716, H 116 :— The blood royal of Cadme and Amphioun, I am not prepared with quotations, but I feel sure that the pronunciation Amphion was common in the sixteenth century. If it is not so still, it is because we teach our boys Latin and Greek, and at the same time resolutely withhold from them every chance of becoming acquainted with the meanings of English spellings, the history of the English language, the history of the French language, the laws of accent, the laws of phonetic change, and every other thing that can in any way conduce to their knowledge of the facts that most nearly concern our daily pronunciation. Hence endless debates, and small sympathy with the few who, despite all hindrances, dare to try to learn. I suppose that Shakspeare said Hyperion because every one else said so in his age; for they used a natural pronunciation, that had regularly come about, without troubling to look out vowel-lengths in a dictionary. Those who dispute this view can confute me at once if they can produce evidence to the contrary. But the evidence must be contemporary, or it will not be convincing. WALTER W. SKEAT. "CHILD": A GIRL, AND NOT A BOY (8th S. ix. 326)." Is it a boy or a cheel?" is a question asked in domestic circles in the west country hundreds of times every day. A "cheel" is, of course, a girl. Mrs. Hewett, in her 'Peasant Speech of FLEUR-DE-LIS (8th S. viii. 369, 411; ix. 412).M. de Saintfoix, in his 'Historical Essays upon Paris,' translated from the French, and published in three volumes in London, 1767, appears to give two distinct origins for the fleur-de-lis as used in the arms of the kings of France. He states: "Under the first Race [which ended A.D. 752], the heir to the Throne had the hatchet, or Angon of his the shield; that is, he was carried by Soldiers round the predecessor put into his hand. He was then raised upon Camp upon their bucklers. Such was the noble and simple method of inaugurating our first Kings. Neither Soldiers who carried them round the Camp, ever imagined those who presented the hatchet or Angon, nor the from this ceremony, that they had a power of dethroning them. This Angon was a kind of Javelin, one of whose ends resembled a Flower de Luce. The iron in the middle was streight, pointed, and sharp; the other two parts which joined to it, were curved, in the manner of believe, that the figure formed by this end of the Angon, a Crescent. There is all the reason in the world to was first of all placed as an ornament, at the end of scepters, and round crowns; that our Kings chose it afterwards for their Arms, and that people are mistaken in believing that this was a Flower de Luce."-Vol. ii, p. 3. "It is certain, there are no vestiges of flowers de luce to be found, either in stone or metal, nor upon medals or seals, before the time of Lewis the Young [.e., Louis VII.). It was in his Reign, about the year 1147, that the Escutcheons of France began to be charged with Lilies."-Ibid., p. 53. "The coat of arms of our Kings was blue, sown with Charles V. [1364-80] that the Flower[s] de luce, which Flower[s] de luce Or......It was in the Reign of were formerly innumerable in the standard of France, were first reduced to three.”—Ibid., p. 54. |