in the amount of hæmoglobin. Assuming that the red marrow is at least one of, if not the most, important seat of blood formation, then, if the replacement of the ordinary yellow marrow of the long bones by red marrow (Pepper and Tyson) be regarded as a morbid change whose presence is essential to pernicious anæmia, Russell thinks there is but one answer to the question of diminished production, and that is a negative one. The change in the marrow has been found also in other wasting, cachectic, anæmic conditions, and in a case of anæmia from hæmorrhage by Neumann; it is the expression of an effort on the part of this tissue to meet the demand for red corpuscles in which it becomes hyperplased. On the other hand, Russell found in the same case of pernicious anæmia evidences enough of blood destruction, the products of which, in the shape of hæmatin pigment in combination with iron he found plentiful in the liver, spleen and kidneys. Not the least interesting part of his paper is that which is concerned with the results of his search for evidences of blood destruction in these organs taken from other cases met with in everyday work of the post-mortem room. The pigment was detected in the usual way by treating either small blocks or thin sections of the tissue first with a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium, and then washing in dilute hydrochloric acid. The pigment comes out stained the color of Prussian blue. In the livers of 44 cases the reaction was marked in 7, and in the spleen in 6 out of the 7, and in the kidney in 3. In 20 cases where no reaction was obtained in the liver, the spleen was examined in 10, 4 of which yielded positive results. From these observations Russell is unable to regard the disease known as pernicious anæmia primarily a liver disease, especially in the face of evidence of blood destruction in the spleen and kidney. No doubt blood destruction does go on in the liver in an exaggerated degree, and this is probably due to some condition in which the blood reaches the liver. But what the antecedent condition of the blood may be we are not yet in a position to state, until the whole history of the blood-elaborating and blood-purifying processes in the body are more fully known. Reference may be specially made to the extremely able lectures of Dr. William Hunter on transfusion, its physiology, pathology and practice, which embody much original research and philosophical thought. They were published in the Journal, July to August, 1889, and should be read in their entirety, and the numerous experi

ments carefully examined, for these constitute mainly the premises from which Dr. Hunter draws his interesting and valuable conclu. sions as to the utility and practical application of transfusion.

BRAIN-EXOPHTHALMIC GOITRE.

Hale White published a oase which he argued showed that exophthalmic goitre was a disease due to a functional disturbance of the central nervous system in the neighborhood of the floor of the fourth ventricle.

VISUAL CENTRES.

Danillo and Lannegrace have studied in the human subject the relation of the cortex to vision, and have come to the conclusion that a lesion of one occipital lobe has no effect on vision, lesion of the angular gyrus affects the vision of the opposite eye for a short time, a lesion of both these parts affects both eyes, producing crossed amblyopia as well as crossed hemiopia. It will be seen that these results agree with those of Ferrier.

LARYNGEAL CENTRES.

In the last number of the Journal Semon and Horsley have located the centres for the laryngeal muscles.

INTERNAL CAPSULE.

In a paper read this month before the Royal Society Beevor and Horsley have shown the arrangement of the fibres in the capsule and the effect of their stimulation.

FUNCTIONS OF THE GLOSSO-PHARYNGEAL NERVE.

Pope has published an extremely important case in which a thrombosed vertebral artery pressed upon the left glosso-pharyngeal nerve. There was loss of power of swallowing and of raising the palate of the left side, due to the unopposed action of the levator palati, and complete loss of taste at the back of the tongue on the left side, and loss of taste to sweet things even on the front of the left side.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE CORPUS STRIATUM AND OPTIC THALAMUS

ON TEMPERATURE.

Hale White has published a paper on the influence on the bodily

temperature of lesions of the corpus striatum and optic thalamus, in which, after carefully taking the normal temperature of the animals operated upon, he injured in some cases the corpus striatum, in others the optic thalamus, in others the white matter. A considerable rise of temperature always followed when the basal ganglia were affected by the lesion, but never when the white matter only was implicated. It is shown that these rises of temperature are much greater than can be accounted for by the administration of the anaesthetic or the mere operation. In rabbits the rise of temperature is bilateral. Some cases published by the same author show that in man a similar rise of temperature occurs in lesions of the basal ganglia, but that the rise is usually greater on the side opposite the lesion. Ott has published three papers on the same subject. In one he argues that in the lower animals at least the rapidity of respiration is the most important agent in regulating the bodily temperature, and that in lesions at the base of the brain the temperature mounts because this regulatory mechanism is disturbed. In his two other papers Ott argues in favor of the nervous origin of fever, using the terminology of Dr. McAlister's Goulstonian lectures.

DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASE OF CORPORA QUADrigemina.

In the following number of Brain Nothnagel contributes an important paper on diseases of the corpora quadrigemina, and concludes that there are grounds for localizing a tumor in that position, if unsteady reeling gait is an early symptom, and if it is associated with ophthalmoplegia existing in both eyes, but not quite symmetrically nor implicating all the muscles in equal degree.

LOCALIZATION OF OLFACTORY SENSE.

Hughlings Jackson and Beevor record a case in which there was a small sarcoma at the extreme anterior end of the right temporosphenoidal lobe. The patient during life complained subjectively of a very unpleasant smell. As far as it goes this case confirms our

ideas of the localization of smell.

THOMSEN'S AND ALLIED DISEASES.

Martins and Hauseman have recorded an important case in which

there was spasm upon voluntary effort affecting the upper extremities only. Although in some respects this case resembled Thomsen's disease, yet it was very different in the freedom of the lower extremities, and also the malady did not appear to be constantly present, but only in cold weather. Also a case of Thomsen's disease is recorded in the Neurol. Central., October 1st, 1889.

OPHTHALMOPLEGIA AND POLIOMYELITIS.

Sachs, in a paper on poliomyelitis and polioencephalitis, brings forward a case to show that ophthalmoplegia is related to anterior poliomyelitis of the spinal cord in the same way that the latter is related to bulbar paralysis; so that we have now a complete ascending series of inflammation, affecting either the anterior coronal cells in the cord or their homologues in the brain.

TREMULOUS DISEASES.

It is well known that Horsley showed that experiments upon the thyroid gland may, in monkeys, give rise to tremulous movements. Starr discusses the pathology of tetany and shows that it cannot be due, as has been suggested, to intoxication from the thyroid gland, and he concludes that it must be due to an instability of the nervous system. Diller gives us a very interesting paper on hereditary chorea, and quite confirs the usually received impression that it differs from ordinary chorea in coming on at middle life, in being associated with a weak mental condition, and in never recovering. Suckling has also recorded a most interesting case of hereditary chorea. The patient's mother, sister and daughter had it. This same author also records two cases of Friedreich's ataxia. Pitres, in a paper in Le Progrès Médical, Nos. 37 and 38, 1889, discusses hysterical tremors, which he divides into three varieties, namely, (1) shaking tremors, generally limited to one of the lower extremities, and consisting of rapid rhythmical movements of flexion and extension; (2) vibrating tremors, which consist of rapid minute oscillations, and may affect any part of the body; and (3) voluntary hysterical tremors, which are those produced only when some voluntary act is attempted.

CEREBRAL ABSCESS AND TUMORS.

Several instances of operation for cerebral abscess have been

published, but they do not teach us anything new, and a great many cases of cerebral tumor have been recorded, but they only show features in localization already well known.

THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATION.

Some experiments performed by Corin show how extremely difficult it is to control the pressure in the cerebral artery by ligature, either of the vertebrals or internal carotids. These results should be borne in mind when considering the possibility of arresting cerebral hemorrhage by ligature of the carotids. Rummo and Ferrannini have studied the influence of hypnotic substances upon the cerebral circulation. They experimented upon cases in which the skull was deficient. During natural sleep from 10 p. m. to 1 a. m. there was ischemia; from 1 to 3 a. m, vascular dilation; and from 3 to 5 a. m. vaso-constriction of cerebral vessels. Similar observations with drugs show that some substances, such as narceine and morpheine, modify the excitability of the nerve centres; others, such as chloral hydrate, paraldehyde and ethyl urethane, modify the cerebral circulation; while others, such as hypnone and methylal, modify both.

SPECIAL CASES.

Passing now to the more clinical sides of cerebral diseases, we have a few interesting cases to note. Messrs. Wiglesworth and Bickerton called attention to the great frequency of errors of refraction among epileptics. Dr. Hadden has, in the same number of this journal, recorded an interesting case of xerostomia, or dry mouth. Those who wish to study the microscopical appearances of the grey centres in the cerebrum will do well to consult a paper by Vittorio Marchi on the shape and grouping of the cells of the corpora striata and optic thalami. Bernhardt has published some examples of a rare form of spinal and bulbar paralysis complicated with muscular atrophy.

SPINAL CORD THE CORD IN EPILEPSY.

Messrs. Gotch and Horsley, towards the end of last year, brought before the Royal Society the results of some experiments they had made in which, after the cortex cerebri was stimulated in the monkey, the spinal cord in the dorsal region was tapped electrically