4. Biblia Sacra Polyglotta, complectentia Textus Originales, Hebraicum cum Pentateucho Samaritano, Chaldaicum, Græcum, Versionumque antiquarum Samaritanæ, Græcæ LXXII Interpretum, Chaldaicæ, Syriacæ, Arabicæ, Æthiopicæ, Vulgatæ Latinæ, quicquid comparari poterat.... Edidit. Brianus WALTON, S.T.D. Londini, imprimebat Thomas Roycroft, 1657. 6 vols. large folio.

Though less magnificent than the Paris Polyglott, this of Bishop Walton is, in all other respects, preferable; being more ample and more commodious. Nine languages are used in it, though no one book of the Bible is printed in so many. In the New Testament, the four Gospels are in six languages; the other books, only in five; those of Judith and the Maccabees, only in three. The Septuagint version is printed from the edition printed at Rome in 1587, which exhibits the text of the Vatican manuscript. The Latin is the Vulgate of Clement VIII. The Chaldee paraphrase is more complete than in any former publication. The London Polyglott also has an interlineary Latin version of the Hebrew text; and some parts of the Bible are printed in Ethiopic and Persian, none of which are found in any preceding Polyglott.

The FIRST Volume, besides very learned and useful Prolegomena, contains the Pentateuch. Every sheet exhibits, at one view, 1st, The Hebrew Text, with Montanus's interlineary Latin version, very correctly printed. 2. The same verses in the Vulgate Latin: 3. The Greek version of the Septuagint, according to the Vatican MS., with a literal Latin Translation by Flaminius Nobilis, and the various readings of the Alexandrian MS. added at the bottom of the column: 4. The Syriac version, with a collateral Latin translation: 5. The Targum, or Chaldee Paraphrase, of Onkelos, with a Latin translation: 6. The HebræoSamaritan text, which is nearly the same with the unpointed Hebrew, only the character is different; and the Samaritan version, which differs vastly from the other as to the language, though the sense is pretty nearly the same; and therefore one Latin translation (with a few notes added at the bottom of the column) serves for both: 7. The Arabic version, with a collateral Latin translation, which in general agrees with the Septuagint. This first volume also contains, or should contain, a portrait of Bishop Walton, engraved by Lombart; and a frontispiece, together with three plates relating to Solomon's temple, all engraved by Hollar. There are also two plates containing sections of Jerusalem, &c. and a chart of the Holy Land. These are inserted in Capellus's Treatise on the Temple. That part of the Prolegomena, in this volume, which was written by Bishop Walton, was commodiously printed in octavo, at Leipsic, in 1777, by Professor Dathe. It is a treasure of sacred criticism.

The SECOND Volume comprises the historical books in the same languages as are above enumerated, with the exception of the Samaritan (which is confined to the Pentateuch) and of the Targum of Rabbi Joseph (surnamed the blind) on the Books of Chronicles, which was not discovered till after the Polyglott was in the press. It has since been published in a separate form, as is noticed in the following page.

The THIRD Volume comprehends all the poetic and prophetic books from Job to Malachi, in the same languages as before, only that there is an Ethiopic version of the book of Psalms, which is so near akin to the Septuagint, that the same Latin translation serves for both, with a few exceptions, which are noted in the margin.

The FOURTH volume contains all the Apocryphal Books, in Greek, Latin, Syriac, and Arabic, with a two-fold Hebrew text of the book of Tobit; the first from Paul Fagius, the second from Sebastian Munster. After the Apocrypha there is a three-fold Targum of the Pentateuch: the first is in Chaldee, and is ascribed to Jonathan Ben Uzziel: the second is in Chaldee also; it takes in only select parts of the Law, and is commonly called the Jerusalem Targum: the third is in Persic, the work of one Jacob Tawus, or Toosee, and seems to be a pretty literal version of the Hebrew Text. Each of these has a collateral Latin translation. The two first, though they contain many fables, are exceedingly useful, because they explain many words and customs, the meaning of which is to be found no where else; and the latter will be found very useful to a student in the Persian language, though it contains many obsolete phrases, and the language is by no means in the pure Shirazian dialect.

The FIFTH volume includes all the books of the New Testament. The various languages are here exhibited at one view, as in the others. The Greek text stands at the head, with Montanus's interlineary Latin translation; the Syriac next; the Persic third; the Vulgate fourth the Arabic fifth; and the Ethiopic sixth. Each of the oriental versions has a collateral Latin translation. The Persic version only takes in the four Gospels; and for this, the Pars Altera, or Persian Dictionary, in Castell's Lexicon, is peculiarly calculated.

:

The SIXTH volume is composed of various readings and critical remarks on all the preceding versions, and concludes with an explanation of all the proper names, both Hebrew and Greek, in the Old and New Testaments. The characters used for the several oriental versions are clear and good; the Hebrew is rather the worst. The simple reading of a text in the several versions often throws more light on the meaning of the sacred writer, than the best commentators which can be met with. This work sells at from twenty-five pounds

to seventy guineas, according to the difference of condition. Many copies are ruled with red lines, which is a great help in reading, because it distinguishes the different texts better, and such copies ordinarily sell for three or four guineas more than the others.

In executing this great and splendid work, Bishop Walton was assisted by Dr. Edmund Castell, Dr. Tho. Hyde, Dr. Pocock, Dr. Lightfoot, Mr. Alexander Huish, Mr. Samuel Clarke, Louis de Dieu, and other eminently learned men. 1 It was begun in October 1653, and completed in 1657; the first volume was finished in September 1654; the second in July 1655; the third in July 1656; and the fourth, fifth, and sixth, in 1657, three years before the Restoration. (The Parisian Polyglott was seventeen years in the press!)

This work was published by subscription, under the patronage of Oliver Cromwell, who permitted the paper to be imported duty free: but the Protector dying before it was finished, Bishop Walton cancelled two leaves of the preface, in which he had made honourable mention of his patron, and others were printed containing compliments to Charles II. and some pretty severe invectives against republicans. Hence has arisen the distinction of republican and loyal copies. The former are the most valued: there is a copy in the Library of the British Museum. Dr. A. Clarke and Mr. Butler have both pointed out (especially the former) the variations between these two editions. For a long time, it was disputed among bibliographers, whether any dedication was ever prefixed to the London Polyglott. There is, however, a dedication in one of the copies in the Royal Library at Paris, and another was discovered a few years since, which was reprinted in large folio to bind up with other copies of the Polyglott; it is also reprinted in the Classical Journal, vol. iv. pp. 355–361. In the first volume of Pott's and Ruperti's Sylloge Commentationum Theologicarum, (pp. 100-137.) there is a collation of the Greek and other versions, as printed in the London Polyglott, with the Hebrew text of the Prophet Micah, accompanied with some explanations by Professor Paulus. To complete the London Polyglott, the following publications should be added, viz.

1. Paraphrasis Chaldaica in librum priorem et posteriorem Chronicorum. Josepho, rectore Academiæ in Syria: cum versione Latina a Davide Wilkins. 1715, 4to.

Auctore Rabbi
Cantabrigiæ,

2. Dr. Castell's Lexicon Heptaglotton; of which an account is given in a subsequent part of this Appendix.

The purchaser of the London Polyglott should also procure Dr. John Owen's Considerations on the Polyglott, 8vo. 1658; Bishop Walton's Reply, entitled The Considerator considered, &c. 8vo. 1659: and (a work of much more importance than either) Walton's Introductio ad Lectionem Linguarum Orientalium, Hebraica, Chaldaicæ, Samaritanæ, Syriaca, Arabica, Persicæ, Æthiopica, Armenica, Copticæ, &c. 18mo. Londini, 1615.

Bishop Walton's Polyglott having long been extremely scarce and dear, it has been the wish of biblical students for many years, that it should be reprinted. In 1797, the Rev. Josiah Pratt issued from the press, A Prospectus, with Specimens, of a new Polyglott Bible in Quarto, for the Use of English Students, and in 1799, another Prospectus, with Specimens, of an Octavo Polyglott Bible; but, for want of encouragement, the design was not carried into execution. A similar fate attended The Plan and Specimen of BIBLIA POLYGLOTTA BRITANNICA, or an enlarged and improved edition of the London Polyglott Bible, with Castell's Heptaglott Lexicon, which were published and circulated by the Rev. Adam Clarke, LL. D. F.S. A. in 1810, in folio. The reader may see them reprinted in the Classical Journal (where, however, no notice is taken of the author of the plan), vol. iv. pp. 493-497. An abstract of this plan is given in the Bibl. Sussex. pp. 66-68.

5. Biblia Sacra Quadrilinguia Veteris Testamenti Hebraici, cum Versionibus e regione positis, utpote versione Græca LXX Interpretum ex codice manuscripto Alexandrino, a J. Ern. Grabio primum evulgata-Item versione Latina Sebast. Schmidii noviter revisa et textui Hebræo accuratius accommodata, et Germanica beati Lutheri, ex ultima beati viri revisione et editione 1544-45 expressa. Adjectis textui Hebræo Notis Masorethicis et

1 Concerning these, as well as the literary history of the London Polyglott, the reader will find much and very interesting information in the Rev. H. J. TODD's Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Right Rev. Brian Walton, D. D., Lord Bishop of Chester, editor of the London Polyglott Bible; with notices of his coadjutors in that illustrious work; of the cultivation of oriental learning, in this country, preceding and during their time; and of the authorised English version of the Bible, to a projected revision of which Dr. Walton and some of his assistants in the Polyglott were appointed. To which is added, Dr. Walton's own vindication of the London Polyglott, London, 1821, in 2 vols. 8vo.

For a more particular account of the London Polyglott, we refer the reader to Dr. Clarke's Bibliographical Dictionary, vol. i. pp. 248-270.; vol. ii. pp. 1-12; Mr. Butler's Hora Biblicæ, vol. i. pp. 138-149. and Dr. Dibdin's Introduction to the Knowledge of the Editions of the Greek and Latin Classics, 3d edit. vol. i. pp. 13-27., from which publications the above account is abridged.

Græcæ Versioni Lectionibus Codicis Vaticani; notis philologicis et exegeticis aliis, ut et summariis capitum ac locis parallelis locupletissimis ornata. Accurante M. Christ. REINECCIO. Lipsia, 1750. 3 vols. folio.

The comparative cheapness of this neatly and accurately printed work rendered it, before the publication of Mr. Bagster's Polyglott, a valuable substitute for the preceding larger Polyglotts. Dr. A. Clarke, who states that he has read over the whole of the Hebrew and Chaldee text, with the exception of part of the Pentateuch, pronounces it to be one of the

most correct extant.

6. Biblia Sacra Polyglotta, Textus Archetypos, Versionesque præcipuas, ab Ecclesià antiquitùs receptas complectentia. Accedunt Prolegomena in eorundem crisin literalem, auctore Samuel LEE, S.T.B... ... Linguæ Hebrææ apud Cantabrigienses Professore Regio. Londini, 1831. 4to. et folio.

The great rarity and consequent high price of all former Polyglotts, which render them for the most part inaccessible to biblical students, induced the publisher, Mr. Bagster, to undertake these beautiful Polyglott editions of the Holy Scriptures. The quarto edition contains the original Hebrew Text of the Old Testament, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Septuagint Greek version of the Old Testament, the Vulgate Latin, and the authorised English version of the entire Bible; the original Greek text of the New Testament; and the venerable Peschito or Old Syriac version of it. The folio edition, besides these languages, contains entire translations of the Bible, in the following modern languages, viz. the German, by Dr. Martin Luther; the Italian, by Giovanni Diodati; the French, by J. F. Ostervald; and the Spanish, (from the Romish Latin Vulgate) by Padre Scio. These are so disposed as to exhibit eight languages at once, on opening the volume, the press work of which is singularly beautiful. The pointed Hebrew text is printed from the celebrated edition of Vander Hooght, noticed in No. 5. p. 6. supra. The Samaritan Pentateuch is taken from Dr. Kennicott's edition of the Hebrew Bible, and is added by way of Appendix. The Septuagint is printed from Bos's edition of the Vatican text; and at the end of the Old Testament there are given the various readings of the Hebrew and Samaritan Pentateuchs, together with the masoretic notes termed Keri and Ketib, the various lections of the Alexandrian MS. as edited by Dr. Grabe, and the apocryphal chapters of the book of Esther. The Greek text is printed from Mill's edition of the Textus Receptus, with the whole of the important readings given by Griesbach in his edition of 1805, (No. 30. pp. 23, 24. supra); the Peschito or Old Syriac version, from Widmanstadts' edition published at Vienna in 1555, collated with the accurate edition executed in 1816 under the auspices of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and edited by Professor Lee. The Apocalypse and such of the Epistles as are not extant in the Old Syriac Version, are given from the Philoxenian or New Syriac Version. The text of the Latin Vulgate version is taken from the edition of pope Clement VIII. The authorised English version is accompanied with the marginal renderings, and a new selection of well-chosen parallel texts. The other modern versions are professedly given from accurate editions. The PROLEGOMENA of the Rev. Dr. and Professor Lee present a compendious and neatly written epitome of the Literary History of the Text and Versions of the Old and New Testaments, which contains some new and important critical information. Copies of the several texts and versions of this polyglott edition are thrown off in detached small octavo volumes: and copies of the quarto Polyglott New Testament may also be procured, with a distinct title page.1

1 The publisher of the Polyglott Bible above noticed, in 1819 issued from the press an octoglott edition of the Liturgy of the Anglican church, in one quarto volume, which may justly be pronounced one of the finest specimens of typography that ever issued from the British press. The eight languages, printed in this edition, are the English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Antient Greek, Modern Greek, and Latin. The English text is given from a copy of the Oxford Edition of the Common Prayer Book. The French version is modern, and is well known to most readers of that language, having frequently been printed and received with general approbation. The Psalms are printed from the Basle Edition of Ostervald's Bible. The Italian is taken from the edition of A. Montucci and L. Valletti, published in 1796, but revised throughout, and its orthography corrected. The Psalms, are copied from the Bible of Diodati. The German translation, by the Rev. Dr. Küper (Chaplain of the Royal German Chapel, St. James's), is entirely new, except the Psalms, which are taken from Luther's German Version of the Scriptures. The Spanish, by the Rev. Blanco White, is for the most part new. The Psalms are printed from Padre Scio's great Spanish Bible, published at Madrid in 1807, in sixteen volumes. The translation into the Antient Greek language is that executed by Dr. Duport (A. D. 1665), who was Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Cambridge. The Psalms are from the Septuagint. The Modern Greek is an entirely new translation by M. A. Calbo, a learned native Greek, of the island of Zante. And the Latin version is nearly a reprint of the edition which was first printed by W. Bowyer, in 1720, with some alterations and ad

Several editions of the Bible are extant, in two or three languages, called Diglotts and Triglotts, as well as Polyglott editions of particular parts of the Scriptures. For an account of these, we are compelled to refer the reader to the Bibliotheca Sacra of Le Long and Masch, and the Bibliographical Dictionary of Dr. Clarke, already cited. A complete account of all these Polyglott editions is a desideratum in English literature: the following, however, may be mentioned as the principal Triglott and Diglott editions:

(1.) TRIGLOTT TESTAMENT.

Novi Testamenti Biblia Triglotta: sive Græci Textus Archetypi, Versionis Syriacæ, et Versionis Latinæ Vulgatæ Synopsis: cui accedunt Subsidia Critica varia. Evangelia. Londini. 1828. 4to.

Those who may not be able to procure any of the more costly polyglotts, will find a cheap substitute for them in this handsomely printed volume. The Greek text is printed after the editions, with improved punctuation, of Knappe and Vater; this is accompanied by the Syriac Version, after the text of Professor Lee's accurate edition, printed in 1816; and at the foot of the page is the Latin Vulgate version, according to the Sixtine recension, printed from the Antwerp edition of 1603, which was superintended by John Moret. Το the work is prefixed Prof. Vater's Index of Critical Subsidia; and in an Appendix there is given his selection of Various Readings, with the authorities by which they are supported.

(2.) DIGLOTT Bibles.

1. Biblia Sacra Hebraica, cum interlineari interpretatione Latina Xantis Pagnini: accessit Bibliorum pars, quæ Hebraicè non reperitur, item Novum Testamentum, Græcè, cum Vulgatâ Interpretatione Latina, studio Benedicti Ariæ MONTANI. Antwerpiæ, 1572, 1584. Geneva, 1609, 1619, (with a new title only.) Lipsiæ, 1657, folio.

"You will find the edition of the Hebrew Scriptures by Arias Montanus more useful to you than perhaps any other."-(Bishop Gleig's Directions for the Study of Theology, p. 93.) The edition of 1572 forms the Sixth volume of the Antwerp Polyglott (No. 2. p. 36. supra): as it is the first, so it is the best edition. The octavo editions, ex officinâ Plantiniana Raphelengii (Lugduni Batavorum), 1599 or 1610-1613, in nine volumes, are of very little value. In the folio editions above noticed, the Latin word is placed above the Hebrew and Greek words, to which they belong. The Latin version of Xantes or Santes Pagninus is corrected by Montanus, and his learned coadjutors, Raphelenge, and others.

2. Biblia Hebraica, i. e. Vetus Testamentum, seu Hagiographi Canonici Veteris nempe Testamenti Libri, qui originario nobis etiamnum ore leguntur, ex Hebraico in Latinum ad litteram versi, adjectâ editione Vulgatâ. Hebraicè et Latinè, curâ et studio Ludovici DE BIEL, e Societate Jesu. Viennæ, 1743. 4 vols. 8vo.

This is an elegant edition, little known in this country, but in many respects highly valuable. It contains the Hebrew, and two Latin versions,-that of the Vulgate edition in 1592, and that of Arias Montanus. It is ornamented with vignettes, and the initial letters, which are well engraved on copper, represent some fact of sacred history, to which the immediate subject is applicable.

3. Biblia Hebraica ex recensione A. Hahnii, cum Vulgatâ Versione Latinâ. Lipsiæ, 1838. 2 tomis, 8vo.

4. The Old Testament, English and Hebrew, with remarks, critical and grammatical, on the Hebrew, and corrections of the English. By Anselm BAYLEY, LL.D. London, 1774. 4 vols. 8vo.

The Hebrew text is printed in long lines on the left hand page; and the authorised English version, on the right hand page, divided into two columns. The critical notes, which are very few, are placed under the English text. The Hebrew text is accompanied, throughout, with the Keri and Ketib; but all the accents, &c. are omitted, except the atl.

ditions by the present editor (John Carey, LL. D.), sometimes taken from the translation of Mr. Thomas Parsel, the fourth edition of which was published in 1727. The Psalms are from the Vulgate.

nach, which answers to our colon, and the soph pashuk, which is placed at the end of each verse in the Bible. At the end of each book is given an epilogue, containing a summary view of the history, transactions, &c. recorded therein. The work is ornamented with a frontispiece, representing Moses receiving the tables of the law on Mount Sinai, and two useful maps;-one of the journeying of the Israelites, in which each station is numbered; and another of their settlement in the promised land. The letter-press of the Hebrew is very unequally distributed over the pages; some are long, and others short; some are wide, and others narrow. On some pages not fewer than thirty-seven lines are crowded together, while others contain only twenty-three. In other respects, Dr. A. Clarke pronounces it to be a pretty correct work; but, besides the errata noticed by the editor, he adds, that the reader will find the sentence-thou shalt visit thy habitution, left out of the English text, in Job v. 24. (Bibliogr. Dic. vol. i. p. 274.)

SECTION V.

ANTIENT VERSIONS OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS.

§ 1. TARGUMS, OR CHALDEE PARAPHRASES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. 1. Targum, seu Paraphrasis Chaldaica ONKELOSI in Pentateuchum Latine, ex versione Alfonsi de Zamora. Venetiis, 1747, 4to.

Also in the Complutensian, Antwerp, Paris, and London Polyglotts.

This version of

the Targum of Onkelos was likewise printed at Antwerp, 1616, and at Venice, 1609, in folio.

2. Thargum, hoc est, Paraphrasis Onkeli Chaldaica in Sacra Biblia; ex Chaldaico in Latinum fidelissime versa, additis in singula fere capita succinctis annotationibus, Authore Paulo FAGIO. Pentateuchus, sive quinque libri Moysis. Tom. I. Argentorati, 1546, folio.

One volume only of this work was published. Fagius's learned annotations are inserted in the Critici Sacri.

3. Targum PSEUDO-JONATHANIS in Pentateuchum, Latine, ex versione Antonii Čevalerii. Londini, 1657, folio. (In Bp. Walton's Polyglott.)

4. TARGUM HIEROSOLYMITANUM in Pentateuchum, Latine, ex versione Antonii Cevalerii. Londini, 1657, folio. (In Bp. Walton's Polyglott.) Bp. Walton states that the Latin version of Chevalier is more faithful than that published by Francis Taylor, at London, in 1649, 4to,

5. Targum JONATHANIS in Josue, Judices, Libros Regum, Isaiæ, Hieremiæ, Ezechielis et XII. Minorum Prophetarum, Latine, ex versione Alfonsi de Zamora, a Benedicto Aria Montano ad Hebraicam et Chaldaicam veritatem correctâ, folio. (In the Antwerp, Paris, and London Polyglotts.)

Various other editions of the Targum of Jonathan Ben Uzziel are noticed in Masch's and Boerner's edition of Le Long's Bibliotheca Sacra, Part II. vol. iii. pp. 654–656. 6. Targum R. JOSEPHI Cœci et aliorum in Chetuvim, Latine, ex versione Alfonsi de Zamora, et recognitione Ariæ Montani, folio.

7. Targum in Psalmos, Ecclesiasten, et Librum Esther, ex versione Ariæ Montani, folio.

Both the preceding Targums are found in the Antwerp, Paris, and London Polyglotts; in the last, the translation has been further revised by Dr. Edmund Castell.

8. Liber Jobi, Chaldaice et Latine, cum notis. Opera et studio Johannis Terentii. Franeckeræ, 1663, 4to.

The Latin translation is that of Alfonso de Zamora, revised by Montanus, and further corrected by the editor. Masch pronounces this to be a rare and erudite publication.

9. Cantica Canticorum et Ecclesiastes Salomonis paraphrastico sermone conscripti, et ex Chaldæa lingua in Latinam versi per Erasmum Oswaldum Schreckenfuchsium. Basileæ, 1553, 8vo.

10. Chaldaica Paraphrasis Libelli Ruth, a mendis repurgata, et punctis juxta analogiam grammaticam notata, cum Latina Interpretatione et Annotationibus, per Joannem Mercerum. Parisiis, 1564, 4to.