just as Puttenham's censure recalls the defence of Spenser in E. K.'s preface to 'The Shepheards Calender':— "Other some not so well seene in the English tongue, as perhaps in other languages, if they happen to heare an olde word, albeit very naturall and significant, cry out straightway, that we speake no English, but gibberish," &c. We may, without research, conclude that Turbervile snapped up his word from one of the poets whose work he imitates and copies so slavishly, just as he snapped up "surmounts Apollos pride " from Sir Thomas Wyatt : the interest with which I had previously specu- "An invariable gentleness and patience in his mode of tuition-qualities then very uncommon at schools-had made him so beloved by his pupils at Lynn, that in after life there was scarcely one of them who did not persist in the belief in his innocence." He had The crisped golde, that doth surmount Apollos" pride. Tottel's Miscellany,' Arber, p. 75. CHARLES CRAWFORD. (To be continued.) EUGENE ARAM. THE sale by Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge, on the 6th of July, of documents relating to this remarkable trial-made generally famous first by Hood's poem, which appeared in The Gem' for 1829, followed by Bulwer's novel, published December 22nd, 1831-will probably lead to fresh investigations as to the innocence or guilt of this man of studious habits and gentle manners. The documents sold were thus described in the catalogue, and the price they fetched was thirty-one pounds : "120 Aram (Eugene) A remarkable Collection of eleven original Documents relating to this extraordinary and historic case, including the Coroner's Inquisition upon the finding of a skeleton on Thistle Hill, Knaresborough, in August, 1758, supposed to be that of Daniel Clark, who had disappeared 14 years previously, the examination of various witnesses, including Eugene Aram's wife, as to the circumstances connected with Clark's disappearance, and the Coroner's Inquisition upon the finding of a second skeleton in St. Robert's Cave, in consequence of the confession of Richard Houseman, which led to the celebrated trial and execution of Eugene Aram as his accomplice. (11) "... These Documents have come down to the present owner from his ancestor, John Theakston, the Coroner who held the Inquisitions and examined the witnesses." In 1840 Bulwer in his preface to a new edition of his novel wrote: “During Aram's residence at Lynn, his reputa tion for learning had attracted the notice of my visited at grandfather....Aram frequently Heydon, my grandfather's house, and gave lessons, probably in no very elevated branches of erudition, to the younger members of the family. This I chanced to hear when I was on a visit in Norfolk, some two years before this novel was published, and it tended to increase a singular eloquence in conversation-an active tenderness and charity to the poor, with whom he was always ready to share his own scanty means-an apparent disregard to money, except when employed in the purchase of books.' Bulwer's investigations had at this time led him to the conclusion that the legal evidence was extremely deficient, and in the edition published by Messrs. Chapman & Hall in 1849 he states that he had convinced himself "that, though an accom plice in the robbery of Clarke, he [Aram] was free both from the premeditated design and the actual deed of murder." Bulwer altered his novel accordingly. In the Sixth Series of N. & Q.' are several important references to Eugene Aram. On the 1st of January, 1881, MR. F. W. Joy supplies an unpublished letter of Eugene Aram's, dated from London, July 19th, 1754. In this Aram mentions that his situa tions had been various, and that he was "Tutor 3 years to the sons of a ffamily of distinction in Berks & in other Imployments of that kind 4 years. With the money arising thence I went over into ffrance a Tour partly of curiosity & partly of profit in which having visited Roan Paris &c. & even Blois & Orleans I acquired the Language which is now at once an extraordinary recom'endation & benefit to me.' MR. JOY remarks that "in the narrative of his life, which he wrote after his condemnation, he omitted all mention of his visit to France." 1883, G. On the 17th of November, On the 17th of January, 1885, FRANCESCA asks for information respecting Eugene Aram. Many replies appear on the 14th of February. MR. BRIERLEY gives an extract from The Gentleman's Magazine of Septem 2 ber, 1837; ESTE supplies a list of books, pamphlets, and cuttings in his possession; JULIAN MARSHALL states that Caulfield's Remarkable Persons' contains a memoir and portrait; and W. C. B. mentions that among the subscribers to the 'History of Hull written by the extraordinary printer Thomas Gent, and printed by him at York in 1735," appears the name of Mr. Eugenius Aram.' 22 On the 28th of March CUTHBERT BEDE writes: See also, for an excellent digest of this case, Historic Yorkshire,' by William Andrews, F.R.H.S. (London, Reeves & Turner, 1883), chap. xxiii." He also states that "Lord Lytton intended to have treated the subject as a tragedy, and what he had thus prepared for the stage he published in The New Monthly Magazine during the period when he edited it (August, 1833, vol. xxxviii. No. 152)." 66 In The Leeds Mercury of November 11th, 1899, appeared a defence of Eugene Aram by Mr. J. M. Richardson of Huddersfield. This was referred to in our review of the life of Lytton by Mr. T. H. S. Escott (11 S. i. 280). He contends that, "like Dreyfus, he was the victim of perjury and forgery....Dr. Paley, who was present at the trial, always asserted that Aram was innocent; He said, Aram hung himself by his cleverness.'" JOHN COLLINS FRANCIS. 22 Dozy, in his Glossaire,' p. 217, has no doubt 66 He "Il ne faut pas croire que 'awâr, pris en ce sens, est un néologisme; il appartient au contraire à la langue arabe classique, dans laquelle on dit marchands italiens, par suite des relations fréune marchandise qui a un défaut (‘awar).' Les quentes qu'ils avaient avec les Arabes, ont adopté le mot awar, qui était fort en usage dans le commerce; ce qui le prouve, c'est que les passages a des documents génois et pisans. C'est aussi que Ducange donne sous avaria sont empruntés par l'entremise des Italiens que ce mot s'est introduit dans presque toutes les langues euroforme dans un document catalan de 1258 (apud péennes. La transcription avaria est bonne ; ia est la terminaison italienne. On trouve cette Capmany, Memorias sobre la marina de Barcelona,' ii. 27).' 66 ་ 92 This the account of avaria given by this eminent I do not see any valid reason for rejecting scholar. All the uses of avaria and primary meaning of damage or loss. average may be easily deduced from the radical meaning was also common Semitic, and may be traced in the Hebrew root 'awar, which is found in the special sense of loss of eyesight, blindness. ་་ 66 66 21, Norham Road, Oxford. 22 A. L. MAYHEW. having seen years ago in 'N. & Q.' mention "AVERAGE."-It is generally agreed that It may be noted that the form of the this word is composed of the widely spread English word mercantile Mediterranean word avaria +-age is due to the analogy of "poundage,' average with the suffix suffix -age (see ‘N.E.D.,' and Skeat's ' Etym. Dict.,' ed. 1910). In 'N.E.D.' we find that mercial terms. tonnage," pilotage," and other comone of the technical senses of the English word " average is the expense or loss to owners, arising from damage at sea to the ship or cargo." I think it can be shown that the original notion of the Mediterranean word avaria, with which modern etymologists connect our 66 average," This is certainly the principal meaning of was damage or loss. avaria in the Romanic languages. In Portuguese avaría means 66 damage to a vessel or cargo"; cp. Fr. avarie, "dommage arrivé à un vaisseau, ou aux marchandises dont il est chargé depuis le départ jusqu'au (Dict. de l'Acad., 1786); also It. avaría," a sea-phrase, viz., a consumption or distribution of the loss made, when goods are cast away on purpose in a storm to save the vessel" (Florio). Great toe, Tom Barker. the age of 75, on 16 May, 1860, and has thus completed its half-century. (I attempted a verse rendering of this hymn in a musical journal a few months ago.) The opening verses and tune are full of martial ardour, but the later are in a different vein the appeal of a weeping mother and the consolatory words of a warlike son. It is related that Davorin Jenko long sought to compose a suitable melody, but in vain. Hearing of some German aggression in a Vienna café frequented by Slovene students, he walked out, and during a stroll in the Prater the melody came into his mind. He returned to the café, sat down, and wrote it out. Not long before his death Mr. James Platt sent me a published translation of a Slovene poem which he had made. He seemed to take especial interest in this language, which is aside from the attention of most scholars. FRANCIS P. MARCHANT. Streatham Common. CHARLES II. AND HIS FUBBS YACHT.There is a tavern called "Fubbs Yacht "" the Thames, that when last I saw it was Brewhouse Lane, Greenwich, overlooking quaint and old-fashioned. This sign owes Charles II., about which a paragraph has its origin to the name of a yacht built for lately been going the rounds of the news papers. Fubbs is therein stated to have been a familiar nickname applied by that king to his favourite Louise de Kéroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth. In a former paragraph, which appeared some years ago, the yacht was said to have been named after the Duchess of Cleveland, who was supplanted by her French rival, and there is in Hawkins's History of Music' a story of its having been almost wrecked off the coast of Kent with the King and Duke of York on board, who had to work like common sailors. Doubtless among your readers there are some whose information about this vessel and the use of the word by Charles II. is fuller and more accurate than mine, and it would, I am sure, be worth while to have a permanent record in N. & Q.' of the facts. Perhaps something of interest is also known about 66 Fubbs Yacht," the tavern. PHILIP NORMAN. counties of ORIGIN.-I understand that not long ago there appeared some account of the Lord Mayors of London and the of a reference to the article. I have made England they hailed from. I should be glad out a list of seven Cornish Lord Mayors (Geffreys, Cheverton, Lawrence, Lawrence, Truscott, Treloar, and Truscott), and should be glad to have the list extended if possible. J. HAMBLEY ROWE, M.B. Bradford. DEAN ALFORD'S POEMS.-Can any of your readers tell me who publishes a complete edition of Henry Alford's (Dean Alford's) poems ? That at the British Museum, e.g., lacks the poem 'Be Just and Fear Not,' which I particularly want. ARNOLD EILOART. Walden, Ditton Hill, Surbiton. An account of Prof. Sayce's discoveries was printed in the Proceedings of the Society" manor of Biblical Archæology, vol. xxxi., 1909, p. 189 sq.; also, more briefly, in The Times of 25 March, 1909, p. 10. Where can I find further particulars of these and Mr. Garstang's diggings? FREDK. A. EDWARDS. 39, Agate Road, Hammersmith, W. THE OLD PRETENDER.-I should be much obliged if any one would tell me whether the Old Pretender was Knight of the Orders of the Golden Fleece and the Holy Ghost, and whether he is ever represented as wearing the collars of those orders. E. LAWS. Brython Place, Tenby. THE KING'S BUTLER.-Can any of your readers inform me whether this "service" is common amongst lords of manors originally granted from the Crown? According to Camden, the "Manor of Buckenham is held upon this condition, that the lords of it 22 66 MANOR: SAC: SOKE.-In the Rev. J. Eastwood's "History of Ecclesfield, Co. York,' it is stated (p. 15) that the word was introduced into this country by King Edward the Confessor, who brought it from Normandy to take the place of what was before called " sac or soke.' Is this strictly accurate? "Manor "is, I am aware, a late word in Anglo-Saxon, but I think I have met with its use before the reign of the Confessor. I may also remark that sac and soke are not always equivalent to 22 manor." A. O. V. P. [The earliest quotation for "manor" in the N.E.D.' is c. 1290.] ་་ 66 22 66 MR. W. GRAHAM AND JANE CLERMONT.In 1898 appeared a book entitled 'Last Links with Byron, Shelley, and Keats,” parts of which had previously been contri. buted to magazines. The author, Mr. William Graham, described several conversations which he had had with Miss Jane Clermont at Florence, part of which she made him promise not to divulge till ten years after her death, and part not till thirty years after. This second portion could not, therefore, have been published till 1909, but Mr. Graham in his preface says that the publication of the Hobhouse memoirs in 1901 would release him from his promise, and that he should then "be at liberty to deal with Clermont matters in full." Has this intention ever been carried out? I believe that the Hobhouse memoirs were published not long ago-certainly later than 1901but I have not been able to discover that Mr. Graham has given any further particulars to the world. E. L. H. TEW. Upham Rectory, Southampton. [Four volumes of the Hobhouse memoirs, edited by Lady Dorchester, have been published by Mr. Murray.] 66 66 BERNARD OR BARNARD WILSON (16891772) was not admitted at Westminster in 1704," as the 'Dict. Nat. Biog.' (lx. 84) states, but was admitted on the foundation there in that year, and was elected thence to a scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1709. What was the name of his mother, who was descended from Sir William Sutton, Bart."? and when did he marry a lady named Bradford "? G. F. R. B. GERVASE WARMESTRY (1604-41) was elected a student of Christ Church, Oxford, from Westminster in 1621. The 'Dict. Nat. Biog. (lix. 388), which ignores the fact that he was a King's Scholar, and that he obtained his studentship from Westminster, states that he left a widow. When and whom did he marry? G. F. R. B. RED LION SQUARE OBELISK.-John Wallis in his reissue of Ralph's Critical Review of the Public Buildings, &c., of London,' 1783, cites an anonymous writer" who observed of the enclosed area of Red Lion Square 66 "that it is calculated to inspire funeral ideas. I am sure I never go into it without thinking of my latter end. The rough sod that heaves in many a mouldering heap, the dreary length of the sides with the four watch-houses like so many familyvaults at the corners, and the naked obelisk that springs from amidst the rank grass, like the sad monument of a widow for the loss of her first husband, form all together a memento more powerful to me than a death's head and cross marrow-bones; and were but the parson's bull to be seen bellowing at the gate, the idea of a country church-yard would be compleat." ARMS OF WOMEN.-When a man marries he may properly impale his wife's arms with his own; but when the wife leaves him a widower is it right to remove her arms so impaled, or do they remain ? If they remain, and he marry a second wife, what occurs then? Is the sinister side of the shield again divided into chief and base to allow the impalement of the two femmes arms, or how otherwise? A. H. [See also 10 S. x. 429; xi. 296; xii. 97.] THE TEMPLE AT JERUSALEM: MS. WORK, 1839.-In a periodical of 1839, to some extent dealing with archæology, is an editorial note stating that "a curious MS. has just been completed after a labour of more than twenty years, a treatise on the Temple of Jerusalem, in four books, dealing with the successive Temples, their furniture and utensils, and giving the most minute details, some calculations descending to one-sixth of an inch." After describing the MS. as a condensation of the labours of more than three hundred What did the obelisk mark or record-authors, the notice says:— the head of the City conduit? The square "The author has employed as translators the was not planned before 1690, so this pre-principal Rabbins, of whom he had frequently sumably would be superfluous. Was it a three at a time, either travelling or domiciled with |