Administrative interference (continued) under Edward VI., 362-372 Elizabeth, 372-374 James I., 374-375 Charles I., 376-377 final cessation of, 397-400 Admission fines, see Fines Agrarian changes, the- causes of, 6-7, 12-13, 185-200 localities most affected by, 153-154, 182, 262, 405 of fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 11-12, 79-95, 136-147, 161-162 of sixteenth century, 6-8, 147-173, 213-230, 301-310 of eighteenth century, 34, 183-184, 406 part played by capitalist farmers in, 200-202, 213-266 reaction of on peasantry, 7-8, 231-280 resistance of peasants to, 302-304, 317-340 See also Agriculture, Enclosure, Land, Pasture capitalist, 6-7, 200-204, 210-230 cattle, importance of to, 113-115, 239-242 commercial development, effect of on, 185-188, 195-197 common rights, importance of to, 238-242 communal elements in, 128-131, 159-161, 205-207, 243-246 corn laws, effect of on, 112-113, 197 custom, effect of on, 75-78, 124–131, 292–301 enclosure by peasants, effect of on, 152-153, 158, 169-173 for subsistence, 111-112 improvements in, 110-111, 170-172 markets, effect of on, 196-197, 214-215 mediæval, not incompatible with change, 75-97, 172, 404-405 views as to, of Clarkson, 5, 189-190 Fitzherbert, 5, 109, 112, 117-118, 150, 151-152,242 woollen industry, effects of on, 6, 195-197 Alien, see Immigration Alienation of land, effect of free, 86, 138-139 backbone of peasants' livelihood, 105-108 common rights, necessary for cultivation of, 239-242 corn yielded by acre of, 110-111 enclosure of for better cultivation by large farmers, 10, 221-224 acquisition of monastic estates by some of the, 380-384 contrast between medieval and that of sixteenth century, 191-194 Harrington's account of social changes in the, 38, 191 landholding peasants not an, 100-102 part played by in Pilgrimage of Grace, 322-324 relations of to tenants in North and South contrasted, 188–191 Tudor policy, effect of on powers of the, 188-195 unpopularity of administrative Courts with the, 397-400 See also Index of Persons, Bath, Brudenell, Darcy, Derby, Englefield, Assessment- of subsidies, 169, 344-347 ,, enclosed land, 169 ,, wages, 23, 100, 308 Assize- Justices of, disputes as to land referred to by Council, 373, 375–376 rents of, 118 Assize of Novel Disseisin- establishment of by Henry II., 122 Authorities- manorial, see Manorial authorities, the Authority- part played by in organisation of manor, 92, 128-129 tendency of to stereotype manorial arrangements, 75-78, 92-93 BAILIFFS, 82, 123, 209 Barton land, division of among peasants, 95 Beasts- importance of for plough, 240-242 number of kept by peasants, 113 Black Death, see Great Plague Bodger, the, 349 Bondage, see Villeinage Bondman, see Villeinage Bord land, 95 Border- agrarian conservatism on, 63-66, 188-191 copyholders on, 188-191 military importance of numerous tenantry on, 188-191 Border tenure- Coke's remarks upon, 299 Customs involved in, 299 decision of Courts as to, 299 discussion by Long Parliament as to, 191 effect of Union of Crowns on, 190-191 service with horse and harness, an incident of, 190 importance of to commoners, 241 uncertainty of, 235-236 Bovate, see Virgate CANON LAW, the, as to usury, 307 Capital- accumulation of by peasants, 82-83, 118 investments of in farm stock, 6, 113-115, 170-172 220 joint-stock companies, 186 appearance of among peasants, 71, 81-84, 136-139 purchase of land by small, 78-95 results of growth of small, 95-97, 136-139 signs of appearance of large, 215 See also Demesne land, Farmers, Enclosure, Pasture conspiracy, supposed complicity of peasants in, 329 fear of, reason for popular agrarian policy, 340-341 landlords, special measures suggested for, 341 Cattle, see Agriculture. Beasts, Common Land Combinations- among peasants, 131, 330-331 to reduce rents and prices, and to break down enclosures, illegal, 371 Commerce- attention given by Tudor governments to, 185-186, 197 effect of in breaking down equality of peasants' holdings, 66, 84- 85 engaged in by aristocracy, 187-188 expansion of in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 185-186, 196 influence of on social conditions and land tenure, 187-188, 196- 197 Commission of sewers, 395 Commissions, Royal- activity of Hales in connection with, 167, 366–368, 371 Laud in connection with, 399, 420-421 anger of landlords at, 367-368, 370 appointment of on enclosure and depopulation in 1517, 261, 359 1548, 261, 366 1566, 261, 1607, 261, 375 1632, 261, 376 1635, 261, 376 1636, 261, 376 causes of appointment of, 358 counties visited by, 366 disappointment of peasants with, 319, 366 effects of in checking depopulation, 391-393, 419-420 interpretation of, 263-265 fines imposed by, 391, 419-420 fiscal motives for, under Charles I., 391 statistics derived from, as to average area of enclosures, 154–155 acreage enclosed, value of, 262-265 grant made by Lords to the, 335 "information and petition against the oppressors of the poor commons," administration of, by Manorial Courts, 159-162, 244-246 view taken in seventeenth century as to, 394-396 See also Common, Rights of, Meadow land, Pasture, Waste Common Law- complaints of landlords as to interference of government with, 397-399 ineffective remedy offered to customary tenants by, 358, 400 See Common Land, Copyholders, Meadow land, Pasture, Waste denounced by landlords, 324, 384 elements of in manorial arrangements, 159-161, 206-207, 243–246 act to give security to, on Somerset's demesne lands, 294, 365 cases as to, 296 compelled to surrender copies for leases, 301-304 customs affecting, at Aldeburgh, 411-412 customs affecting, at Bushey, 126-127 dependence of on custom of manor, 124-131, 292–301 effect on of fall in value of money, 304-310 fines paid by, 305-307 labour services rendered by, 52-53 marks of personal villeinage among, 53-54 on new land, 289–290, 293-294 preponderance of over other classes shown by statistics, 25, 48 |