lamps, images, &c.; 2 hospitals, a lazaretto, 7 monasteries and 4 nunneries, a university, colleges, botanical garden, nautical school, and 78 schools for both sexes; a dock-yard, and many other public buildings; a theatre, a place for bull-fights, and 2 agreeable promenades; also a lunatic asylum, and a large charity school. An aqueduct supplies the shipping with water, and turns the sawmills in the dock-yard. The houses are almost all of only one story, and of a Gothic structure. The principal ones are built of stone, and covered with terraces, having large apartments, yet little ornamented. The great square is one of the chief ornaments of the city. The population of Havannah was much increased by Napoleon's invasion of Spain, and by the revolutions in Spanish America. The morals of the place are loose. Gaming, cock-fighting, &c., are carried on to a great extent. The customs are Spanish; foreigners who go there intermarry very little with the natives, as they seldom intend to make Havannah their permanent residence. The lower clergy are ignorant, and the ceremonies of religion are surrounded with a puerile show, which intelligent Catholics do not acknowledge as a constituent part of their religion. Manufactures are still in their infancy; some coarse cloths only are made. The commerce is very extensive. It has rapidly increased of late, and the rich productions of the island, as well as the favorable situation and excellent harbor of the city, have made Havannah one of the most important commercial places in the world. (For a particular account of its commerce, see the article Cuba.) The city was founded in 1511, by Diego Velasquez. It was taken in 1536, by a French pirate; afterwards by the English, French, and buccaneers; it was again taken by the English in 1762, but was restored to Spain at the peace of 1763.The Havannah has the honor of containing the bones of Columbus, the illustrious discoverer of America. In consequence of an order contained in the will of Columbus, his body was removed from the Carthusian convent of Seville, and deposited, along with the chains with which he had been loaded at Cuba, on the right of the high altar of the cathedral of St. Domingo. When that island was ceded to the French, his descendants directed that the brass coffin, in which the whole was contained, should be removed to this city, which was done on the 19th of January, 1796. His bones are now preserved in a silver urn on the left of the altar of the

cathedral. The department of Havannahı contains the city and 42 places, with a population of 247,828, of whom 109,535 are slaves. (See the official work Cuadro Estadistico de la Siempre Fiel Isla de Cuba, correspondiente al Año de 1827 (Havana, 1829); also A. Abbot's Letters on Cuba, (Boston, 1829), and Alexander von Humboldt's Essai politique sur le Royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne (Paris, 1808-1809, 4to.)

HAVERCAMP, one of the most celebrated philologists of the 18th century, born at Utrecht in 1683, made such rapid advances in his studies, that he was numbered among the learned at the time of his leaving school. Not long afterwards, he was invited to accept the professorship of the Greek language at Leyden, to which was also annexed the professorship of history and eloquence. He published a number of valuable treatises, and died in 1742. From travelling in Italy, he derived a taste for the study of medals and coins, the fruits of which he exhibited in the Thesaurus Morellianus, in the treatise on the coins of Alexander the Great, in his universal history according to coins, and in several catalogues of collections of coins. We pass over some other writings of his, to mention his editions of the Apologeticus of Tertullian (1718), of Lucretius (1725, 2 vols., 4to.), of the history of Josephus (1726,2 vols., fol.), of Eutropius (1729), of Orosius (1738, 4to.), of Sallust (1742, 2 vols.,4to.), and of Censorinus (1743 or 1767), which are still highly esteemed for the correctness of their text and the treatises connected with them. No less esteemed is his Sylloge Scriptorum, qui de Linguæ Græcæ vera et recta Pronunciatione Commentaria reliquerunt (Leyden, 1736–40, 2 vols.).

HAVERHILL; a post-town, and the half shire town for Grafton county, New Hampshire, on Connecticut river, 70 miles from Concord, and 27 from Dartmouth college, in lat. 44° 3′ N. It is divided into two parishes, the north and the south, in each of which is a meeting-house. The principal village is in the south-west part of the township, on the river, and is called Haverhill Corner. Its situation is very beautiful, and it has a court-house, an academy, a jail, a bank and a printingoffice. Another pleasant village is forming in the north-west part of the town. The population of Haverhill in 1820 was 1600. (For the population in 1830, see U. States.)

HAVERHILL; a post-town in Essex county, Massachusetts, on the north side of Merrimack river, 18 miles from its mouth, 15 from Newburyport, 19 from Salem, and 30 north of Boston. It is con

F. cyaneus, L. Marsh-hawk.

Inhabits

both continents. HAWKE, Edward, lord; a celebrated naval commander of the last century. His father, a member of the English bar, in compliance with the strong predilection which his son evinced, at an early age, for a sea-faring life, procured him a midshipman's birth aboard a king's ship. After going through the usual gradations, he was appointed, in 1734, to the command of the Wolf, and served with great credit. Being promoted to the command of a squadron, in 1747, he fell in with the French fleet, which he totally defeated, taking six large ships of the line. For this service, he was presented with the vacant red riband, and promoted to be viceadmiral of the blue. In 1759, being then vice-admiral of the white, he was sent in pursuit of the Brest fleet, which he came up with off Belleisle, and gave the enemy a second defeat, not inferior to the first. These successes were rewarded with a pension of £2000, voted him by parliament; and, in 1765, he reached at length the head of his profession, being appointed vice-admiral of Great Britain, and first lord of the admiralty. In 1776, he was advanced to a seat in the house of lords, but survived this accession of dignity little

more than four years, dying at Shopperton, in the county of Middlesex, in the autumn of 1781.

HAWKESWORTH, John, LL. D.; the son of a watchmaker, of Bromley, in Kent, where he was born in 1715. His father apprenticed him, at an early age, to his own trade. His dislike to the business, however, soon proved insuperable, and he became clerk to a writing stationer. Some essays in the Gentleman's Magazine introduced him to the acquaintance of Cave, the proprietor of that work, who, on the secession of Johnson, placed him in his situation, as compiler of the debates in both houses of parliament. In 1752, there appeared, from his pen, the first of a series of essays, which he continued through that and the two following years, with the assistance of his friend Joseph Warton, and other occasional contributors. These were collected and published (in 4 vols., 12mo.), under the title of the Adventurer. He then undertook a commission from government to arrange and digest the discovery voyages of Byron, Wallis, Carteret and Cook, in the Pacific. This task he completed, not altogether to the satisfaction of the public, in 1773, when the work appeared in three volumes, 4to. He died at Bromley, November 16, 1773.

HAWKINS, Sir John; a renowned English sea commander of the 16th century. He was a native of Plymouth, and was the son of captain William Hawkins, a naval officer. He made several voyages in his youth, and thus acquired much maritime experience. In 1562, he projected an expedition, the object of which was to procure Negroes on the coast of Africa, and convey them for sale to the West Indies. In this plan he was successful; and he is branded, on the page of history, as the first Englishman, after the discovery of America, who made a merchandise of the human species. He made two subsequent voyages for the purpose, one of which proved very profitable; and he was rewarded for the supposed benefit conferred on his country, by the addition of a crest to his coat of arms, consisting of “a demi-Moor, proper, bound with a cord." The third expedition was unfortunate; for, having endeavored to carry on a contraband trade with the Spaniards, his small fleet was attacked by an overpowering force, and only one of his ships and a bark escaped being taken or destroyed; and, after undergoing great hardships, he reached home in January, 1568. He afterwards filled the office of treasurer of the navy; and he appears to have been much

consulted on maritime affairs. In 1588, he was appointed vice-admiral of the squadron sent out against the Spanish armada, and he received the honor of knighthood for his conduct on that occasion. His last service was in 1595, when he was sent, with sir Francis Drake, against the West Indian settlements of the Spaniards. The two commanders differed in opinion; and their consequent want of success occasioned so much chagrin to sir John Hawkins, that it is supposed to have hastened his death, which took place at sea, November 21, 1595, in his 75th year.

HAWKINS, Sir John; a lawyer and miscellaneous writer of the last century. He was born in London, in 1719. He practised as a solicitor, with reputation, for some years, writing also for the periodical press. In 1749, he was chosen a member of a club established by doctor Johnson, with whom he formed an acquaintance which lasted during their joint lives. He contributed some notes for Johnson and Steevens' edition of Shakspeare, and for some years he was engaged in preparing for the press a General History of the Science and Practice of Music, which he published in 1776 (in 5 vols. 4to.). Sir John Hawkins, having accepted the office of executor to doctor Johnson, was employed by the booksellers to draw up a memoir of that celebrated writer, to accompany a posthumous edition of his works. Neither as editor or biographer does he appear to advantage. Some pieces, not written by Johnson, are printed among his works; and the Life, which forms a bulky octavo, seems to have served the writer as a receptacle for the contents of his common-place book. His death took place May 21, 1789.

HAWKWOOD, Sir John; a military adventurer of the 14th century, who, by his valor and conduct as a commander, raised himself from an humble origin to rank and reputation. Having entered, in the capacity of a private soldier, the English army, then preparing for the invasion of France, with Edward III and the Black Prince at its head, his courage and military abilities soon procured him the honor of knighthood. In 1360, on the conclusion of the peace of Bretigny, sir John joined himself with some other soldiers of fortune, whose revenues were unequal to the support of their rank in times of tranquillity. These associates, under the name of Les tard Venus, continued, notwithstanding the cessation of national hostilities, to harass and plunder their old enemies, the French, and

even extended their depredations to Italy. After leading a marauding life of this description for nearly four years, he once more took regular military service, under the republic of Pisa, and displayed his accustomed bravery. Having carried arms under this banner for three-and-twenty years, he, in 1387, exchanged the Pisan service for that of the Florentines. died at Florence, March 6, 1393, at a great age, and was honored with a public funeral in the church of Santa Reparata.

He

HAWLEY, Joseph, a distinguished American patriot, was born, in 1724, at Northampton, Massachusetts, where he became a lawyer, after graduating at Yale college, in 1742. He soon acquired great eminence in his profession, and an extensive practice. He was distinguished for his knowledge of political history and the principles of free government-a circumstance that rendered him one of the ablest advocates of American liberty, in the defence of which he took an early and strenuous part. His influence in the quarter of the country in which he lived became very great, and was owing as much to his high-minded, inflexible integrity, as to his talents. The sentiments of enmity and dread which the friends of the British administration entertained, in consequence, towards him, caused them to seek every method of injuring him; and, by their exertions, he was at length excluded from the bar; to which, however, he was soon restored. The imputations which they cast upon his conduct irritated him to such a degree, that he pledged himself never to accept of any promotion, office, or emolument, under any government-a pledge which he amply redeemed. He was several times chosen a counsellor, but refused to accept the office, preferring a seat in the legislature, to which he was first elected in 1764. In that body he continued to exert himself, with the greatest zeal and effect, against the arbitrary measures of the government, and was one of the first to entertain the idea that they should be resisted by arms. As the crisis approached, some persons represented to him the danger of entering into a contest apparently so unequal. His answer was, "We must put to sea; Providence will bring us into port." Although major Hawley retired from the legislature in 1776, he did not abate his efforts to advance his country's cause, but, by his powerful addresses, contributed to keep up the spirits of his fellow citizens during the times of the greatest difficulties and gloom. He died March

10, 1788, aged 64 years, having been greatly afflicted, during the latter portion of his life, with hypochondriacal disor

ders.

HAWTHORN, OF WHITE THORN (crategus oxyacantha); a small, spiny European tree, rising sometimes to the height of 20 to 25 feet, much admired for the beauty of its foliage, and forming excellent hedges. The leaves are smooth, shining, more or less deeply lobed, and of a very beautiful green color; the flowers are white, sometimes with a reddish tinge, disposed in corymbs, and possess an agreeable perfume; the fruit, when mature, is of a bright red color. The species of cratagus are about 30 in number, all shrubs or small 'trees, spiny, with alternate simple or lobed leaves, and bearing fruit resembling, in miniature, that of the apple, to which plant they are closely allied, being distinguished chiefly by their osseous seeds, and are arranged with it under the same natural family rosacea. One half of the species are natives of the U. States, many of them ornamental, and equally adapted to the formation of hedges with the European.

HAYDN, Joseph; born 1732, in the village of Rohrau, on the borders of Hungary and Austria. His father, a poor wheelwright, played on the harp on Sundays, his mother accompanying with her voice. When the boy was five years old, he used, during his parents' performance, to make motions with a board and a stick, as if he was playing the violin. A schoolmaster, whom accident led to this concert, observing that Joseph kept good time, asked permission to take him to his school. Here he learned to read and write, and received instruction in singing and in playing on the violin and other instruments. After he had been here two years, he becaine, at the age of eight years, a chorister in St. Stephen's. At the age of ten years, he composed pieces for six or eight voices. "I then thought," he afterwards remarked, laughingly, "that the blacker the paper, the finer the music." With his fine soprano, he lost his place, in his 16th year. His situation was now very discouraging, and he had a foretaste of the difficulties which await an artist without fortune or patrons. He gave instructions in music, played in the orchestra, and occupied himself with composing. "With my worm-eaten harpsichord," said he, "I did not envy the lot of kings." At that time, the six first sonatas of Emanuel Bach fell into his hands. "I did not leave the harpsichord," said he, "until they were played through, from beginning to end; and any

one, who knows me, must perceive that I owe much to Emanuel Bach; that I have carefully studied his style; and he himself once paid me a compliment about it." The youth at length had the good fortune to become acquainted with a Mlle. de Martinez, the friend of Metastasio. He instructed her in singing and playing on the harpsichord, for which he received his board and lodging. The first operapoet of the age and the best composer of symphonies thus lived in the same house, though in very different circumstances. The poet, honored with the favor of the court, lived in the midst of pleasures, while the poor musician was obliged to pass the days in bed, for want of fuel. When Mlle. de Martinez left Vienna, Haydn was again plunged in the greatest distress. He retired into the suburb of Leopoldstadt, where a hair-dresser took him into his house. This residence had a fatal influence over the rest of his life. He married the daughter of his host, who poisoned his happiest days. Haydn was 18 years old when he composed his first quartetto, which met with general success, and encouraged him to new efforts. At the age of 19, he composed the Devil on Two Sticks, an opera which was forbidden, on account of its satirical character, after its third representation. Haydn now became so celebrated, that prince Esterhazy placed him at the head of his private chapel. For this prince he composed some beautiful symphonies,-a department in which he excelled all other composers, and the greatest part of his fine quartetts. Here he also composed the symphony known by the name of Haydn's Departure, in which one instrument stops after another, and each musician, as soon as he has finished, puts out his light, rolls up his note-book, and retires. When, after a period of about 20 years, the prince Esterhazy reduced his court, and Haydn received his discharge, he went to London, to which he had often been invited. In 1794, he made a second journey thither. He found a most splendid reception, and the university of Oxford conferred upon him the degree of doctor of music. In England, Haydn first became generally known; he had not enjoyed an extensive reputation in his native country. On his return from England, he purchased a small house and garden in one of the suburbs of Vienna. Here he composed the Creation and the Seasons. The former work, which is full of the fire of youth, was finished in his 65th year. The Seasons, his last work, was completed in 11