XVII SECESSIONS TO ROME 353 Secessions to Rome. the same time, and in consequence of developments in the same teaching, a large number of English clergymen and laymen had become converts to Rome, resigning fellowships and benefices. The most conspicuous, of course, was Newman, who, as has been said, left the Church of England in the autumn of 1845, followed by Ward, Dalgairns, St. John, Oakeley, and Faber, and in 1851 by Manning, driven out by the Gorham judgment. Manning's subsequent history as Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster, ard as a leader in social and philanthropic activities, does not concern us here. Others who had been foremost in propagating tractarian opinions changed their religion at one time or another, and it was confidently expected by those who did not know their steadfastness, that Pusey and Keble would go the same way. It was remembered how strongly anti-Roman the language of the earlier Tracts had been, and how, since their publication had ceased, denunciations of Rome on the part of the leaders who still remained in the Church of England had become less frequent in proportion as the apparent danger of secession became greater. These secessions were, of course, in no way connected with the Pope's action, but they were a predisposing cause for a great outburst of Protestant feeling against the aggression when it took place, and brought much unpopularity upon the 'Puseyites.' Pusey himself stood firm, with Keble at his side; and it was greatly owing to their predominating influence that no large secession took place, either at this critical time or afterwards, and that the growth of High Church teaching and ritual has continued to the present day within the limits of the Church of England, without visible breach of unity. Hitherto the conflict between old and new, which was introduced by the issue of the Tracts for the Times, had borne, more or less, an academic character. It now became a matter of notoriety beyond religious circles, partly in consequence of the number of the secessions to Rome and the high character of those who seceded, especially Newman and Manning, partly from the innovations introduced in ritual, which entirely changed the character of the public services in many churches, and led to popular riots, further developments of ritual, attempts to check the ritualist movement by legal prosecutions, PART I 2 A and the organisation of attack and defence, in matters both of ceremonial and doctrine. We have followed in this volume the philanthropic and humanitarian movement which was set on foot by the evangelical school at the beginning of the nineteenth century; the growth of new religious societies and the revival of activity in the old societies; we have considered the origins of national education as conducted by the National Society and the British and Foreign School Society, and the beginning of the contest of the Churches over education; the effect upon the Church of England, both in spirit and in material results, of the Reform agitation and legislation; the rise of a school of liberal theology, and of a new generation of High Churchmen, and the striking and rapid development of High Church principles by the authors of the Tracts for the Times; the dissensions within the Oxford Movement itself, and the discouragement caused by the secession to Rome of some of its foremost leaders. The next volume will treat of the development of high doctrine, and of the ceremonial by which it was symbolised, beyond the limits of the via media, and the attempts, public and private, to deal with the ritualist movement, a subject which occupies nearly the whole field of Church history for many years; the growth of liberal opinion and critical research, and the counter action of orthodoxy; the spread of missionary enterprise, and the expansion of the colonial and external branches of the Church of England. AUTHORITIES.-Wilfrid Ward, Life and Times of Cardinal Wiseman; W. G. Ward and the Catholic Revival; Wiseman, Appeal to the Reason of the English People; Disraeli, Letter to the Duke of Buckingham; Lord John Russell, Letter to the Bishop of Durham; Charles Greville, Journals. Baptist Missionary Society founded 1793 C.M.S. (The Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East') and R.T.S. (Religious Tract Society) founded Act of Union between Churches of England and Ireland Pitt resigns. Catholic Relief delayed Josiah Pratt, Secretary of C. M.S. Meeting of R.T.S., foundation of a Bible Society proposed British and Foreign Bible Society founded Henry Martyn sails for India . C.M.S. Mission to Sierra Leone Fox moves the Roman Catholic question Death of Pitt. Mutiny at Vellore Death of Fox Slave Trade Abolition Act Grenville resigns on Roman Catholic question London Society for promoting Christianity among the Jews Thomas Charles of Bala founds adult schools in Wales C. M. S. established in Salisbury Square C.M.S. meeting about East India Charter Bill Bristol Church Missionary Association formed Catholic Emancipation lost by Speaker's vote East India Charter Act Prayer Book and Bible controversy (Milner and Marsh) Grattan's Catholic Relief Bill defeated Thomas Fanshawe Middleton consecrated Bishop of Calcutta Death of Bishop Middleton; succeeded by Reginald Heber Archdeaconry of New South Wales added to See of Calcutta Newfoundland Society founded Sees of Jamaica and Barbadoes founded Apocrypha Controversy . Burdett's Catholic Relief Bill thrown out by the Lords Islington Institution opened University of London founded Death of Bishop Heber Missions to Egypt and North-West America (C.M.S.) University College buildings begun (Gower Street, London) Repeal of Test and Corporation Acts Catholic Emancipation announced in the Speech from the Throne Broughton sent out as Archdeacon of New South Wales Catholic Emancipation (Roman Catholic Relief Act) passed Foundation of King's College. Missions to Australia, Smyrna, Abyssinia (C.M.S.) Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Courts Trinitarian Bible Society founded Death of George IV. Exeter Hall opened by the Lords Accession of William IV. Russell's Parliamentary Reform Bill passes the Commons, thrown out Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Revenues, etc. Report of Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Courts Court of Delegates abolished. Jurisdiction transferred to Privy Reform Act . Daniel Wilson consecrated Bishop of Calcutta Durham University founded Church Temporalities (Ireland) Act. Ecclesiastical Appeals transferred to Judicial Committee of Privy Council APP. I ་ DATES Keble's Sermon on National Apostasy'. /Association of Friends of the Church £20,000 granted to Nat. Soc. and B. and F. School Society Manchester church rate refused 357 A.D. 1833 Slaves Emancipation Act passed " Cambridge petition for abolition of University Tests Hampden's Observations published University Tests Bill defeated. Church Rate Bill introduced Pusey's Tract on Baptism Tamworth manifesto Irish Tithe Resolution Bishopric of Madras founded Ecclesiastical Commission appointed; issues first Report Brougham's Education Resolutions Bishopric of Durham Act Act for carrying out recommendations of Ecclesiastical Commissioners London University incorporated by Charter Colonial Church Society founded Lord John Russell's education proposals rejected Education Grant raised to £30,000. System of Inspection introduced in Elementary Schools Martyrs' Memorial at Oxford (erected 1841) See of Toronto founded. |