(3) Interrogative adverbs introducing indirect questions (152, 1): as, I know where he is; Tell how it was. (4) Relative adverbs (152, 2): as, They were here when I came; Please wait until I come back. Like and directly should not be used as subordinating conjunctions; as, You look like you were pleased. (Say "as if.") I saw my mistake directly I made it. (Say "as soon as.") It is better not to use except or without in the sense of unless; as, We can do nothing except you help. (Say "unless.") He seldom writes without he mentions you. (Say "without mentioning you," or "unless he mentions you.") But what should not be used for but that or that; as, I do not doubt but what he will be there. (Say "but that," or simply "that.") EXERCISE 171 (1) Point out the words introducing subordinate clauses in Exercise 37 and classify each. (2) Choose between the two forms in each of the following sentences and give a reason for your choice: 1. You look like (as if) you were excited. 2. As soon as (directly) I arose, I felt at ease. 3. What can a man do except (unless) God be with him? 4. I do not doubt but what (but that) it will turn out well. 5. He never goes home without he takes (taking) his mother some token of his affection. EXERCISE 172 Discuss the conjunctions in Exercise 52. Models: One doing will not suffice, Though doing be not in vain; And a blessing failing us once or twice May come if we try again. 1. Though is a subordinating conjunction denoting concession. It connects the adverbial clause Though doing be not in vain with the principal clause One doing will not suffice. 2. And is a coördinating conjunction implying addition. It connects the two main parts of the sentence. 3. Or is a coördinating conjunction implying choice. It connects the adverbs once and twice. 4. If is a subordinating conjunction denoting condition. It connects the adverbial clause if we try again with the principal clause a blessing failing us once or twice may come. CHAPTER VIII INTERJECTIONS 237. Uses of Interjections. We have learned (20) that an interjection is a word used to express strong or sudden feeling. With the possible exception of such expressions as "Oh for a chance!" "Alas for him!" interjections do not enter into construction with other words but are grammatically independent. Yet they are employed along with other words in the expression of thought and emotion, and in that sense are parts of speech. Interjections are used as follows: (1) To express feeling-joy, surprise, pain, sorrow, disappointment, disgust, or the like; as, oh, ah, ha, aha, hurrah, huzzah, hallelujah, alas, alack, heigh-ho, pshaw, pooh, bah, ugh, tut. The same interjection may express different feelings; as, Oh, how sudden (surprise)! Oh, how glad I am (joy)! Oh, how it hurts (pain)! (2) To attract attention, direct, or silence; as, ho, lo, hello, hallo, hollo, halloo, whoa, gee, haw, shoo, hist, 'st. (3) In imitation of a sound; as, bow-wow, tu-whit, tu-whoo, ding-dong. (4) In the place of a question; as, ah? eh? heh? EXERCISE 173 (1) Point out again the interjections in Exercise 16 and tell how each one is used. (2) Write sentences to illustrate the use of the following interjections: parts of speech are sometimes used with the force of interjections: (1) Nouns; as, mercy! heavens! goodness! (5) Adverbs; as, why! well! indeed! never! Caution. We should guard against an over use of exclamations. Such expressions are helpful in adding to the life and force of language, but, if used extravagantly, indicate a lack of good taste or self-control. EXERCISE 174 (1) Point out the words used as interjections in Exercise 29 and classify each. (2) Write sentences to illustrate the use of a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, a verb, and an adverb as interjections. |