tious addition of protochloride of tin; the insoluble portion being then separated, bichromate of potash recovers and throws down the indigo blue, which when washed with hydrochloric acid is collected and weighed. Others adopt the plan of first taking up impurities by a succession of appropriate solvents; these impurities are chiefly resinous and gummy matters. The pure indigo has also been obtained by another process dependent on its property of volatilizing at the temperature of about 550° F., and condensing in needle-shaped and prismatic crystals. The operation is hastened by mixing the indigo with water and twice its weight of plaster of Paris to a paste, which is spread on an iron plate. Heated over a spirit lamp, the steam and vapor of indigo separate together, and the latter collects in beautiful velvety crystals, upon the surface of the mass. The pure substance melts nearly at the temperature at which it sublimes, and is also charred and decomposed at about the same. It also ignites and burns with a bright flame, giving off much smoke. The crystals have a beautiful and intense copper color, and when in thin plates they present by transmitted light a splendid blue. Their composition is represented by the formula C16H10Ñ2O2. The substance resists in a remarkable degree the action of the ordinary solvents (sulphuric acid excepted), unless it be first deoxidized, when it readily dissolves in alkalies. The conversion into colorless indigo, though called deoxidation, appears to be rather an accession of two atoms of hydrogen, which, according to Liebig, unite. with one of the oxygen present, giving to the body the composition of a hydrate, having the formula C16H10N2O+ H2O or C16H12N2O2; the indigo blue in this case being an oxide of the same body, C16H10N2O. The facility with which the change is effected, and the readiness with which the indigo regains its blue color and insolubility by exposure to the air, admirably adapt the substance for use as a dye. It is applied in the solvent state to the fabric steeped in the liquid; and when the cloth is exposed to the air, the insoluble substance is developed with its characteristic color and fixed in the fibres. Sulphuric acid dissolves indigo blue without changing its color to red, the usual action of acids upon vegetable blues; and when the substance is digested for three days with 15 parts of concentrated sulphuric acid, a deep blue pasty mass is obtained, which dissolves completely in water, and under the name of sulphindylic acid, or more properly hyposulphoindigotic acid, is often used in dyeing, and also in the manufacture of the blue inks. Many other beautiful and highly interesting bodies result from this chemical change, and still more from the oxidation of indigo blue; and still another series from its treatment with the alkalies. These have received much attention from eminent chemists, and are particularly treated in Dumas's Traité de chimie appliquée aux arts, vol. viii., in Brande's

"Manual of Chemistry," and in Muspratt's "Chemistry.”—Indigo has been somewhat used in medicine, but is not at present recognized as a remedy of value. It sometimes produces nausea and vomiting. It colors the stools bluish black, and also passes into the urine. Indican has occasionally been found in the urine when no indigo has been taken. dose is from 30 to 120 grains.

The

INDIGO BIRD (cyanospiza cyanea, Baird), a North American finch, of a blue color, tinged with ultramarine on the head, throat, and middle of breast, and elsewhere with verdigris green; lores and angle of chin velvet black, and wing feathers brown edged with bluish brown. The length is about 5 in., and the extent of wings 74; the female is smaller, and yellowish brown with the wings darker. It is found in the eastern United States, as far west as the Missouri, and south to Guatemala; it ar

Indigo Bird (Cyanospiza cyanea).-1. Male. 2. Female. rives in the southern states from Mexico and Central America about the middle of April with the painted finch (C. ciris), and like this is caught in traps for sale. It prefers open places on the edges of woods; perched on the top of a high tree, it delights to sing its clear and sweetly modulated strain, consisting of eight or ten notes. Though less handsome than the painted finch, its shape is elegant and compact, and its manners very lively, so that it is in request as a cage bird. The nest is made among the rankest grass, and the eggs, four to six, are blue, with one or two purple spots on the larger end. They migrate southward in the autumn. The food is small seeds and insects.

INDIUM, a rare metal discovered in 1863 by Professors Reich and Richter of Freiberg, Saxony, by means of spectrum analysis, and so named from two indigo-colored lines in the more refrangible part of the spectrum. It was originally detected in the zinc blende of Freiberg, and has since been found by Böttger in the flue dust of the zinc furnaces at Goslar, by

present country from some place N. of Assam. They were the conquerors of the ancient empire of Kamarupa, and the founders of the dynasty of Ha-tsung-tsa. The Garrows live W. | of the Cossyah mountains; the Changlos inhabit the upper valley of the Brahmapootra; the Miris the hilly country N. of Luckimpoor; the Abors the mountainous region S. of the Himalaya; the Singphos the N. portion of the Burmese empire; and the Mikirs the district of Nowgong in central Assam. To this division also belong the numerous Naga tribes, or Kwaphis according to their own designation; they inhabit the regions W. of the river Kopili, E. of the mountains which separate Assam from the Bor-Khamti country, and N. of the valley of Assam. The Khyeng inhabit the Youmadoung range which separates Aracan from the valley of the Irrawaddy. The Karens live in the mountains of Aracan, in Pegu, and in southern Burmah; also in the valleys of the Irrawaddy and the Salwen. The Sabaing who dwell in the valley of Sittoung, near the city of Toungoo, also belong to this group. -The aborigines of the Indo-Chinese peninsula are probably all the tribes inhabiting principally its mountainous districts and river embouchures. They were driven back to these regions by the Anam and Thai races who immigrated and settled in the valleys. They are barbarous nations, on whom neither Buddhism nor Chinese civilization has produced any impression. Among them may be mentioned the Mons, in the delta of the Irrawaddy, called Talaing by the Burmese; the Khomens or inhabitants of Cambodia, dwelling near the Mekong; the Tsiampas, S. of the Anamese, who call them Lau; the Kwantos, who are the real aborigines of Tonquin and live in the mountains on the frontier of China; and the Mois, W. of Cochin China. Several travellers have described the last as being essentially of a negro type.-The Thai is the dominant race of the Indo-Chinese peninsula. The Siamese are the Thais proper, and the most numerous, The Burmese, Chinese, and Anamese give them the name of Shian, whence comes the Portuguese Sião, and our Siam. The Laos inhabit the interior and the north of the peninsula; they are subdivided into white Laos (Lau-pang-kah) and black Laos (Lau-pang-dun). Other Thai races are the Ahoms, Khamtis, and Cossyahs. The Anamese inhabit Tonquin and Cochin China; they are not as closely related to their western neighbors as to the Chinese.-Several uncivilized races, which differ from the Chinese proper in language, religion, and manners, seem to be, and are called, the aborigines of China. They adhere to the Shamanism of the people of High Asia. The most important races among them are the Sifan, the Miautze, and the Lolo. The Sifans inhabit the mountainous regions W. of the Chinese provinces Shensi and Szechuen on the upper course of the tributaries of the Hoang-ho and Yangtse-kiang.

They are mentioned in the annals of China from A. D. 634, and are at present tributary to the Chinese. They lead a nomadic life, raise sheep, and live in tents. The Miautze are scattered over portions of several provinces, especially in Szechuen, Kweichow, Hunan, Hupeh, Yunnan, Kwangsi, and on the frontier land of Kwangtung. It is supposed that the inhabitants of Hainan are related to them. The Lolos are the aborigines of Yunnan in S. China; they are good miners and skilled forgers of weapons. In the ancient annals of China two barbaric races are mentioned, the Man and the Y; but it has not been determined whether they were distinct races, or related to those already described.-The IndoChinese languages, if we include those spoken in Thibet and China, comprise all the monosyllabic languages known. The language now spoken in Cochin China is to be considered, according to Max Müller, as a dialect of Chinese, at least as much as Norman French was a dialect of French. The Chinese was grafted on the Anamitic, the native language of Cochin China; yet few Chinese scholars would recognize their language in that of Cochin China. For instance, it is one of the most characteristic features of the literary Chinese, the dialect of Nankin, or the idiom of the mandarins, that every syllable ends in a vowel, either pure or nasal. In Cochin-Chinese, on the contrary, we find words ending in k, t, p; thus ten is thap, at Canton chap, instead of the Chinese tchi. In Chinese, Anamitic, Burmese, Siamese, and all other monosyllabic tongues, there are six or eight musical accents or modulations by which the different meanings of the same monosyllabic root are kept distinct. The Chinese has no more than about 450 distinct sounds, and with them it expresses between 40,000 and 50,000 words or meanings. Thus, in Anamitic, ba pronounced with the grave accent means either a lady or an ancestor; pronounced with the sharp accent, the favorite of a prince; with the semi-grave accent, what has been thrown away; with the grave circumflex, what is left of a fruit after it has been squeezed; with no accent, three; with the ascending or interrogative accent, a box on the ear. Thus the series Ba, bà, bá, bá means, if properly pronounced, "Three ladies gave a box on the ear to the favorite of the prince." The difference between the speech of the Siamese and their_neighbors the Burmese is very marked. The Burmese use an excessive number of triple consonants, mlw and similar combinations; but in nothing is the difference more noticeable than in the frequent use by the Burmese of the th sound, uttered with a strong guttural breathing, where the Siamese use s. The two alphabets also are very dissimilar in form, the Burmese using a round character derived from Ceylon, while the Siamese have a comparatively square character supposed to be derived from the ancient Cambodian letters still used for their sacred books, and generally for the

Pali language, and which in turn appears to be a form of the Devanagari. The Laos in N.. Siam speak a mixed dialect of which Siamese is the principal component, and use the Burmese alphabet.-See De Carné's "Travels in Indo-China and the Chinese Empire" (London, 1872), and Vincent's “Land of the White Elephant" (London, 1874).

INDO-EUROPEAN RACES AND LANGUAGES. See ARYAN RACE AND LANGUAGE, and GERMANIC RACES AND LANGUAGES.

INDORE. I. A native state of India, constituting the dominions of the Mahratta chief, the maharajah Holkar, and consisting of several isolated tracts scattered over a large part of central India; aggregate area, 8,318 sq. m.; pop. about 850,000. It is bounded S. and W. by Dhar and the territory of the Bombay presidency, and N. and E. by Sindia and the rajahship of Dewass. It is traversed E. and W. by the Vindhya mountains, and the Satpoora range runs in the same direction along its S. border. The valley between these ridges is watered by the Nerbudda flowing W. The N. part of this tract, and most of the other portions of Holkar's territory, belong to the great table land of Malwah. The N. districts are watered by the Chumbul and its feeders. The soil is generally fertile, producing wheat and other grain, opium, pulse, sugar cane, cotton, and tobacco. The inhabitants comprise Mahrattas, the dominant race, Bheels, Gonds, and a few Mohammedans. The Bheels are supposed to be the aborigines. The Gonds or Khoonds are numerous in all this part of India, and have given their name to the region of Gondwana, which extends S. from Indore. (See BHEELS, GONDS, and MAHRATTAS.) Like all states in subsidiary alliance with the British government, Indore is occupied by British forces, which protect it against invasion, and maintain the authority of the maharajah. The British government receives in return an annual subsidy, which may be paid, if preferred, by cession of territory, and reserves the right of interference in cases of bad government on the part of the native chief.—In 1733 the town and district of Indore were given by the peishwa to Mulhar Row (or Rao) Holkar, a Mahratta leader, born a shepherd, who had risen by his courage and talents as a soldier. He died in 1766, and was succeeded by a grandson, who soon died insane, leaving the sovereignty to his mother, Alia Baee, who retained it for 30 years. In 1797 the commander of her forces, Tookajee Holkar, died, and his illegitimate son, Jeswunt Row Holkar, seized the government. He was expelled by the Sindia family, but reinstated himself in 1802. He inaugurated an extensive system of plunder, for which the British authorities made war on him. He advanced on Delhi at the head of 60,000 horse, but was defeated by Lord Lake in two engagements. In 1805 he entered the Punjaub with a new army, but was closely followed by Lake, and in December concluded a treaty which left him in possession of nearly

all his dominions. and his mistress Toolsee Bye acted as regent for Mulhar Row Holkar, his natural son by another woman, until she was murdered in 1817, and young Mulhar was seized by the army, which, ostensibly under his command, began hostilities against the British. After a decisive battle at Mahidpoor, Dec. 21, 1817, a treaty was signed in January, 1818, by which the Mahrattas ceded a large part of their territory and retained the rest under British protection. Mulhar Row died in 1833; his successor, Martund Row, was dethroned to make room for Hurree Row, an imbecile prince, who left the government to his adopted son Kumdee; and when the last named died without heirs, the East India company assumed the right of nominating as his successor Mulkerjee Row Holkar, who took the reins of government in February, 1852. At the outbreak of the mutiny in 1857 he attempted to take the field for the British; but many of his troops deserted, and the remainder held him a prisoner in his palace and massacred a large number of Europeans. II. A town, capital of the state, situated in a plain on the left bank of the small river Kutki, 13 m. N. W. of the British military station of Mhow, and 317 m. N. E. of Bombay; pop. about 15,000. It is an ill-built place, contains a few mosques, several Hindoo temples, and the palace of Holkar, and has no handsome edifices except the houses of the English inhabitants. The palace, of granite, which fronts on an open place, is over 300 ft. square and six stories high, enclosing a court surrounded by pillars of black wood. Its style of architecture is impure Saracenic. The town is walled, but its defences are of no great strength. There is a British resident here. The present town is comparatively modern, the ancient Indore being on the opposite side of the river. Indore was plundered in 1801 by Sindia, and in 1804 it was occupied by a British force under Col. Murray, who surrendered it on the conclusion of peace in the following year.

He died insane in 1811,

INDORSEMENT, or Endorsement. See ExCHANGE, PROMISSORY NOTE, and NEGOTIABLE PAPER.

INDRE, a central department of France, formed chiefly from the old province of Berry, bordering on Loir-et-Cher, Cher, Creuse, Haute-Vienne, Vienne, and Indre-et-Loire; area, 2,624 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 277,693. The surface is mostly level, and presents three marked and distinct divisions: Bois Chaud, where the farms are small, and the scenery varied from the number of its hedges, hedge rows, and woods; Champagne, a flat treeless region, without hedge or shrubby enclosure of any kind; and La Brenne, a low district, covered in part with shallow ponds, the mephitic exhalations of which are very unhealthful. The principal rivers are the Indre, Creuse, Claise, Arnon, and Fouzon. The Indre rises in the department of Cher, and joins the Loire after a Ñ. W. and W. course of about 130 m.,