May 1, 1308, near Windisch, in Switzerland, | 576 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 9,152, of whom 613 assailing him as he was crossing the river Reuss on his way to Brugg. The murderers, who had been disguised as monks, escaped separately, and John fled to Italy, where according to some accounts he ended his life in Pisa, April 13, 1313, after having received absolution from Pope Clement V. at Avignon. But this story is doubtful, as well as that of his having spent the rest of his life as a hermit on his estate of Eigen without being recognized, and that he only made himself known at the time of his death in 1368. The emperor's daughter Agnes, the widow of Andrew III. of Hungary, and her mother, the dowager empress Elizabeth, being unable to lay hands on the conspirators, doomed to death thousands of their innocent relatives, friends, and vassals, destroying their abodes and confiscating their property. One of the conspirators, Rudolph von Palm, was beheaded in the presence of Agnes and Elizabeth, with 63 other knights and their armbearers, while Agnes held a wreath of roses in her hand and exclaimed exultingly that "she was bathing in the dew of May," referring to the shedding of her father's blood on the first of May. Rudolph von der Wart, another conspirator, having been surrendered by the Burgundian count Blamont, to whom he had fled, was broken on the wheel after having been submitted in his wife's presence to fearful tortures. Part of the proceeds of her victims' estates was appropriated by Agnes toward the establishment of the nunnery of Königsfelden, on the site where her father had been slain, and where she died, May 13, 1364, but without having been able to satiate her revenge on John himself. He was however outlawed by her father's successor, Henry VII. of Luxemburg. Schiller introduces John in his Wilhelm Tell. were colored. The surface is moderately uneven, and the soil is fertile, but not uniformly so. The Little Rock and Fort Smith railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 13,864 bushels of wheat, 275,185 of Indian corn, 21,159 of oats, 7,048 of Irish and 16,890 of sweet potatoes, 11,915 lbs. of tobacco, 70,493 of butter, and 4,489 bales of cotton. There were 3,341 horses, 2,958 milch cows, 4,708 other cattle, 3,135 sheep, and 18,906 swine. Capital, Clarksville. IV. The N. E. county of Tennessee, bordering on Virginia and North Carolina, and having the Alleghany mountains on its S. E. boundary; area, 300 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 5,852, of whom 418 were colored. It is watered by Watauga river and its branches. The surface is mountainous and thickly wooded, and the county is rich in iron. The chief productions in 1870 were 16,484 bushels of wheat, 13,397 of rye, 85,782 of Indian corn, 34,682 of oats, 10,671 of potatoes, 11,333 lbs. of wool, 72,041 of butter, and 1,513 tons of hay. There were 951 horses, 1,601 milch cows, 2,579 other cattle, 6,004 sheep, 5,271 swine, and 7 iron forges and rolling mills. Capital, Taylorsville. V. An E. county of Kentucky, traversed by the W. fork of Big Sandy river; area, 140 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 7,494, of whom 37 were colored. It abounds in sandstone and coal, and has a hilly surface with a sandy but fertile soil. The chief productions in 1870 were 9,482 bushels of wheat, 256,256 of Indian corn, 30,310 of oats, 13,341 of potatoes, 14,481 lbs. of tobacco, 13,798 of wool, and 81,082 of butter. There were 1,129 horses, 1,537 milch cows, 1,088 working oxen, 2,352 other cattle, 8,105 sheep, and 9,277 swine. Capital, Paintville. VI. A central county of Indiana, watered by the W. fork of White river and several smaller streams; area, 320 sq. JOHNSON, the name of eleven counties in the m.; pop. in 1870, 18,366. The surface is modUnited States. I. An E. central county of erately uneven, and the soil is chiefly a rich Georgia, bounded W. by the Oconee river, and loam. The Jeffersonville, Madison, and Indrained by the Great Ohoopee; area, about dianapolis and the Cincinnati and Martinsville 250 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 2,964, of whom 915 railroads traverse it. The chief productions were colored. The surface is undulating. The in 1870 were 544,917 bushels of wheat, 1,240,chief productions in 1870 were 47,229 bushels 221 of Indian corn, 50,392 of potatoes,45,363 lbs. of Indian corn, 7,168 of sweet potatoes, and of wool, 300,915 of butter, and 6,376 tons of 1,558 bales of cotton. There were 374 horses, hay. There were 6,319 horses, 4,279 milch 680 milch cows, 755 other cattle, 1,306 sheep, cows, 8,233 other cattle, 13,775 sheep, and and 4,571 swine. Capital, Wrightsville. II. 30,006 swine; 2 manufactories of agricultural A N. E. county of Texas, bounded S. W. by implements, 11 of brick, 13 of carriages, 3 of Brazos river; area, 594 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, clothing, 7 of cooperage, 5 of brick and stone 4,923, of whom 279 were colored. The surface masonry, 8 of saddlery and harness, 1 of starch, is undulating; the soil is well adapted to wheat, 2 of woollen goods, 2 leather-currying estaband is generally fertile. Prairie and timber lishments, 11 flour mills, 2 planing mills, and lands are distributed in nearly equal quantities. 14 saw mills. Capital, Franklin. VII. A S. The chief productions in 1870 were 5,694 bush-county of Illinois, drained by Cache river; area, els of wheat, 155,435 of Indian corn, 6,718 of oats, 7,297 of sweet potatoes, and 1,212 bales of cotton. There were 6,343 horses, 2,549 milch cows, 16,396 other cattle, 1,212 sheep, and 8,758 swine. Capital, Cleburn. III. A N. W. county of Arkansas, bounded S. by Arkansas river, which is here navigable by steamboats; area, 486 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 11,248. It has a level surface and a good soil. The chief productions in 1870 were 92,191 bushels of wheat, 343,298 of Indian corn, 74,525 of oats, 19,764 of Irish and 7,076 of sweet potatoes, 307,013 lbs. of tobacco, 21,663 of wool, 99,725 of butter, 2,327 tons of hay, and 33 bales of cotton. There were 2,247 horses, 926 mules and asses, 1,846 milch cows, 2,202 other cattle, 9,563 sheep, and 13,988 swine. Capital, Vienna. VIII. A S. E. county of Iowa, drained by Iowa river, which is navigable by small steamboats in the S. part; area, 324 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 24,898. The surface is moderately uneven and the soil remarkably fertile. The Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 503,141 bushels of wheat, 2,147,570 of Indian corn, 491,137 of oats, 104,889 of potatoes, 674,500 lbs. of flax, 69,796 of wool, 594,573 of butter, 32,962 of cheese, and 40,659 tons of hay. There were 9,989 horses, 9,628 milch cows, 15,902 other cattle, 16,975 sheep, and 40,456 swine; 7 manufactories of carriages, 1 of linseed oil, 1 of wrapping paper, 5 of saddlery and harness, 5 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 2 of woollen goods, 3 breweries, 6 flour mills, 1 planing mill, and 4 saw mills. Capital, Iowa City. IX. A W. county of Missouri, drained by branches of Black river; area, 785 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 24,648, of whom 1,458 were colored. The surface is mostly prairie, diversified with large tracts of timber. The soil is generally good and suitable for pasturage, and there are rich beds of coal. The Pacific railroad of Missouri passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 462,990 bushels of wheat, 1,946,741 of Indian corn, 356,351 of oats, 106,731 of potatoes, 18,700 lbs. of tobacco, 43,256 of wool, 367,464 of butter, and 12,049 tons of hay. There were 9,732 horses, 2,137 mules and asses, 7,161 milch cows, 14,516 other cattle, 16,865 sheep, and 36,152 swine; 2 manufactories of agricultural implements, 5 of carriages, 1 of iron castings, 6 of saddlery and harness, 5 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 5 flour mills, and 3 saw mills. Capital, Warrensburg. X. An E. county of Kansas, bordering on Missouri, and bounded N. W. by Kansas river; area, 472 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 13,684. It is watered by several streams, and has a fertile soil. The Kansas City and Santa Fé division of the Leavenworth, Lawrence, and Galveston railroad, and the Missouri River, Fort Scott, and Gulf line pass through the county. The chief productions in 1870 were 71,835 bushels of wheat, 1,074,186 of Indian corn, 335,056 of oats, 112,046 of potatoes, 219,358 lbs. of butter, 24,850 of cheese, and 16,399 tons of hay. There were 4,798 horses, 4,518 milch cows, 6,701 other cattle, 3,691 sheep, and 10,342 swine. Capital, Olathe. XI. A S. E. county of Nebraska, intersected by the Big Nemaha river, and drained by the S. fork of the Little Nemaha; area, about 375 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 3,429. It contains extensive fertile prairies, with good timber along the streams. Coal and limestone are abundant. The chief productions in 1870 were 81,454 bushels of wheat, 113,495 of Indian corn, 32,914 of oats, 21,341 of potatoes, 58,107 lbs. of butter, and 4,545 tons of hay. There were 671 horses, 533 milch cows, 999 other cattle, and 1,442 swine. Capital, Tecumseh. JOHNSON, Alexander Bryan, an American author, born at Gosport, England, May 29, 1786, died in Utica, N. Y., Sept. 9, 1867. He came to the United States in 1801, and settled at Utica, where he was a banker for many years. He was admitted to the bar, but never practised. From his youth he had given all his leisure to the study of problems in intellectual philosophy, and especially of the relations between knowledge and language. He attempted to show the ultimate meaning of words, apart from their meaning as related to each other in ordinary definition, and thus to ascertain the nature of human knowledge as it exists independent of the words in which it is expressed. His publications include "Philosophy of Human Knowledge, or a Treatise on Language" (New York, 1828); "Treatise on Language, or the Relation which Words bear to Things" (1836); "Religion in its Relation to the Present Life" (1840), in which he aims to establish the congruity of Christian precepts with man's physical, intellectual, and emotional nature; "The Meaning of Words Analyzed into Words and Unverbal Things, and Unverbal Things Classified into Intellections, Sensations, and Emotions" (1854), in which he confesses that he had been 50 years in arriving at a clear comprehension of the object of his search; "Physiology of the Senses, or How and What we See, Hear, Taste, Feel, and Smell" (1856); "Encyclopædia of Instruction, or Apologues and Breviates on Men and Manners" (1857); and several works on financial and political topics. JOHNSON, Andrew, seventeenth president of the United States, born in Raleigh, N. C., Dec. 29, 1808. His father, Jacob Johnson, who died in 1812, was city constable, sexton, and porter of the state bank. Extreme poverty prevented Andrew from receiving any schooling, and at the age of 10 he was apprenticed to Mr. Selby, a tailor. A gentleman was in the habit of visiting the shop and reading to the workmen, generally from "The American Speaker;" and Andrew became intensely interested, especially in the extracts from the speeches of Pitt and Fox. He determined to learn to read, and having done this, he devoted all his leisure hours to the perusal of such books as he could obtain. In the summer of 1824, a few months before his apprenticeship expired, he got into trouble by throwing stones at an old woman's house, and ran away to avoid the consequences. He went to Laurens Court House, S. C., and obtained work as a journeyman tailor. In May, 1826, he returned to Raleigh. Mr. Selby had moved into the country, and Johnson walked 20 miles to see him, apologized for his misdemeanor, and promised to pay him for the unfulfilled portion of his apprenticeship. Selby required security, which Johnson could not furnish; and in September he went to Tennessee, taking with him his mother, who was dependent upon him for support. He worked for to congress from the first district of Tennessee in 1843, took his seat in December of that year, and held it by successive reëlections for ten years. During this time he advocated the bill refunding the tax imposed on Gen. Jackson at New Orleans, the annexation of Texas, the war with Mexico, the tariff of 1846, and general retrenchment in the expenses of the government. He sustained President Polk in his acceptance of the parallel of 49° as a settlement of the Oregon boundary question, and was conspicuous in urging the passage of a homestead law. On Aug..2, 1848, he delivered an elaborate speech in favor of the veto power. In 1853 he was elected governor of Tennessee, over Gustavus A. Henry, the whig candidate ; and in 1855 he was reëlected, over Meredith P. Gentry, candidate of the whigs and the "knownothings." The contest was exciting, and violence and threats of murder were frequent. At one meeting Johnson appeared with a pistol in his hand, laid it on the desk, and said: "Fel a year at Greenville, during which time he married, and, after a vain search for a more desirable home further west, finally settled there. Thus far his education had been limited to reading; but now, under his wife's instruction, he learned to write and cipher. Taking an interest in local politics, he organized in 1828 a working men's party, to oppose the socalled aristocratic element which had always ruled the town. Considerable excitement ensued, and Johnson was elected alderman by a large majority. He was reëlected in each of the two following years, and in 1830 was chosen mayor, which office he held three years. During a portion of this time he was prominent in a debating society formed by some young men of the neighborhood and students of Greenville college. One of the students says: 66 On approaching the village, there stood on the hill by the highway a soli- | tary little house, perhaps ten feet square. We invariably entered when passing. It contained a bed, two or three stools, and a tailor's plat-low citizens, I have been informed that part of form. Here we delighted to stop, because one lived here whom we knew outside of school, and made us welcome; one who would amuse us by his social good nature, taking more than ordinary interest in catering to our pleasure.' In 1834 the county court elected Johnson a trustee of Rhea academy; and in that year he was also active in securing the adoption of the new constitution of the state. In the summer of 1835 he offered himself as candidate for a seat in the lower house of the legislature, and announced that he was a democrat. Meeting with a cool reception from the leaders of that party, he entered the canvass personally, and in his first speech made such a vigorous and well sustained attack on the political career of his whig opponent that their opposition soon ceased, and he was elected. The most important measure brought before that legislature was a bill which involved the state in a debt of $4,000,000, for a vast scheme of internal improvements, consisting chiefly of macadamized and turnpike roads. Johnson strenuously opposed it, on the ground that no such debt should be incurred until the question had been submitted to the people, and predicted that the scheme would only result in a squandering of the money, without securing the benefits it promised. The bill became a law, and was so popular that in the election of 1837 Johnson failed to be returned to his seat. But before the expiration of the next two years the evils he predicted had developed themselves; many of the works were abandoned, and some of the companies had defrauded the state. In 1839 he was again elected. In the presidential contest of 1840 he canvassed eastern Tennessee in favor of Mr. Van Buren, and was a candidate on the democratic ticket for elector at large. In 1841 he was elected to the state senate, into which he introduced a judicious measure for internal improvements in the eastern part of the state. He was elected the business to be transacted on the present occasion is the assassination of the individual who now has the honor of addressing you. I beg respectfully to propose that this be the first business in order. Therefore if any man has come here to-night for the purpose indicated, I do not say to him, let him speak, but let him shoot.' After pausing for a moment, with his hand on his pistol, he said: " "Gentlemen, it appears that I have been misinformed. I will now proceed to address you on the subject that has called us together."-On Dec. 7, 1857, Mr. Johnson took his seat in the United States senate, to which he had been elected for a full term by the legislature of Tennessee. Here, as in the lower house, he persistently urged the passage of a bill giving 160 acres of the public land to any citizen who would settle upon it and cultivate it a certain number of years; and he was soon recognized as the leading advocate of that measure. The bill was finally passed by more than a two-thirds vote in each house; but President Buchanan vetoed it, and the veto was sustained. In 1858 Johnson was one of the foremost opponents of the bill introduced by Jefferson Davis to increase the standing army because of the troubles in Utah, and offered a substitute which authorized the raising of 4,000 volunteers, to be dismissed when the trouble was over; which was modified so as to authorize two regiments of 18-months' men, and passed. In 1859 he was conspicuous in his efforts to secure the passage of a bill to retrench the government expenses, and in his opposition to the Pacific railroad. On the question of slavery, Johnson as a southern man and a democrat generally went with his party. He accepted slavery as an existing institution, protected by the constitution, but believed it would some day come to an end, and held that it must be kept subordinate to the Union at every hazard. He opposed the compromise measures of 1850, but finally voted for But them. In the Charleston-Baltimore democratic | upon as indicating the policy of the federal adconvention of 1860 he was the presidential can- ministration; but it produced little effect on the didate of the Tennessee delegation. In the secession element in Tennessee. He next adcanvass which followed he supported Brecken- dressed a letter to the mayor and council of ridge and Lane, the candidates of the ultra Nashville, requiring them to take the oath of southern wing of his party. But when the allegiance. They refused, and he immediately purposes of the leaders of that wing became declared their offices vacant, and appointed apparent, and secession was actually intro- other citizens to fill them temporarily. Two duced, he took ground against them, and in a months later, to protect Unionists from outspeech delivered in the senate, Dec. 18 and 19, rage at the hands of roving bands of secessionset forth the injustice and folly of the move-ists, he issued a proclamation of which the folment, and placed himself unreservedly on the lowing is the essential portion: "In every inside of the government. The legislature of stance in which a Union man is arrested and Tennessee having voted the state out of the maltreated by the marauding bands aforesaid, Union, in spite of the fact that the people had five or more rebels, from the most prominent voted down a proposition for a convention on in the immediate neighborhood, shall be arthe subject, a reign of terror began there, and rested, imprisoned, and otherwise dealt with Johnson, returning home in May, 1861, was in as the nature of the case may require; and furperil of his life. On one occasion a mob en- ther, in all cases where the property of citizens tered a railroad car with the intention of loyal to the government of the United States lynching him; but he met them boldly, pistol is taken or destroyed, full and ample remunerin hand, and they retired. In nearly every ation shall be made to them out of the propercity of the state he was burned in effigy. He ty of such rebels in the vicinity as have symtook a prominent part in the East Tennessee pathized with, and given aid, comfort, informaUnion convention of May 30, and on his arri- tion, or encouragement to the parties commitval at Cincinnati (June 19) he received an ova- ting such depredations." Three days after istion from the loyal citizens. On Jan. 31, 1862, suing this proclamation, he addressed a Union he spoke in favor of the expulsion from the meeting at Nashville in a three-hour speech, senate of Jesse D. Bright of Indiana. In the which was most enthusiastically received. winter of 1861-'2 large numbers of Unionists Here the tide of affairs seemed to turn, and were driven from their homes in East Tennes- similar meetings in various parts of the state see, and sought refuge in Kentucky. Mr. greatly strengthened the Union cause. Johnson met them there, relieved the imme- Tennessee was still overrun by guerillas, and diate wants of many from his own purse, and Johnson pursued his task amid continual perused his influence with the government for the sonal peril. He showed courage and ability in establishment of Camp Dick Robinson, where maintaining order in Nashville while it was these refugees found shelter, food, and cloth- threatened by Gen. Bragg, and preventing the ing, and were to a large extent organized into evacuation or surrender of the place, in provicompanies and mustered into the national ser- ding for Union refugees, and in raising troops vice. His own wife and child had been turned for the government. On Dec. 8, 1862, he issued out of their home, and his nine slaves confis- a proclamation ordering elections to fill vacancated.-On March 4, 1862, President Lincoln cies in the 37th congress; and on the 15th an nominated Andrew Johnson to be military order levying five monthly assessments on cergovernor of Tennessee; the senate confirmed tain citizens of Nashville, "in behalf of the the nomination; and on the 12th of that many helpless widows, wives, and children in month he reached Nashville and assumed the the city of Nashville who have been reduced duties of the office. The insurgent state gov- to poverty and wretchedness in consequence ernment had been moved to Memphis when of their husbands, sons, and fathers having the capital was occupied by national troops. been forced into the armies of this unholy and On March 18 Governor Johnson issued a pro- nefarious rebellion." On Feb. 20, 1863, he isclamation which recited briefly the history sued a proclamation warning all persons who of the state, the means by which it had occupied property belonging to "traitors" not been placed in hostility to the federal gov- to pay the rents until a person should be apernment, the reëstablishment of the national pointed to receive them in the name of the authority, and the abdication of the governor United States. In a speech at Columbus, Ohio, and dissolution of the legislature; announced March 3, he expressed his belief that slavery his own appointment as military governor, and would be extinguished by the war, but declared his purpose to fill the state and county offices that the emancipation proclamation would not by appointment until order could be restored; at all affect the question. On the first Saturand declared that, "while it may become ne- day in March, 1864, by his order, elections were cessary, in vindicating the violated majesty of held for state and county officers, and the usual the law and reasserting its imperial sway, to machinery of civil government was once more punish intelligent and conscious treason in set in motion.-On June 7, 1864, the republihigh places, no merely retaliatory or vindictive can convention at Baltimore, having renomipolicy will be adopted." This proclamation nated Mr. Lincoln for the presidency, nomiattracted wide attention, because it was looked | nated Andrew Johnson for the vice presidency. He accepted the nomination in a long letter, in which he set forth fully his views on the questions at issue. On Sept. 30 he issued a proclamation ordering an election in Tennessee for presidential electors, and prescribing a rigid test oath as the condition of suffrage. On his inauguration as vice president (March 4, 1865) Johnson delivered an incoherent address, which was severely censured. President Lincoln was assassinated on the evening of April 14, and died the next morning. The members of the cabinet, excepting Mr. Seward, at once addressed a note to Mr. Johnson announcing the fact, and urging his immediate qualification as president. Accordingly, at 10 o'clock he took the oath of office, in the presence of the chief justice, a portion of the cabinet, and several congressmen, at his room in a hotel. On April 17 he made a speech in which he said: "The American people must be taught, if they do not already feel, that treason is a crime and must be punished; that the government will not always bear with its enemies; that it is strong not only to protect, but to punish. In our peaceful history, treason has been almost unknown. The people must understand that it is the blackest of crimes and will be surely punished." Though in the same speech he said, "In regard to my future course I will now make no professions, no pledges," yet the whole country looked upon these expressions as foreshadowing a severe policy in dealing with the secessionists. But it soon became evident that this expectation was to be disappointed, and the result was the alienation from President Johnson of almost the entire body of the party that had elected him. On May 1 he appointed a military commission for the trial of those immediately concerned in the assassination conspiracy, and offered $100,000 for the arrest of Jefferson Davis, and smaller amounts for several others, on the ground that they had aided and incited that conspiracy. On May 9 a new set of rules regulating trade with the southern states was promulgated, and on June 24 all restrictions were removed. An order for the restoration of Virginia to her relations with the federal government was issued May 9; and on May 29 two proclamations were promulgated, one establishing a provisional government in South Carolina, the other granting a general amnesty, on condition of their taking an oath of allegiance, to all persons engaged in the rebellion, with the exception of 14 specified classes, persons included in any of which might obtain pardon by a special application to the president. The appointment of provisional governments for the other insurgent states followed at brief intervals. On the assembling of congress in December, a determined opposition on the part of the majority to the reconstruction policy of the president was at once developed. The point at issue was, whether the seceding states should be at once admitted to representation in congress, and resume all the rights they enjoyed before the civil war, without further guarantees of good faith than the surrender of their armies, and with no provision for protecting the emancipated blacks in the enjoyment of their freedom and securing them the full rights of citizenship. A joint committee of 15 was appointed, to which were referred all questions concerning the recognition of these states, and the credentials of all persons sent from them as senators or representatives were laid on the table, to await the action of that committee. Congress passed an act known as the "civil rights bill," and another for the extension of the freedmen's bureau, both of which the president vetoed, and the bills were then reconsidered and passed over the veto. In a speech delivered before the White House, Feb. 22, 1866, the president characterized the position assumed by congress as a new rebellion; and thereafter, in messages and speeches, he maintained an open hostility to the majority of that body. In June, 1866, a call was issued for a convention to be held at Philadelphia on Aug. 14, of delegates from every state and territory. Its specific object was not defined; but it was understood to be the foundation of a new party, on the basis of President Johnson's reconstruction policy. It failed of any practical effect, though some leading members of the dominant party attended or approved it. The members of President Lincoln's cabinet had remained in office; but in July the postmaster general, Mr. Denison, the attorney general, Mr. Speed, and the secretary of the interior, Mr. Harlan, resigned their offices, because of disagreement with the president; and their places were filled by A. W. Randall, Henry Stanbery, and O. H. Browning, respectively. On Aug. 28 President_Johnson, accompanied by Secretaries Seward, Welles, and Randall, Gen. Grant, Admiral Farragut, and others, left Washington for Chicago, to be present at the laying of the corner stone of a monument to Stephen A. Douglas. They went by way of Philadelphia, New York, and Albany; and at every important place the president addressed the assembled crowd, entering very fully into a discussion of his policy, and often denouncing the action of congress. An expression which he frequently repeated in these speeches gave rise to the popular quotation, swinging round the circle." The effect of this conduct upon himself was disastrous, and the autumn elections indicated a decided popular approval of the position maintained by congress. In June that body had resolved that no state should be readmitted until it had ratified the proposed 14th amendment to the constitution, which made all persons born or naturalized in the United States citizens thereof, and of the state wherein they resided; and in the session of 1866-27 it passed acts requiring the elective franchise to be granted without distinction of color in the territories before they should be admitted as states, and similarly extending the franchise in |