Romanos, contains the subjoined few passages:-Rom. xi. 33-36; xii. 1-5, 17-21; xiii. 1-5; xiv. 9-20; xv. 3-13. These fragments are inserted at the end of vol. ii. of Lye's Saxon, Gothic, and Latin Dictionary.

Both these codices have been greatly improved by means of those considerable fragments, which was the result of an important discovery made among the Codices Rescripti in the 'Ambrosiana,' or Ambrosian Library at Milan, by Cardinal Angelo Majo, in the year 1817. While examining two Codices Rescripti, Majo discovered in one of them some Gothic writing, which, ere long, proved to be fragments of the Book of Kings, Ezra, and Nehemiah. Thus encouraged, he continued his inquiries, and had the satisfaction to find four other Codices Rescripti, containing in like manner portions of Ulphilas' Gothic version. Having communicated his discoveries to Count Carlo Ottavio Castiglioni, the latter joined Majo in his inquiries, so that we are indebted to both these savans for whatever we know concerning some considerable portions of this interesting production. Availing ourselves of the labours of these distinguished men, we shall notice a few of the MSS. they discovered.

The first of them consists of 204 quarto pages; it is on vellum, and contains the Homilies of Gregory the Great on the Prophecies of Ezekiel, which, judging from their appearance or character, must have been produced about the eighth century. Beneath this are contained the Epistles of St. Paul to the Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, 1 and 2 of Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, as also a portion of the Gothic Calendar, all of which is written in a more ancient Gothic handwriting. The Epistles to the Romans, Corinthians, Ephesians, and to Timothy, constitute the main part of this interesting MS., and are almost entire. The titles of the Epistles are given at the heads of the pages on which they commence, and are pretty readable. Of the other Epistles, there are considerable fragments only. The whole seems to have been written by two different writers or copyists, as there exists a marked difference in the writing, the one being more finished and pleasing than the other. Some savans have traced various readings in some of the margins, which are said to be written in a very small hand,

The second manuscript consists of 156 quarto pages, on much thinner vellum. It contains St. Jerome's Exposition of Isaiah, written in Latin belonging to the eighth or ninth century. Under this Exposition may be seen the Gothic Version of St. Paul's Epistles to the Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, the two Epistles to the Thessalonians,.. and to Titus. What is wanting in the former MS. is found in this, which has some various readings peculiar to itself.

In the third manuscript, which is a Latin volume of a quarto size, are contained the plays of Plautus, and part of Seneca's Tragedies of Medea and Edipus. In this volume Cardinal Majo discovered fragments of the Books of Kings, Ezra and Nehemiah. This discovery is of the utmost importance, as being among the few fragments of Ulphilas' Version of the Old Testament extant. This fact, moreover, furnishes a refutation of the assertion that Ulphilas designedly omitted the Books of Kings for the reasons already alluded to. The date of the Latin writing of this MS. is supposed to be the eighth or ninth century.

The fourth and last manuscript which we shall notice, consists of a single sheet in small quarto, and contains four pages of the Gospel according to St. John in Latin, under which are found the very fragments of chaps. xxv. xxvi. and xxvii. of the Gospel of St. Matthew, which are wanting in the Codex Argenteus.

All these manuscripts are written in broad and thin characters, without any division of words or of chapters, but with contractions of proper names, not unlike those we find in ancient Greek MSS. Some sections have been discovered which are indicated by numeral marks or larger spaces, and sometimes by large letters. The Gothic writing is said to belong to the sixth century.

Until of late two opinions have prevailed among the learned concerning the original language of the Codex Argenteus. The one opinion, namely, that it is written in the language and character used by the Goths of Moesia during the fourth century, and is a true copy of the version made by Ulphilas, is maintained by Junius, Archbishop Benzelius, and other foreign writers. The other opinion, that it is a translation in the Frankish dialect, is defended by Michaelis, Wetstein, and others. Among the English writers who are of the former opinion, are David Wilkins, Mr. Coxe, etc. In this they are confirmed by a clever work of Ihre, from which it would appear that several specimens of the Ostro-Gothic tongue have been discovered in Italy, which perfectly resemble the character and language of the version contained in the Codex Argenteus. However this may be, one thing is quite clear, viz. that this MS. must be regarded as the most ancient specimen extant of the Teutonic or German language. Those who ascribe the version to Ulphilas, assign its date to the fourth century; whereas those who consider it to be a Frankish version, allow it to have been copied in the reign of Childeric, between 564 and 587. However, it has of late been proved, beyond a shadow of doubt, that the language of the Codex Argenteus, is the so-called Moso-Gothic, an opinion in which we fully coincide.

The

The whole of Ulphilas' version as it now exists, comprises very large portions of the Gospels, the Epistles of St. Paul, the Books of Kings, Ezra, Nehemiah, the Maccabees, and some parts

of the Psalms.

This naturally leads us to an inquiry into the various editions of this translation, which have been published since the latter end of the 17th century, up to the present day. Omitting, therefore, now and then the full title of an edition, we shall confine ourselves to those that are most valued, mentioning the editor's name wherever it is given, and noticing briefly at the same time their merits and demerits, as occasion may require.

1. By Franciscus Junius, Dortrecht, 1665, 2 vols. 4to., and Amsterdam, 1684. The full title of this work has already been given above. This is a very beautiful edition in Gothic and Anglo-Saxon in parallel columns, printed with Gothic characters; and is enriched with some excellent critical observations on the Gothic and Anglo-Saxon, by Dr. Thomas Marshall, late Dean of Gloucester, and with a glossary from the pen of Junius. It is a most correct and highly useful edition. 2. By G. Stiernhielm (the name of the editor is not mentioned in the title-page), Stockholm, 1671, 4to. This edition contains the Gothic text printed with Latin characters, and has by the side of it the Islandic and Swedish text, as also the Vulgate. Abounding in errors, it is not of much use. 3. By Edward Lye, Oxford, 1756, small folio.

With a literal Latin translation and numerous annotations by Eric Benzelius, Archbishop of Upsala, and the editor, who has furnished it, moreover, with a Gothic grammar. This is altogether a splendid and most correctly printed edition. Those who have had occasion to compare it with the original codex, regard it as a most finished work. But it unfortunately belongs to those works that are extremely rare. It is the production of the Clarendon press. (Benzelius's edition appeared at first under the following title.

Sacrorum Evangeliorum Versio Gothica ex Codice Argenteo emendata atque suppleta, cum Interpretatione Latina et Annotationibus, etc. Oxon, 1750, 4to.) 4. The Fragments of St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, according to the Codex Carolinus. Edited by F. A. Knittel, Brunswick, 1761, large 4to. It contains the Gothic text, printed in Ulfila's own characters which were cast for that purpose, together with Knittel's readings and translation, having by the side of it an ancient Latin version as is given in the codex. Below it is the Vulgate, and under this the Greek text. There is, moreover, a full critical commentary, the whole of which has been carefully revised by Johann Ihre. It is decidedly a magnificent edition, and displays great skill and diligence in the management of this truly difficult subject.

5. By Johann Ihre, Upsala, 1763. This is a much more correct and by far superior edition of the text discovered by Knittel, printed with Latin characters, and contains a Latin translation made by the editor. It is invaluable on account of Ihre's emendations and annotations. These 'Fragments' have been repeatedly reprinted, in consequence of which especial mention is due to the excellent edition of A. F. Büsching, Berlin, 1773, 4to. 6. By Johann Christian Zahn, the learned writer above referred to, who instituted an edition of both codices in large 4to., which was published at Weissenfels, 1805. It is from Ihre's text, and contains a literal Latin interlinear translation, a grammar and glossary by Fulda, and Ihre's Latin version by the side of the text. It is, moreover, enriched with a critical review, explanatory notes, and an historico-critical introduction from the pen of the editor.

7. Ulphilæ partium ineditarum in Ambrosianis Palimpsestis ab Angelo Majo repertarum specimen conjunctis curis ejusdem Maji et C. Oct. Castilionæi editum. Mediolani, 1819.

Ulphilæ, etc., Epist. d. Pauli ad Corinth. sec.-ed. C. O. Castilionæus. Ibid. 1829.

Epist. d. Pauli ad Romanos, ad Corinthios primæ, ad Ephesios quæ supersunt. Ibid. 1834.

ad Galatas, ad Philippenses, ad Colossenses, ad Thessalonicenses primæ quæ supersunt. Ibid. 1835.

ad Thessal. sec., ad Timotheum, ad Titum, ad Philemonem quæ supersunt. Ibid. 1839.

Much praise is due to both these editors for the masterly manner in which these fragments have been given to the public. The admirer of Ulphilas' labours will have every reason to be gratified with their performance. In this edition the Gothic text is exhibited on the left hand page, and on the right hand page the editors have given a literal Latin translation of it, together with the Greek original, etc.

However, the latest and most finished critical edition, which surpasses all the others in point of profound learning, accuracy, and scholar-like treatment, is that of

8. H. C. von Gabelentz and Dr. J. Loebe, the full title of which admirable publication is given at the head of this article. It consists of two large volumes in quarto, and contains a Latin version, a Gothic grammar and dictionary, critical annotations, etc.

The editors have decided for the Roman type, as being more suitable for a typographical presentation of the original text. Concerning the particulars of this splendid production, we must refer the reader to the work itself, which is every way worthy of the repute of the great Gothic bishop.

We have devoted so much space to the main literary performance of Bishop Ulphilas, that we have barely room to state that

there

there is another work from his pen; at least it is ascribed to him. This is an Exposition of the Gospel according to St. John, and is entitled 'Skeireins Aivaggeljons thairh Johannen.' In its present state this remarkable work is a mere fragment, which was brought to light a short time ago by H. F. Massmann, who discovered it among some manuscripts belonging to the libraries of Rome and Milan. This savant has published it with a Latin version of it, together with explanatory notes, an historical inquiry, a Gothic-Latin Dictionary, etc. What proves this work to be from the pen of Ulphilas is its language and internal character. And since it is well known that he has written various works and treatises in the Gothic language, we see little or no reason for doubting his being the author of this interesting production.

PASCAL'S 'THOUGHTS;'

THEIR HISTORICAL IMPORT, ESPECIALLY IN RELATION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION.a

A LECTURE, by Dr. AUG. NEANDER.

Translated from the German by the Rev. J. TULLOCH.

THERE are men who, if they bear, as they could scarcely fail to do, the peculiar stamp of their own age, and especially belong to it, yet also claim to be regarded, apart from their age, as representatives of universal and imperishable truths of humanity, ever reproducing themselves in new forms-as those who have compassed the solution of the great problems of the human mind, which belong to all ages, and to which we are ever led back from all other inquiries. Such a man is Pascal, as he is brought before us in his Pensées, the fragments of a great work which it was not reserved for him, in his brief lifetime, to complete. Several years ago a lecture was delivered in this assembly, on this great man, by the excellent Steffens; but I cannot now follow out the discourse of that distinguished teacher, as the point of view from which I feel urged to contemplate Pascal is very different from that from which he set out. Attention, moreover, is forcibly

a This is one of two Lectures delivered on different occasions before the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin, and recently published in a pamphlet form by their respected author. We hope to give the other Lecture in an early Number.

directed