and opened on the 6th of January, and afterwards another with 40 beds. The number of sick still increasing, we are planning to have a third hospital for 100 persons, as everything must be done to prevent infection from spreading. In the five general houses of relief, 3914 persons have been received.For the exiles of the Hebrew nation, separate institutions were to be made, which their own fraternity undertook, being, however, remembered in money by the general inspec tion; in which manner. 34 Jewish families, consisting of 83 persons, have been provided for."

Extract from the Second Report, dated 31st of March, 1814.

"The severe weather of February and March particularly affected our exiles, mostly consisting of old people and young children.Having already, by want and cares, by suffering and anxieties, their bodies debilitated, they were more susceptible of nervous complaints, against which all medical efforts proved fruitless. In the beginning of Febru ary we had more sick than healthy in the general receptacles, and the mortality became every day greater. To prevent infection, other measures were required, especially that of separating all the sick from the healthy. Besides the three hospitals with 300 beds, another was provided with 250 beds. For the convalescents a separate house was established. Victualling and clothing were distributed according to medical direc tions. In February many more Hamburghers arrived from Altona, especially Jews. Since the beginning of this year, the following number of exiles have been provided for :-In the general houses, 2881 persons; in private houses, 1197; and of the Hebrew persuasion, 312-4390.

In this account are not included a great number of such, who, after a short stay, were provided with the necessary clothes and travelling expenses to proceed further. The

mortality has been, to the end of March, 673. Our only wish remains, that we may be enabled to continue our help for the most pressing wants till that much wished for period, when our guests may return in safety to their libe rated city."

Translation of a letter, dated, Markranstadt, near Leipsic, 12th of March. 1814.

went to ruin; consequently we remain without bread, without wood, without cattle, without seed-corn, without implements of husbandry, and without money to supply these

wants.

The infectious fever, moreover, has deprived a considerable number of families of their fathers and supporters; and not only grown up persons, but very many fatherless and motherless orphans are without food, and the general misery which presses upon all alike, prevents their being provided for here, so that they are reduced to the necessity of begging their bread in the country.

(To be continued.)

In industry

RESOURCES OF MASSACHUSETTS. and frugality no State in the Union stands before old Massachusetts. The perfectly systematic manner in which business is there carried on, the division of labor which prevails in all branches of manufacturing industry, and the thousand little notions' which are annually produced, swell the product of her industry to an almost incredible amount. By returns from the assessors of several cities and towns in that State, made to the Secretary of the Commonwealth during the past year, it appears that the agricultural products of the State for the year were estimated at $23,000,000; the whale, cod and mackerel fisheries, at $11,900.000, and the manufacturing products at $90,000,000-making a grand total of $124,735,264, (one hundred and twenty-four millions, seven hundred and thirty-five thousand, two hundred and sixty-four dollars.)

Iu the ninety millions of manufacturing products are included the ships built during the year.

Massachusetts, however, is not only a great producing but a great consuming State. We have seen an estimate of the articles produced in other States and consumed in that State, amounting to some $42,000,000; showing the importance of that Commonwealth, as a producing State. Such industry not only augments the wealth of the State, but increases the resources of the nation.-National Intelligencer.

ENGLISH TESTIMONY OF AMERICA.-" The Pilgrim Spirit has not fled. America is now strong in moral power, and as long as she breathes the spirit of the religion of the Pil. grims, we hope will continue, not only for the United States, but for Christendom and the world. In the great effort to compass and subjugate the world to the cross, she will press into every field of action. Her Eagle stands with unfoided pinions, ready to take her flight to the ends of the earth, and in their upward and onward passsage to scatter blesssings, icher and more precious than drops from the wings of the morning.-May those pinions never be folded till the world, renovated and purified, shall repose beneath the sun of eternal love."-Lond. Chris. Exam.

After the cockchafer has crept from the ground, in its last stage, as it is here represented, that is, as one of the coleoptera, or beetles, it spends eight or nine days in a state of inactivity upon a tree. At night, however, like many other insects, it leaves its retreat, and flies about in search of food. Then it is that it commits its ravages, which are sometimes exceedingly destructive. Fortunately, they have but a short time allotted them in this state for they die at the end of eight or nine days, as the English naturalists assure us, who have had much reason to study the habits of an insect so injurious to the farmers in their country.

The female, a day or two before her death, digs a hole in the earth about eighteen inches deep; and after depositing her eggs in it, takes her last flight to some tree, where she languishes a few hours and dies.

·

"It appears from a paper printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1697, that these insects committed great ravages in particular districts in Ireland. These insects,' says Mr. Molineux, were first noticed in this kingdom in 1688. They appeared on the southeast coast of Galway, brought thither by a southwest wind, one of the most common I might almost say, trade winds of this country. From hence they penetrated into the inland parts towards Headford, about ten miles north of the town of Galway. Here and there in the adjacent country, multitudes of them appeared among the trees and hedges in the daytime, hanging by the boughs in clusters, like the bees when they swarm. In this posture they continued, with little or no

motion, during the heat of the sun; but towards evening or sunset they would all disperse or fly about, with a strange humming noise, like the beating of distant drums, and in such vast numbers, that they darkened the air for the space of two or three square miles. Persons travelling on the roads, or abroad in the fields, found it very uneasy to make their way through them, they would so beat and knock themselves against their faces in their flight, and with such force as to make the place smart, and leave a mark behind them. In a short time after their coming, they had so entirely eaten up and destroyed all the leaves of the trees for some miles around, that the whole couutry, though in the middle of summer, was left as bare as in the depth of winter; and the noise they made, in gnawing the leaves, made a scund much resembling the sawing of timber. They also came into the gardens, and destroyed the buds, blossoms and leaves of all the fruit trees, so that they were left perfectly naked; nay, inany that were more delicate than the rest, lost their sap as well as leaves, and quite withered away, so that they never recovered again. Their multitudes spread so exceedingly, that they infested houses, and became exceedingly offensive and troublesome. Their numerous young, hatched from the eggs which they had lodged under ground, near the surface of the earth, did still more harm in their close retirement than all the flying swarms of their parents had done abroad; for this destructive brood, lying under ground, ate up the roots of corn and grass, and thus consumed the support both of man and beast. This plague was happily checked several ways. High winds and wet mizzling weather destroyed many millions of them in a day. The swine and poultry would feed and fatten on them.",

To those who love a rural walk, and find, in our woodland retreats, the enjoyment which the solitude of nature is so well calculated to give to a reflecting mind, the opening of spring has many pleasing anticipations to offer. Among these the prospect of the speedy return of the birds and the flowers is the chief; and it is difficult to do full justice in words, to the charm which they bring to a person of genuine taste, refined by reflection, enlightened and enlarged by science, and directed by practical piety.

The feathered visitants of our fields and groves, one which often claims our attention is that which is represented in our print, though not with the exactness which we could desire.

The King-fisher is a small and remarkably silent bird, and spends his time, from choice, in perfect peace and solitude, on the borders of our streams. He is usually found sitting motionless upon the twig of some dead branch over the water, closely observing what passes below; and now and then, without noise or preparation, makes a plunge at some small fish, often ineffectually, but apparently without vexation or discouragement.

Numberless instances might be produced of credulity (says Buffon, of the English Kingfish) respecting this bird. It is the halcyon of the ancient naturalists, and was fabled to build its nest on the waves, during the most tranquil seasons; and hence the poets have,

in all ages, used the term halcyon days, to denote a state of peace and felicity. The fictions, which originated in pagan ignorance, have been seriously adopted by Ambrose, who tells us with superstitious simplicity, that Providence, to manifest his kindness, grants a perfect exemption from storms, during the period that this bird requires to hatch her young.

At this season of the year, one of the most appropriate and pleasing subjects to which nature invites our attention, is

The Migration of Birds.

We shall therefore introduce here a few remarks relating to it, from two or three works on Natural History, after urging our readers to note down the dates when they first observe birds and insects of different species. and to communicate their memoranda to some good-natured editor of their acquaint

ance.

"The migration of birds is a subject on which comparatively few observations have yet been made. Even the precise periods of their appearance and disappearance in different parts of Europe have not been noted with the necessary degree of attention; and until persons properly qualified shall undertake the task, we must remain contented with vague notices and unfounded conjectures. The migration of fishes, which is an equally wonderful, if not equally interesting phenomenon, is, in a great measure, placed beyond our investigation but that of birds, being observable by any individual residing in the country, or making daily excursions to it, and suffi

ciently acquainted with the species, might be illustrated by simultaneous exertions made at different stations along the coasts and in the interior.

The bluebird of America seems to have a power of continuous flight almost equal to that of the swallow, and among the most interesting of established facts on the subject of migration is that which makes it necessary that this bird should pass at least six hundred miles over the sea. Wilson says "Nothing is more common in Pennsylvania than to see large flocks of these birds, in spring and fall, passing at considerable heights in the air, from the south in the former, and from the north in the latter season. The Bermudas are said to lie six hundred miles from the nearest part of the continent. This seems an extraordinary flight for so small a bird; but it is a fact that it is performed. If we suppose the bluebird to fly only at the rate of a mile a minute, which is less than I have actually ascertained them to do over land, ten or twelve hours would be sufficient to accomplish the journey."

The periodical migration of the gannet affords an instance of a mixed nature. That bird arrives early in spring, and is located in four or five spots along the British coasts, of which may be mentioned the Bass Rock, Ailsa Craig and St. Kilda. In autumn the gannets leave their breeding places, and are seen along the coast of England and in the Channel. In mild winters some individuals often remain, and even the whole flock has been known to winter In their summer residence. Even when they all leave the breeding places, many individuals do not extend their annual migration beyond the southern coast of England, but where the extreme point of the range may be, has not yet been ascertained.

In all these cases the distribution of food seems to be the principal cause of the movements of the birds; but in other cases it is clear that the rigour of the winter also acts as an exciting cause; yet it is doubtful whether cold alone be sufficient to drive birds from their northern haunts. Fieldfares and redwings, no doubt, leave the northern parts of Europe at the end of autumn, because at that period the ground begins to be covered with snow, so that they are unable any longer to procure food; but they merely shift, so as to place themselves on the limits of the storm, their object being apparently more to obtain the necessary supplies than to evade the cold. In mild and open winters they remain until late in spring; whereas, after snow has continued several weeks on the ground, it is seldom that any are to be seen. As to swallows, it is evident that the same cause operates most powerfully on them, because, as we have seen, they are capable of bearing as much cold as other small birds.

How far the migrations of birds may extend, has not, we believe, been yet settled in

any one instance with a satisfactory degree of precision. In the beginning of April the stork arrives in small flocks in Holland, where it is sure to meet with a hospitable reception, and where it returns year after year to the same chimney-top. In the beginning of August, when the young are fully fledged, it prepares for its departure, multitudes assembling from the surrounding districts, and chattering with their bills, as if in mutual congratulation. At length, on the appointed night, the whole band mount into the higher regions of the air, and pursue their southward course, until they alight among the marshes of northern Africa, and especially Egypt, where they have been seen in the winter.

On the subject of the migration of storks we may quote the following anecdote, which appeared in several public journals:

"Last year (1833) a Polish gentleman having caught a stork upon his estate near Lemburgh, put round its neck an iron collar with this inscription, Hæc ciconia ex Polonia,' (this stork comes from Poland,) and set it at liberty. This year the bird returned to the same spot, and was again caught by the same person. It had acquired a new collar of gold, with the inscription, India cum donis remittit ciconiam Polonis,' (India sends back the stork to the Poles with gifts.) The gentleman, after having shown the inscription, to his neighbors, again set the bird at liberty." It is worthy of remark, that the stork emigrates on the approach of winter, even when circumstances of food or climate cannot operate, or can operate but faintly in inducing it to do so. Thus, at Bagdad, which enjoys an extremely mild winter, and where even a slight degreee of frost is not usual, the stork regularly leaves the place against the approach of that season.

In like manner the quail, which in spring is diffused over all the temperate regions of Europe, is known to betake itself, in autumn, to the coasts of Africa, and to penetrate into Arabia and Persia. Notwithstanding the smallness of their wings, they cross the Mediterranean: they wait whole weeks for a favorable wind, reposing on every small isle: hence they are taken by thousands on the Ionian isles and the coast of Asia. Should the wind change rapidly, great numbers of them perish in the sea. Swallows have been seen crossing the Mediterranean in autumn towards the African shores, but where their voyage terminates is yet unknown.

It is remarkable that all migratory birds, when detained in captivity, manifest great agitation when the period of their migration arrives, insomuch that some of them, the quail in particular, occasionally kill themselves through their efforts to escape. This agitation is always greatest at night, proving, together with general observation, that birds generally commence their flight at that time.

PHYSICAL NECESSITY OF THE
SABBATH.

I have been in the habit during a great many years, of considering the uses of the Sabbath, and of observing its abuses. The abuses are chiefly manifested in labor and dissipation. The use, niedically speaking, is that of a day of rest. In a theological sense, it is a holy rest, providing for the introduction of new and sublimer ideas into the mind of man, preparing him for his future state. As a day of rest, I view it as a day of compensation for the inadequate restorative power of the body under continued labor and excitement. A physician always has respect to the preservation of the restorative power, because, if once this be lost, his healing office is at an end. If I show you, from the physiological view of the question, that there are provisions in the law of nature which correspond with the divine commandment, you will see from the analogy that "the Sabbath was made for man" as a necessary appointment.

A physician is anxious to preserve the balance of circulation, as necessary to the restorative power of the body. The ordinary exertions of man run down the circulation every day of his life; and the first generel law of nature by which God (who is not only the giver but also the preserver and sustainer of life) prevents man destroying himself, is the alternating of day with night, that repose may succeed action. But, although the night apparently equalizes the circulation well, yet, it does not sufficiently restore its balance for the attainment of a long life. Hence, one day in seven, by the bounty of Providence, is thrown in as a day of compensation, to perfect, by its repose, the animal system. You may easily determine this question, as a matter of fact by trying it on beasts of burden. Take that fine animal, the horse, and work him to the full extent of his powers every day in the week, or give him rest one day in seven, and you will soon perceive, by the superior vigor with which he performs his functions on the other six days, that this is necessary to his well-being. Man possessing a superior nature, is borne along by the very vigor of his mind, so that the injury of continual diurnal exertion and excitement on his animal system is not so immediately apparent as it is in the brute; but in the long run he breaks down more suddenly; it abridges the length of life and the vigor of his old age, which, (as to mere animal power) ought to be the object of his preservation. I consider, therefore, that in

the bountiful provision of Providence for the preservation of human life, the sabbatical appointment is not, as it has been theologically viewed, simply a precept partaking of the nature of a political institution, but it is to be numbered amongst the natural duties if the preservation of life be admitted to be a duty, and the premature destruction of it a suicidal act.

This is said simply as a physician, and without reference at all to the theological question; but if you consider further the proper effect of real Christianity-namely, peace of mind, confiding trust in God and good will to man-you will perceive in this source of renewed vigor to the mind, and through the mind to the body, an additional spring of life imparted from his higher use of the Sabbath as a holy day.

DR. FANE.

Horses without Blinders.-From some experience in horses, 1 should think it best. not to trust a horse at once that has been accustomed to blinders, as he would be apt to take fright if at all skittish: but for colts I would prefer that they should see; and, once so broken to the harness, no blinders would ever be required.

A considerable number of horses are apt to be scared when they see the top of a carriage in motion, as if it were about to fall upon them; and this occurs only in those horses used to blinders. If the bridle has been lengthened in the headstall for a larger horse, when the rein is pulled it opens so that he is enabled to see through under it, and is very apt to run away.

In de

There is also an advantage that I do not recollect to have seen mentioned. cending a pebbly or stony hill, a horse should be enabled to see where to place his hind feet, especially if loaded with much weight. Most of the blinders used forbid this, as they fall below, as well as project above, the eye.

Very many horses have been permanentiy injured by placing their feet upon round or loose stones in going down hill. A saddle horse never or seldom does this, and they would if their eyes were uncovered, be as careful in harness as out of it.Selected.

HISTORICAL TRIBUTE.

The following letter appears in the Plymouth Memorial, where it is introduced by a note from Mr. Joseph Cushman, containing the following paragraph:

It is proposed to erect a Monument