It may be a difficult thing to prove, in particular given cases, that a person has worshipped an image, a picture, or any other idol, with the full, clear and settled intention of putting it in the place of God. This is unquestionably done, by multitudes of individuals, in multitudes of times, in the course of their lives. At any rate, it is very easy to perceive, with due reflection. that, in every instance, enough is done to violate the second command of the Decalogue, and to produce the dreadful effect upon the mind and the heart, and of course upon the character and the life, which that solemn law was designed to prevent.

The service of idols acts in a compound way. It has several distinct operations: it exerts sure and dreadful influences upon the understanding and the feelings, in all its forms, and in all its degrees, which seem the more lamentable and extensive, the better we become qualified to judge of their nature and relations. All of us may not have considered the various tendencies of idolatry. They are no nowhere so justly and strongly set forth or apprehended, as in the Scriptures. On the several religions practised in China, the Chinese Repository gives some instructive remarks, from which we extract the following.

The state worship is divided into three classes: first, the Ta-sze, or great sacrifices; secondly, the Choong-sze, or medium sacrifices; and lastly, the Seaou-sze. or lesser sacrifices. Under the first head are worshipped the heaven and the earth. In this manner they would seem to adore the material and visible heaven, as contrasted with the earth; but they, at the same time, appear to

The objects of worship entitled to the "Medium of sacrifices" are (among others) the gods of the land and grain. The former are generally represented by a rude stone, placed on an altar with matches of incense burning before it, which is commonly seen in every street and corner. The sun and moon, otherwise called the "Great light" and the "Evening light," come under this head. The rest are various gods, genii, sages, and others, the inventors of agriculture, manufac tures, and useful arts. The god of letters stands principal among these. The "Lesser sacrifices" include a still larger class, among which is the ancient patron of the healing art, together with innumerable spirits of deceased statesmen, eminent scholars, martyrs to virtue, &c. The principal phenomena of nature are likewise worshipped, as the clouds, the rain, wind, and thunder, each of which has its presiding god. The five mountains, the four seas, are rather figurative than exact expressions for the land and the ocean in general. Like the Romans, they worship their military flags and banners: and Kuan-ty, a deified warrior of ancient times, much honored by the military, is especially adored by the present dynasty for his supposed assistance. Their right being that of conquest they properly worship the god of war. Loong-wang, the dragon king, who represent rivers and the watery eleinent, receives much sacrifice from those who have charge of the Yellow river and grand canal, both of which so frequently burst their banks; and his temples were constantly recurring during the progress of the embassies through the country.

The son of a Scotch shepherd, who was lost amidst the wild and rocky region near his native house, was long sought in vain, by the distressed father and a party of his warmhearted neighbors. Many of our readers, no doubt, are familiar with the story, and many perhaps have recognized the scene at the first sight of our engraving. The faithful dog, whose sagacity led him first to the spot where the little wanderer was lying, at the bottom of a deep and dangerous glen, partook in the joy of the parents and friends on the recovery of the child. We need not repeat the story here: but we will give another, of a no less touching character, and of much more recent occurrence, in our own country, which is narrated in a style that does much justice to the subject.

OUR LOST SUSAN.

We copy the following remarkable and atfecting narrative from the Southern Christian Advocate, to which journal it was communicated by the father of the child, the Rev. Samuel Leard, pastor of the Cumberland (Methodist Episcopal) Church in Charleston, S. C. On Thursday, 12th of February, my little daughter, Susan M. M. Leard, aged three years, was playing iu the yard, near the house of her grandfather, and as it was no unusual thing for her to play about the premises in open weather, her temporary absence from within the enclosure occasioned no alarm. Within twenty minutes of the time when last seen by one of her aunts, she was called by some member of the family, and to their great dismay was not to be found. Imme

diate search was made around the yard and lot, but all to no purpose. A colored girl, of nearly the same age with herself, was also missing, and was seen in company with little Susan, about thirty yards from the fence, when they were last observed by the family.

Whether the children wandered off voluntarily, or were taken away by some malicious person, is shrouded in the most profound mystery. The grandfather mounted his horse, and made immediate search in the surrounding woods for some hours, but without success. Evening was now approaching, and the family, agonized at the prospect of the children continuing in the woods through the darkness and inclemency of the night, summoned the neighbors to their assistance. The country was scoured for some distance around fires lighted up in different directions, and every possible effort made to attract the children's attention-but they were neither heard nor seen. The night rolled heavily onward, and the morning light only brought the sad intelligence to the heart-broken grand-parents, that the children were not found.

It will be remembered that the night of the 13th instant, was among the most inclement of the season; the rain poured down in torrents and the wind was blowing almost a gale. Where the poor little creatures found shelter, what shrubbery protected, or what stone pillowed their little heads, or how they were sustained under the merciless peltings of the ruthless storm, God, their Heavenly Father, only knows. We may be allowed to believe that "The angel of the Lord," which "encampeth round about them that fear him," delivered them. How much they suffered in their exposed situation, must be left for the day of eternity to reveal. During the following day, (Saturday) unceasing search was made, and about dark, the body of the little

negro was found, lifeless but not stiff. She had apparently just died.

This quickened the energies of the friends and neighbors; and a diligent search was made during that night in the neighborhood of the little negro: but though every bay was penetrated, and almost every log turned over, still they discovered no signs of little Susan. Sabbath morning now dawned, but not with its wonted peace and tranquility; all was gloom and melancholy. Between the hours of ten and eleven in the morning, as a young man, William Tobias, was searching near a bay, around which the undergrowth had formed an almost impenetrable thicket, he observed something move near the water's edge, and going closer to examine, he heard a little voice addressing thus, "Please take me out of the water. I want to go to grandpa's. I want some tea. It was the form and voice of my dear little Susan which he saw and heard.

She was lying prostrate on the leaves and moss, one foot in the water; her bonnet thrown back, and her clothing completely drenched with the rain. The young man thinks it probable, that had she not spoken to him, he would have passed without discovering her, so thick and matted was the shrubbery around her. The news that she was found was quickly communicated to the company, and they bore her off in triumph to the afflicted family. The scene that followed, after an absence of seventy-two hours, without food and shelter, and the endurance of three days of anxious suspense and solici tude on their part, we will leave to the reader's heart to describe. The distance to which she had wandered froin home was about two miles.

FARMERS' CLUBS.

We have never yet observed among the very numerous modern associations, for all manner of purposes, any of a character so admirably suited to practical good purposes, as the now famous system of Farmers' Clubs. This is a new creation of modern times, growing out of the republican tendencies of the world, to congregate farmers, the men of the earth, and have them compare all their experience-consult the theorists, and interchange their thoughts and facts, to be applied to the more perfect culture of the earth.These clubs will ere long get into their hands such an exchange, not only of knowledge, but of seeds and plants, as will constitute a national currency of all the precious products of agriculture and horticulture.

And in prosecution of this noble plan of exchange, the Farmers' Club of the American Institute in New York, has resolved to collect from all reliable quarters, the grafts from the choicest fruit trees of all our farmers and gardeners, to send them to all farmers' clubs, to ask an exchange from other clubs, and in this exchange, to be exact in the names and descriptions of the fruit trees of which grafts are

distributed so that no man who takes the trouble to insert the grafts in his stocks, shall have the unpleasant mortification of finding after all his care, and three years lost time, that he had not received the very fruit which he supposed he had.

By establishing such an honest exchange, it is a matter of certainty, that in a very few few years our country can be covered with the finest fruits. The wretched apples, pears, plums, cherries, &c., will soon disappear, and their places be occupied with fruit. every basket of which will be the occasion of smiles of pleasure in those who receive it. Ah! what beautiful, delicious apples-what a pear, it melts in his mouth! what magnificent plums-what noble cherries-what Malacatoon peaches! how fine these grapes are!where did they come from? The answer will be, from our Farmers' Club! Millions of baskets of such really choice fruits can as easily be had as the insipid. frothy, wormy, sour, hard, bitter, astringent, half-made fruit, with which negligence curses a country. We know that proper care will not only give to our millions of people delicious fruits, but that the trees that bear them may be made to last and bear their tribute for twice the length of time. Instead of hollow apple trees, you can have them solid timber to the core, at their oldest period; and thousands of those who choose it, can find the means of sending fine surplus fruit to Europe. Steam will before long carry baskets of peaches, pears, and apples to countries which cannot raise them.

Our apples have already found in the market of London a sale at six and even nine dollars a barrel. One or two members of the American Institute, whom we could name, have tried it; and what those intelligent gentlemen have already accomplished, to the amount of a few thousand barrels of apples, can be done to as many millions. Fruit of fine sorts, in perfect order, is always a precious object. Not only pleasure, but health, are the direct results of the use of perfect fruits. On this point, there is no difference among that celebrated class of men, the doctors, who, notwithstanding their well-known (doctors will differ) difficulty in keeping, the diet of their patients in proper order, never have been known to object to the use of perfectly ripe fruit. When the poor exhausted patient cannot taste beef, turkey, chicken, bread, pie or pudding, give her a roasted apple!

Pomological societies already exist; there is one in New Haven which we feel a strong interest in. Governor Edwards takes an active part in it, and as an affiliated member of farmers' clubs, it demands all our respect and consideration.

We have said thus much, hoping to provoke from all the clubs other men to speak and act on this delightful fruit question.Every member should bring to his club all his best grafts, and see that exchanges are everywhere made.-Selected.

Predecessors of Pope Gregory XVI. (CONTINUED FROM VOL. II., PAGE 158.) The moderation of Benedict XIV. corrected some of the evils produced by his predecessors; he put an end to the religious wars, expelled the Jesuits, moderated the Bull Unigenitus, and terminated the sufferings of France. He reformed the immoralities of the clergy, and suppressed the orders of monks, odious to all nations.

Clement XIII. openly protected the Jesuits, launched his anathemas, and, by his audacity, prepared the ruin of the Holy See.

The

excesses of the Jesuits had worn out the people; and their crimes and ambition had terrified the kings. The universal hatred of them caused an explosion, and the Jesuits were driven out of France. In Europe, Asia and America they were banished from the territories of the King of Spain. They were expelled also from the two Sicilies, Parma and Malta; and, with the execrations of mankind, they were exterminated in almost all the countries which had been the theatres of their power: the Philippines, Peru, Mexico, Paraguay and Brazil.

France deprived the pope of Avignon and the country of Venaissin, as belonging to the crown. The king of Naples seized the cities of Beneventum and Ponte Corvo. The Bull In Cana Domini was everywhere proscribed, that monument of madness and pride, annually fulminated by the popes at Rome, since the days of Paul III. Pontifical darkness began to disperse; and princes and people no longer prostrated themselves at the feet of the servant of the servants of God. Clement XIII. saw the old Colossus of Rome falling in ruins, and died of grief because he could not stay its destruction.

Clement XIV. brought philosophy to the chair of the popes. Portugal had broken from the Holy See, and chose to appoint her own patriarch; the courts of France, Spain and Naples were indignant at the ridiculous excommunication pronounced by Clement XIII. against the Duke of Parma; Venice had undertaken to reform the monasteries, without the pope's consent: and Poland desired to diminish the authority of the Holy See; while Rome herself expressed her indignatiou, and seemed to remember that she had been mistress of the world.

Clement, by a skilful policy, stopped these movements; but the priests, those enemies of toleration, could not pardon the pontiff; and he died of poison.

Liberty, the brightest torch of reason, had already poured her light into every mind, and men began to cast off the chains of superstition.

Pius VI. desired to seize upon the redoubtable power of the Roman pontiffs, and adopted the execrable policy of his predecessors.Joseph II. Emperor of Austria, put a stop to the increase of covents, which threatened to overwhelm his kingdom; suppressed

bishopricks, closed seminaries, and protected his states from the control of the Holy See.The Grand Duke of Tuscany prepared to introduce the same reforms, dissolved the brotherhoods, abolished the authority of nuncios, and forbade an appeal to Rome in the trial of priests. In Naples a sagacious minister deprived the pope of the benefit of indulgences, the conferring of benefices, and the nominating to vacant curacies.

The French Revolution was preparing.The States-General, assembled at Versailles, ordered reforms among the clergy, abolished monastic vows and proclaimed liberty of conscience. Italy was conquered by the French armies; and Pius VI. false and hypocritical, formed an alliance with the republic. The assassination of General Duplot demanded punishment; and the pontiff was taken to the fortress of Valence, where he ended his base life by cowardice and perfidy.

The conclave assembled at Venice; and, after one hundred and four days of intrigues and corruptions, the Benedictine Chiarmonti was chosen pope, under the name of Pius VII.

The pontiff formed an alliance with the republic, and signed the famous concordat.— Napoleon mounted the throne of France. The pope was compelled to go to Paris, to crown the Emperor, and to increase the magnificence of

the occasion.

Napoleon, indignant at the secret machinations aginst his power, by the counsellors of the pope, published a decree, ordering the union of the States of the Church with the Empire, and the sovereign pontiff was stripped of temporal authority.

The bull of excommunication was posted up at night in the streets of Rome, inviting the people to revolt, exciting to carnage, and pointing out the French to public vengeance; but the standard of St. Peter was torn down, and all the monuments of Rome bore' the colors of France.

Wars succeeded in Europe, kingdoms were conquered, old governments sank, and France was in all her glory. But Napoleon erected new thrones, and fell under the blows of the kings he himself had crowned.

This catastrophe changed the destinies of nations, and restored to the pope the inheri tance of Rome.

Pius VII. made his triumphal entry into the city; the churches were opened, public thanks were given for the subjugation of the people, and the holy father died, surrounded by his cardinals, in the pomp and magnificence of power.

After twenty-six days of intrigues, disputes and briberies, Cardinal Annibal Della Genga was proclaimed pope under the name of Leo XII. He was only sixty-three years old, but was in bad health in consequence of his excesses in every kind of debauchery.

He had used all his influence with Pius VII. to procure the restoration of the rack, and other barbarous practices of the dark ages.

(To be continued.)

186

MISCELLANEOUS.

THE EXPENSES OF WAR.

During the year 1835, one of great com. mercial prosperity, the value of all the British and Irish Produce end Manufactures exported from the United Kingdom, was $208,437,980. The appropriations for the payment of the interest then made of the British war debt and for the support of the Army, Navy and Ordnance, during the current year, amount to $225,403,640! The war expenses, in time of peace, exceeding by nearly $20,000,000, all that the human and iron machinery of that great kingdom can produce beyond its own consumption.

But let us begin at home. Let us assume the average price of cotton, at all places of its exportation in the Union, to be 7 1-2 cents per pound. The crop for 1845 is estimated at $72,000,000 pounds; worth, at the above rate, $65,000,000. In 1834, the capital invested in the production of cotton, was $800,000,000, and the value of the whole crop, $76.000,000, at sixteen cents per pound. It may then be fair to suppose that $1,000,000,000 have been thus invested in 1845. The interest of this sum, at six per cent., amounts to $60,000,000; which being deducted from the home value of the entire crop, leaves but $5,400,000, clear profit of the business itself. Now the appropriation to the U. S. Navy, for the current year, is $6,350,789! Let cotton growers ponder on this fact, and on another of vital interest to themselves. A war, to prepare for which we are absorbing three-fourths of the revenue of the nation, would annihilate at least half of their capital now invested in the production of cotton; for they wonld find that $500,000,000 of their money would not bring one cent on the dollar, in time of war. "In case of a war with England," the function of our glorious little navy and of the glorious great navy of Great Britain, would be a mutual effort to destroy the commerce of both nations, an interest which they own in partnership, amounting to $100,000,000, per annum, of which raw cotton makes an item of $50,000,000. So all that our navy would do for the cotton growers in such a war, would be to destroy a market for $50,000,000 worth of cotton a year.

THE STREAM OF LIFE,

BY BISHOP HEBER.

"Life bears us on like the stream of a mighty river. Our boat, at first, glides swiftly down the narrow channel through the playful murmurings of the little brook, and winding The trees shed along its grassy borders. their blossoms over our young heads, and the flowers on the brink seem to offer themselves, to our young hands: we are in hope, and we grasp eagerly at the beauties around us; but the stream hurries on, and still our hands are empty.

Our course in youth and manhood is a long, a wider and a deeper flood, and amid objects more striking and magnificent. We are animated by the moving picture of enjoyment and industry before us, we are excited by short-lived success, or depressed and rendered miserable by short-lived disappointment. But our energy and our dependence are both in vain. The stream bears us on, and our joys and griefs are left behind us; we may be shipwrecked, but we cannot anchor; our voy. age may be hastened, but we cannot be delayed-whether rough or smooth, the river hastens towards its home-the roaring of the waves is beneath our keel, and the land lessens from our eyes, the floods are lifted up around us, and we take our last leave of earth and its inhabitants, and of our further voyage there is no witness but the Infinite and the Eternal.

VALUABLE COPPER REGION IN
PENNSYLVANIA,

It has come to our knowledge within a day or two that a company of gentlemen in this city have been recently engaged in exploring lands on the Alleghany range, in Pennsylvania, and have discovered very vaJuable deposits of Copper. They have secured all the lands upon which any indications of copper are perceptible in that quarter, and are now mining and preparing to enter into smelting operations.

The geological formation of the country in which these deposits have been found, we are told, closely resembles the famous lands of Lake Superior, (late Royal and Eagle river,) where the richest mineral deposits have been developed.

We learn from the Reports of the experienced Geologist and Mineralogist who has been engaged by these gentlemen in making their locations, that among the mountains, especially on the western side, where these mines are situated, appear thick but regular strata of quartz rock, which are mixed and covered with strata of crystaline limestone. Among these mountains are extensive plateaus surrounded by steep hills of limited height, that are composed of strata of different formations, viz. :-hornblend slate, magnesia slate, and quartz slate, all mixed with small veins of subordinate strata of serpentine, asbustus and quartz.

These strata are irregular; thrown from their original position by the upheaving of the green stone, and so bent and broken in many directions as to be difficult to trace for any great distance.

The green stone which has raised the superincumbent strata bears the strongest similarity to that of the Isle Royal, and in