From Bank Top* to Hartington* there runs a clear line of crags of white limestone, dipping east at 25°, and with black shale abutting against them on the west; the boundary, therefore, for two reasons, must be a fault.

This clear and undoubted line of faulted boundary ends at Narrow Dale,* and from here to Caldon, we have a very complicated and often obscure line, partly a natural superposition, and partly formed by faults.

The rock that is found at Narrow Dale immediately in contact with the shales is a brown slabby limestone, crammed with encrinites and other fossils; we do not know the position of this rock in the series, nor even if it marks any definite horizon, and therefore can learn nothing from it as to whether the boundary is a fault or not. The ground too is a good deal masked by Boulder Clay; and at one part the only guide we had for the position of the boundary was, that on one side of a line the ground was covered with swallow-holes, and on the other side there were none; and in default of better evidence we took this line for the boundary.

The rock round the flanks of Wetton Hill† is the same brown encrinital limestone, but in the brook below Pepper Inn * a good junction was found of the Yoredale shales and upper cherty beds of the limestone; and these beds may, for all we know, wrap round the whole of the hill under a covering of turf. This bit, therefore, we must be content to leave doubtful.

There is a small patch of shale about Hope Marsh,† most likely a detached outlier. But Boulder Clay will not allow us to speak with certainty.

The boundary along the western side of Ecton Hill* must be a fault, unless the beds are on end or nearly so they seemed to be so at one spot, but as this line was marked as a fault on former editions of the map, and we have no certain proof to the contrary, we leave it as it was.

The fault leaves the boundary, however, before Apes Tor,* for here there is a section (Fig. 6, page 31,) showing a natural junction.

Hence round the northern end of the Ecton mass we get sections showing upper cherty beds dipping below Yoredale shales. Below is a good section in the lower part of the latter, given by a quarry a quarter of a mile south-east of Warslow Hall.*

Section near Warslow Hall.

Earthy limestone

Hard, slaty, black shale, with beds of earthy limestone
Solid, grey limestone, full of encrinites and shells
Thin, irregular band of chert.

Black, slaty shales with thin beds of earthy limestone.

It is hard to say whether these beds should be put in the bottom of the Yoredale Group or at the top of the Mountain Limestone. The black shale led us to give them the former place; but they serve to show how gradual the passage is hereabouts.

East of Warslow the ground becomes covered with Drift, and we see nothing till the spot where the road from Warslow to Swanslow Head crosses the brook. Here Yoredale shales are faulted against white limestones. Nearly three quarters of a mile to the south a similar bit of faulting is shown in a brook. From these two sections we conclude the boundary is a fault running down to the farmhouse Wallace, about which are some quarries showing beds tilted and dipping to the east. From here a broken line of faults seems to bound the limestone down to the north side of Grindon.† These faults, however, do not throw the limestone entirely out of sight, for it comes out in the bottom of the valleys and rises into a knoll of some height at Butterton. The ground, however, is covered with Drift and the details are obscure.

From Grindon down to Caldon† we find the upper limestone beds dipping, mostly at high angles, beneath the shales; the boundary being broken by faults at Deep Dalet and Waterhouses. †

W.

Fig. 6.

Section at Apes Tor, one mile east of Waslow.

* In Map 72 N.E.

0

E.

At Caldon* we reach the great mass of the Weaver and neighbouring hills; they consist of massive white limestone up to the boundary, without any trace of the upper beds, and rise with bold steep sides from the shale plain. The boundary here, therefore, must be a succession of faults.

Yoredale 1. Soft, crumbly, yellowish limestone (shells and encrinites).
2. Shale and earthy limestones.

3, 5. 6. Grey limestones.

Rocks.

Between the Weaver Hills and Wirksworth the following details are worth notice.

Rounding the projecting mass of the Weaver Hills, we come on the upper beds again at Thorn's Wood,* and can trace a natural boundary thence up to Calton Moor, T. G., where is a very complicated and faulted bit of ground, the details of which, however, are luckily very clear: several of the boundaries are given by lines of swallow-holes, and the contrast between the dry soil of the limestone and the swampy ground of the shale is further evidence. The limestones are upper beds, and the faults, therefore, none of them large.

Guided by the same rules the boundary has been traced on, and where no additional evidence was obtained the lines of the former edition of the map have been adopted: there are many spots where sharp bends in the boundary look like the effects of faults, but unless better evidence than this was forthcoming, no faults have been drawn. For instance, the long spur to the west of the Walton Hotel* looks very much as if it were bounded by faults on either side, but it may be only the result of a sharp anticlinal. To the east of this the hills of massive white limestone, which rise boldly out of the shale-flat, and range across the Dove up to Thorpe Cloud,* would seem at first to be certainly brought up by faults, but at one or two spots the upper cherty beds were found, dipping at so high an angle that they occupy only a very narrow belt, and are mostly covered either by turf or the débris from above.

From Thorpe to beyond Tissington* the boundary is for the most part natural, but here and there obscure from Drift or other causes. A fault ranges along the south-west side of the valley of Parwich Leys,* the limestone rising in a bold cliff, and dipping away from the shales; and on the opposite side of the valley is another fault, well shown in a quarry, 16 chains north-west of the house. At the head of the valley, in the angle between these faults, a little patch of upper limestone rises from beneath the shales. Horizontal Section, Sheet 42, crosses this valley, and shows the lie of the beds. From Dale End,* north-west of Parwich, to Ballidon Hall* we again find the lower massive white limestones brought by a succession of faults against the Yoredale beds. Hence through Ballidon* up to Brassington* the ground is a good deal hidden by Drift, but sections were seen in the upper limestones, and the boundary is therefore most likely natural. To the east of Brassington* a fault seems to range north and south along a projecting spur of limestone, after which the boundary again becomes doubtful, till in the valley west of Carsington, and along through Hopton* towards Wirksworth, we find massive white limestones and an underlying bed of toadstone faulted against Yoredale shales. The projecting spur one mile south-west of Wirksworth+ is hard to make out. To the east of this a fine cliff of limestone ranges up to Wirksworth, and is seen at a glance to mark the face of a fault, the limestones lying at a higher level than the shale at the foot of the cliff, and having no dip that could possibly make them pass beneath these shales. A like fault ranges alongside the road from Wirksworth to Middleton ;† and here again the softer shale on the east has been carried away by denudation, and left a wall of limestone along which the beds show like tiers of masonry. Between these two faults lies a raised tract of upper limestone beds, which dip gently to the south-east, and seem to be covered up by the Yoredale shales somewhere about the middle of Wirksworth. In the village of Middleton is a very small outlier of shale bounded on the west by the Middleton and Wirksworth fault. The limestones about a mile north of Wirksworth are lower beds, and seem to be bounded by faults up to the point where the High Peak Railway crosses the road from Wirksworth to Cromford.

From this point up to Castleton the junction is a natural one, with the exception of a few cases, of which we will notice the more important. The tongue of rock on which Haddon Hall§ stands seems certainly to be bounded by a fault on the south-east side; it is not unlikely, too, that another fault ranges along the north-west side of this tongue by Wigin Dales up to

*In Map 72 N.E. In Map 81 N.E.

In Map 71 N.W.
§ In Map 81 S.E.

Moor Edge Plantation,* and that a cross-fault strikes off at the latter point. and runs a little to the south-east of Bakewell* Church. Drift, however, and absence of sections make this doubtful. The beds of chert in the upper limestones are well developed about Bakewell, and are worked for the supply of the Potteries.

To the north of Hassop* is a little bit, much broken up by faults, which we have made out as best we could.

From here to Stoney Middleton* the boundary is very irregular, but no faults were seen, and here and there natural junctions were shown, best of all in some mining tunnels in Back Dale Wood,* the beds dipping south-east at from 40° to 50°.

A little to the north of Bradwellt we come to a very irregular bit of boundary reaching nearly up to Castleton. The beds seem to belong to the lower limestones, and we think that the boundary is a succession of faults.

The nature of the boundary at Castleton is shown in Section No. 2, Plate I.; the upper limestones rise with a steep dip from beneath the Yoredale shales, but are almost immediately cut off by an east and west fault, which is also a mineral lode, and which brings up on its south side the more massive lower limestones.

The lower limestone mass of Treak Clifft must be bounded by a fault on its eastern side (p. 25), and this completes our circuit of the limestone district.

U 18863.

* In Map 81 S.E.

† In Map 81 N.E.

CHAPTER V.

THE YOREDALE ROCKS AND MILLSTONE GRIT.

Western and Northern Districts.

A general sketch of these districts has been already given; in the present more detailed account we shall find it handy to describe first the outliers of Millstone Grit which are found on the table-land; then to take in hand the table-land itself; aud lastly, to give an account of the valleys of Edale and Castleton, which part the table-land from the Carboniferous Limestone. Section No. 2, Plate I., illustrates the geology of this tract.

The base of the Lower Kinder Scout Grit is generally very clear and sharply marked, for along it we find in most cases a sudden change from a coarse and thickly bedded grit to shale, or a mixture of shale and sandstone, We say in most cases, for we shall have to notice below* one instance where the underlying shale contains beds, seemingly of small horizontal range, quite as coarse as the Kinder itself. Still, as a rule, the base of the Kinder Scout Grit is a hard and well-defined line. The upper boundary of the Shale Grit, on the other hand, is excessively uncertain, and runs at a very variable distance from the base of the Kinder; it claims only to part those beds where shale prevails from such as are mainly sandstone; and since the shales above the Shale Grit have sandstones interbedded with them, and the Shale Grit itself contains thick masses of shale, and since in both cases the sandstones are most changeable in thickness, it is easy to see what must be the character and value of such a boundary. Indeed the chances seem to be that below the Kinder Scout Grit there lies a mass of rock, say about 900 feet thick; that on an average the upper 300 feet is mainly shale, and the lower 600 mainly sandstone; but that part of the shale is often replaced by sandstone, so that this ratio varies very largely from place to place, and that at certain spots the lower ninetenths, or more, of the whole is mainly sandstone. We have taken this view in plotting that part of the Horizontal Section, Sheet 69, which crosses the Peak. The distance between the base of the Kinder and the base of the Shale Grit is about 900 feet throughout; but while on the western flank of the hill the upper 300 of these measures are shale, and the lower 600 Shale Grit, on the east we have only 200 feet of shale, and the remaining 700 Shale Grit.

(1.) Outliers of Kinder Scout Grit.

The Peak.-Almost in the middle of the northern part of the present district there lies a large outlier of the Lower Kinder Scout Grit, known as the Peak, though how it can have come by the name is difficult to see, for there are no pointed hills upon the broad table-land which it forms. It is roughly triangular in outline, and the escarpments of the rock, with which it is capped, form, nearly all round it, lines of wild craggy cliffs, through which streams have eaten deep, rugged gorges, that wind far back into the heart of the hill, and have a stern, solitary