S. 30° E.

ст

runs through the middle of the limestone district also, and if we could pick out any single line as marking the direction of the great Penine upheaval, this would be the one.

The section along the river Noe shows very clearly the existence of the latter anticlinal. From the base of the Shale Grit till about a quarter of a

raised nearly as high as the Shale Grit of Lord's Seat on the one side, and higher than that of Lose Hill on the other side: the line produced

mile below Edale Head House we find thinly bedded, finely grained, hard sandstones, with shales. These are the supposed representatives of the Yoredale Sandstones; at first they dip steadily W. of N. at about 10°, but lower down are very much broken by rolls and anticlinals. From below these beds the black shales and limestones of the bottom Yoredale group come out, and the river continues to flow over them till about a quarter of a mile below Edale Mill, when they are carried below the Yoredale Sandstones by an easterly dip. The beds all along are constantly rolling, and there is not room on the map to put in dips enough to give any idea of their disturbed state; still, upon the whole, they form a flat dome dipping away in every direction from the middle of the valley. The limestone nodules contain Goniatites in plenty and other fossils.* The river having entered the Yoredale Sandstones, as we have just mentioned, flows over them till it joins the Derwent at Mytham Bridge, though here and there the lowest group is brought out by rolls or small faults. From the bend at Edale End to Hope the beds are violently contorted, so that we find here also, as on the section given by the river Derwent, the beds crumpled and broken along the line where they begin to bend over to the eastern dip (see p. 44).

Over a great part of the middle of Edale are large spreads of superficial wash and gravel, in places as much as 20 feet thick and a quarter of a mile broad. Much of the detritus is angular, but there are many rounded pebbles among it, and here and there patches of bedded gravel and sand. The latter, which are in all likelihood true river-deposits, are, however, few and small; and though they may well be the remnants of much larger accumulations which were formed when the streams were deepening the valley, they are so much mixed up with later rainwash that it would not be fair to map them as true river-gravels. When well covered by vegetable soil these deposits make excellent land.

The valley of Edale is bounded on the south by a ridge running from Lord's Seat (1,816 feet above the sea) by Mam Tor (1,709) to Lose Hill (1,572). This ridge is capped at either end by Shale Grit, while the north and south anticlinal already mentioned raises in the middle of it the underlying Yoredale Sandstones to the level of its top.

The latter are well shown in the scarped face of Mam Tor, and between 200 and 300 feet of them are there seen. The bottom of the cliff consists of beds belonging to the lowest division of the Yoredale rocks, and these are found down to the stream just below the entrance to the Blue John Mine, where they rear up on end, and are faulted against the Mountain Limestone (Fig. 12, page 45).

The capping of Shale Grit on the eastern part of the ridge seems to be bounded by a fault at its western end. A very fine section of the rock is given by the cliff of Back Tor, where a landslip has detached a large mass of rock on the north side of the hill, leaving a clean-cut, vertical cliff, below which heaps of tumbled and broken rock strew the hillside in wild confusion.

Descending the south side of the ridge just described into the broad valley of Castleton, we cross a belt of Yoredale Sandstones, nowhere well seen, and reach the beds of the lowest Yoredale group, in which there are a few sections. The valley is bounded on the south by the Mountain Limestone, which comes out with a steep dip from beneath the Yoredale shales, but soon flattens and stretches far away into Derbyshire (see Section No. 2, plate I.).

(3.) The Outcrops of the Kinder Scout Grit on the West and North. The first of these lines forms a well-marked ridge running from Glossop nearly to Chapel-en-le-Frith. In passing along it we shall find the rock to become rapidly thinner and finer in grain to the south.

*The following have been determined by Mr. Etheridge: Scales of Palæoniscus, Goniatites Listeri, G. reticulatus.

From a fault ranging along Glossop Dale the rock makes a good escarpment till it abuts, on Middle Moor, against a fault which we will call the Sallow Clough fault. The base is shown in the brook at Gnat Hole,* where there is a sandstone bed in the underlying shales a little below the Grit. The rock itself, though on the whole coarse and massive, begins to show traces of the change which is more fully developed to the south. In the quarries southeast of Whitfield it is in parts a closely grained sandstone, yielding a beautiful building-stone, and in parts very micaceous, splitting into excellent flags; there are also dark, sandy, micaceous shales interbedded with it.

The Sallow Clough fault may be seen in the brook above Gnat Hole, where it seems to have nearly died out; but it is best shown in the stream after which we have named it, which gives the section sketched below.

It is worth notice that the fault hades very slightly to the upthrow side. The shales are bent sharply up, and the sandstone is shattered by many vertical cracks near the break. The rock most likely broke off along a joint, and this has given the direction to the hade.

A little to the south this fault brings the Kinder Scout Grit against the Shale Grit, and the two may be seen lying side by side at the north end of Old Pit Plantation. The fault is again well shown in the brook a quarter of a mile farther on.

The mapping of the beds in the valley of the Hayfield brook, near the Kinder Print Works, is, it must be allowed, very doubtful; but we made the best we could of an uncertain bit. Southwards of this point, however, the two beds of Kinder Scout Grit run on with clear escarpments up to a fault through South Head. The rock is still coarse and massive, but here and there, as about Chinley Head and Mainstone, mixed with flags. Between South Head, however, and Chapel-en-le-Frith the rock undergoes a very sudden and striking change. The upper bed can be easily traced for the whole way, but east of the farmhouse Courses it makes a feeble escarpment, has lessened very considerably in thickness, and, though in parts a conglomerate, is much mixed up with fine sandstone; a section in the cutting of the Midland Railway seemed to show that it is here split into two by a thick bed of shale.

'The lower bed is a thick and massive gritstone on South Head, and may be followed without any trouble as far as the Hull; after this we have only a faint feature to guide us, and, if we may judge by this, the bed must have come down very much both in character and thickness.

At Andrew Rocks there are some fine landslips in this bed.

In the shales between the two Kinder Grits good tilestones are found hereabouts: they have been worked at Bradshaw Field and Mainstones.

The ridges formed by the outcrop of the Kinder Scout Grits are stopped off, as if by a fault, a little to the north of Chapel-en-le-Frith,

*In Map 81 N.W.

and the line along which they end, when produced, runs up to some vertical beds hard by Bowden Head, and thence to a point in the brook a little N.N.E. of Ford Hall, where the beds rear up to an angle of 80°. Along this line then a fault, which we will call the Chapel fault, has been drawn.

To the south of Chapel-en-le-Frith lies the flat-topped hill Combs Moss, an account of which will be found on p. 61 of the Memoir on the adjoining map 81 N.W.

We will now return to Glossop, and trace the escarpment of the Kinder Scout Grit eastwards from that town.

The fault already mentioned, ranging along Glossop Dale, is nowhere seen, but the way in which the base of the grit is shifted clearly proves that there is some throw along this valley. The rock reappears on Shire Hill, where it is quarried, and is of very much the same nature as at Whitfield (see p. 47). There are old quarries, too, on Cock Hill,* which seem to have been worked for the flagstone interbedded with the grit.

Hence eastward, as far as Barrow Stones,* the rock makes so clear an escarpment as to call for no particular notice. From the plateau of the Shale Grit a range of hills, formed of the overlying shales, rises, sometimes steeply, and sometimes with a gentle slope, and is crowned at the top with a line of weatherworn crags of gritstone. The rock is often a conglomerate, as at the Dog Rock,* where the pebbles are as large as beans. On Shelf Moor* are many rocks worn into fantastic shapes by the weather; the upper beds are very coarse and massive, one bed at least 40 feet thick was seen, but towards the bottom there are sandy shales interbedded with the grit. The following section, shown in a brook running from near Hern Stones* to Shelf Barn, will give some notion of the composition of the rock.

Lower Kinder
Scout Grit.

Thick mass of coarse grit.

Bed of conglomerate.

Thick mass of very coarse grit.

Grit, some coarse, some only moderately so, with grains
about the size of wheat.

Flaggy fine grit, grains about the size of mustard seed.
Moderately coarse grit, grains from size of wheat to a pea.
Coarse grit.

Conglomerate, some grains as big as a bean, and pebbles as
big as a walnut.

Coarse, and more finely-grained, flaggy grit, mixed.
Underlying shales and sandstones.

At Barrow Stones* the grit is thrown down to the north by a fault, and is found again in the river Derwent, near its source, and hence it may be traced along a magnificent escarpment, till it is again shifted by a fault a little to the N.W. of Margery Stones.*

Hence the line bends round and runs due south along Howden Edge, at the southern end of which it again abuts against a large fault.

This fault is nowhere seen, but the evidence for it is beyond question, and is as follows. The underlying Shale Grit, which is well shown in Abbey Brook, is made up of thick sandstone beds parted by shales: each of these sandstones may be traced across the country by the feature which it makes, and, when traced, each one is found in turn to run up to and abut against the Kinder Scout Grit along a line which ranges east and west through the southern end of Howden Edge; this, then, must be the line of the fault. The clearest instance is that of the massive sandstone forming the crags of Berrister's Tor, which lies low down in the Shale Grit, far below the base of the Kinder Scout bed; when traced out, however, it is found to strike against beds some little way up in the latter, and this nothing but a fault can account for. To the west this fault seems to pass into a sharp anticlinal, shown in the River Westend, just above its junction with the Derwent. A very fine section of the Kinder Scout

* In Map S8 S.E.

Grit is given by the brook running down Sandhill Clough ;* its excessive coarseness and wild rugged character are very striking, and it is interesting to note how they have given a like stamp to the scenery around.

These two lines, the outcrops of the Kinder Scout Grit on the west and north, we have traced here because they form the boundaries on those sides of the country we shall have to describe; the remainder of the country occupied by this rock will be taken in hand further ou.

It will be convenient to notice here the sections given by the brooks which flow southwards from the ridge formed by the northern escarpment of the Kinder Scout Grit.

In the hollow called Lower Shelf on the map it is quite impossible to say what shall be called the top of the Shale Grit, so intimately are shales and sandstones mixed up together for a long way below the base of the Kinder Scout Grit.

Shelf Brook itself gives good sections in beds almost wholly sandstone and grit, and in some of its feeders we get what may pass for lines of division between the Shale Grit and the overlying shales; the clearest section was given by a slip north-west of the " S," in the words "Shelf Brook," it showed

1. Sandy shales with thin beds and concretions of sandstone 2. Grit and sandstone with thin shale-partings

3. Sandy shale with thin beds and concretions of sandstone 4. Shale

5. Sandstone with shale-partings

6. Shale with concretions and thin white sandstones

Here one would be puzzled to say what was to be called shale and what Shale Grit. We agreed to draw the line at the top of the well-marked sandstone No. 2, and this will give us only 50 feet or thereabouts of shale between the Kinder and Shale Grits.

In the upper part of Shelf Brook, called Crooked Clough on the map, there was a fairly marked change from sandstone to a thick mass of shale, and here again we drew the line; but if the whole of the beds from here up to the base of the Kinder Scout Grit are shale, the dividing band will be about 300 feet thick.

In Hern Clough we have the following section :

1. Kinder Scout Grit.

2. Sandy shale with beds of clayey sandstone, about 200 feet.

3. Hard coarse sandstone, 30 to 40 feet.

4. Dark and grey shale, about 100 feet.

5. Massive sandstone, often very coarse, with thick shale partings.

Looking at this section alone, it is puzzling to say whether the top of the Shale Grit had better be drawn between (2) and (3) or between (4) and (5); in one case we put a thick mass of shale into the grit, in the other we put a good sandstone bed into the shales. When traced across the country, however, (3) and (4) are found to be very changeable; in Far Fork Grain* (3) has nearly died away, but it sets in again before Westend Head,* for in the brook there we have the same section as in Hern Clough ;* but in Deep Grain* and Grinah Grain* (4) is completely replaced by sandstone. We have, therefore drawn the line at the top of (3). The diagram opposite (Fig. 14) shows these changes.

The shales beneath the Kinder Grit are well shown in a gully north of Roundhill,* in Hoar Clough,* where they are about 325 feet thick, and in Steiner Clough,* where they are about 400 feet thick.

Having now described, as fully as the materials in our hands would allow, the country on the crest of the great anticlinal, we will next pass to the belt of land to the east along which the easterly dip comes on, and the Millstone Grit beds crop out with a gentle rise from beneath the Coal-field of Yorkshire and Derbyshire.

* In Map 88 S.E.

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