west of Cattis Side Quarry showed the upper beds to be there fine and flaggy, very much current-bedded, with wedge-shaped partings of shale. At Cattis Side Quarry we see, for the first time since leaving Moscar Toll Gate, the overlying shales, and have the following section. On Bore Edge the rock again becomes very coarse, bits of quartz as big as a pea or a bean being very common, and the escarpment forms a low rocky cliff with somewhat of the old look about it. About Mitchell Field the rock is a massive grit, not very coarse, with flagstones in the upper part. About the “m” of the words "Dale Bottom," it is a fine grit splitting into irregular flags about two inches thick, and a little further to the east becomes rather coarser and more massive, and in one place sticks up in a natural rock. The bed has again been quarried above Hathersage Booth, where it is a grit, not very coarse, splitting into thick irregular flags. The evidence for a fault north of Mitchell Field is mainly furnished by the following section, seen in the brook above that house. Fig. 16. Section in the Brook near Mitchell Field, Hathersage. 1. Black shale (Goniatites, Aviculopecten and Posidonomya). 2. Bastard ganister with a very thin layer of coal on the top. × Place of fault. A little feature which runs from this spot to the south end of Bore Edge, where the under boundary of the grit is shifted, has been taken to mark the line of the fault. At Hathersage Booth the Kinder Grit abuts against a fault whose line has been already described (p. 52). The Kinder Scout Grit over the remainder of this district, though still coarse in places, has very much the same character as to the immediate north of Hathersage; at its base is a belt of good flagstone, with interbedded sandy shales. Before we pass to the account of this rock it will be convenient to notice an important fault ranging across the district in an east and west direction. The western part of this dislocation is formed by the Hucklow Edge Lode, which has been proved by mining in the Mountain Limestone, either at the surface or below the covering of Yoredale Rocks, and found to be a fault down to the north, from near Peak Forest to the Lady Wash Mine, a little to the west of which it cuts off the escarpment of the Kinder Scout Grit on Sir William Hill in a very marked way. Along the line of this fault produced, the base of the same rock is also stopped off, though not in so undoubted a manner, on the south side of Mag Clough. Hence we have no evidence till the eastern side of the Derwent valley, but there, in Hay Wood, which lies very nearly on the line of the fault produced, we find the escarpment of the Chatsworth Grit very much broken. The fault here seems to split into three branches, and though the exact details of the displacement are doubtful, it was quite clear that a single fault would not account for them, and out of several possible arrangements of the lines that on the map was chosen as explaining most easily the observed facts.* We will first take in hand the ground to the north of the fault. A fault ranges north-west and south-east through Leam, the evidence for which we shall be better able to give further on; we will first say about the Kinder Grit to the north of it, that its under boundary is clear throughout, but that the eastern slope of the Derwent valley is so thickly covered by tumbled masses of the Chatsworth Grit that there is no evidence to fix its upper line. We naturally look to Burbage Brook for a section, and here the shaies and sandstones below the Chatsworth Grit are fairly shown down to the Upper Mill; below this shale is again seen in one place, and at the Lower Mill we come on to flaggy sandstone, which may be followed to the bottom of the wood; in spite of its mineral character, which is so unlike the usual run of the Kinder Grit, we thought that this sandstone, lying as it does, must be the upper part of that bed, and have drawn the line accordingly. We will now come to the fault just mentioned ranging through Leam. If we go back to the western side of the river we shall find the ground sloping down gently to the south from the escarpment of the Kinder Grit at Yerncliff as far as Leam, as shown in the Section, Fig. 17. Through Leam there ranges in a W.N.W. line a ridge of higher ground looking at first sight exactly like the escarpment of a bed overlying the Kinder Scout Grit. This, however, cannot be the case, and we are therefore led to explain this ridge by supposing a fault along its base throwing up to the south the Kinder Grit, and so repeating its escarpment. Whether the underlying shales are really brought out to day by the fault, as in the section, is doubtful; the steep slope of the ground and some strong springs that break out seem to show that they are, but no section of shale was seen, and none has therefore been marked on the map. Again the prolongation of this fault across the valley explains matters that are at first sight very puzzling. A section running from Sheriff Wood down to the Derwent shows the following beds. *For a further account of the Hucklow Edge fault see pp. 132-7. No. 4 is shown at a bend of the river opposite the word "Sheriff; " No. 3 at the south-east corner of Sheriff Wood, and again on the carriage road up to Leani. No. 2 is largely quarried a little to the north of Grindleford Bridge, and its outcrop inay be traced into Sheriff Wood, where it is seen to be immediately overlaid by the undoubted Kinder Grit No. 1. Nos. 1 and 2 will, therefore, be Kinder Scout Grit, the base taking here a flaggy form, and No. 4 Shale Grit, and we have therefore Shale Grit here in the bed of the river, while on the opposite side of the valley is Kinder Scout Grit on the same level. Between the two there must be a fault, and the fault through Leam runs as neatly as could be wished to the spot where it is wanted, and clears up the difficulty. A little inlier of beds below the Kinder, hounded on the south by the Hucklow Edge Lode, has been laid down in Mag Clough. The base of the Kinder Scout Grit is well marked, specially on the north side of the valley, and is seen in several places to be a flaggy sandstone like No. 2 in the section last given. The top of the Shale Grit can only be guessed at, but the rock is seen in the brook, and was sunk through in the shafts of an adit called Mag Clough Sough. We now return to the base of the Kinder Grit at the west end of Yerncliff. The line is here shifted by a fault, bringing the Shale Grit, which has been worked in Wet Within Slate Quarry, on a level with the crags of the Kinder escarpment. The latter rock is found again on Stanage, along which it runs with a very clear line up to the Hucklow Edge Lode at Sir William Hill. It is shifted by two faults, of which the more westerly is somewhat doubtful. We now pass to the south side of the Hucklow Edge Lode. The Yoredale Group, though seldom seen in natural sections, has been proved in the mining shafts to be about 300 feet thick.* There is no certain trace of the Yoredale Sandstones, and this division is either very thin or has died away altogether. The Shale Grit makes a bold ridge, and in the shaft of Lady Wash Mine was found according to the miners to be 466 feet 6 inches thick, the section, given us by Mr. Maltby of Eyam, being as follows: Gritstone Section of the Lady Wash Mine. ft. in. 466 6 Shale Grit. Black shales with beds and nodules of 330 0 Yoredale Rocks. Mountain Limestone. A fault ranging south-east through Goatscliff was laid down from the following evidence. A fault seen in the Chatsworth Grit on Froggatt Edge points to a line of vertical beds in the Derwent, and then its line produced would run very nearly to a point where the escarpment of the Kinder Scout Grit is faulted a little west of Goatscliff. In the angle between this fault and the Hucklow Edge Lode the Kinder Grit was nowhere seen, but there are sections in the overlying shales in the lower part of Hay Wood, and by the roadside south of Goatscliff Tannery. To the south of the fault last mentioned a belt of the Kinder Scout Grit runs from Stoke Moor to Calver. It is found on Stoke Moor to be coarse and massive, and it makes a clear little escarpment as far as Rock Hall. Southwards from here the escarpment is less marked, and the rocks seem to become finer, and three-eighths of a mile south-east of Riley House the lower part is a finely grained flaggy sandstone, very much false-bedded and mixed with sandy shale. This rock, which is largely quarried for flags and tilestones, is just the same as the beds we found at the base of the Kinder Grit between Grindleford and Leam. The rock may also be seen in the grit quarries one quarter of a mile S.S.W. of Goatscliff, where it is a massive grit, not very coarse; and near Stoke Hall, where it is a finely grained, thickly bedded sandstone with shale *At the Lady Wash Mine the following fossils, determined by Mr. Etheridge, were found in these beds. Goniatites sphæricus, Posidonomya Gibsoni, Posidonomya sp., Scales of Palæoniscus. beds. It keeps this latter character down to Calver,* where it abuts against a fault which we will call the Stoney Middleton fault. The upper boundary is throughout wholly conjectural, for the whole of the eastern slope of the valley is thickly covered with a tumbled mass of blocks of Chatsworth Grit, and no sections were seen. The ground is smothered in the same way all along the deep valley of Barbrook, but a bed of hard sandstone crops out in the stream a little north of the tollgate, and has been taken to be the Kinder Scout Grit. We will now give the evidence for the Stoney Middleton fault. North of the village a lode has been worked, on the line of which the warm spring breaks out. The lode produced runs to Calver,* where the Kinder Scout Grit and the Mountain Limestone run very close together, no trace of the Shale Grit being found between them. This requires a fault down to the north-east. Carrying on the line, it bounds on the north-east an outlier of Kinder Scout Grit on Baslow Bar,* which seems to be sharply cut off and brought very close to the Chatsworth Grit of Baslow Edge,* calling for a fault with the same throw as before. Lastly, where the line produced cuts the escarpment of the Chatsworth Grit north of Chatsworth Park† there is a fault, also down to the northeast. The throw is here small, and the fault has nearly died out. In the measures between the Upper Kinder Scout and the Third Grits sections are very scarce, the flank of the hill below the escarpment of the latter being thickly covered with a mass of débris of Third Grit which hides the bedded rocks from sight. From the shape of the ground we should infer that here and there at least one sandstone bed lay among the shales. We get sections at last on Hathersage Moor, and there find the order to be— 1. Rivelin or Chatsworth Grit. 2. Shales, not seen. 3. Thin flagstone (quarried about the "r" of "Hathersage Moor”). 4. Sandy shales. Sandstone, rather coarse and concretionary 5. Shale Finely grained sandstone 6. Thick mass of dark shale. 7. Kinder Scout Grit. Well seen about the "t" of "Hathersage Moor." The group No. 5 form a very marked feature at the spot mentioned, and a ridge, probably marking its outcrop, may be traced on the north as far as a large plantation marked on the map beneath Stanage Edge,‡ and on the south certainly as far as Millstone Edge. The sandstones have been quarried for about a quarter of a mile in the former direction, and seem to become less massive, and to be split up by shales. Good sections of these beds are also given by Burbage Brook, and we there find like sandstones interbedded with the shales. We now come to the Chatsworth Grit, the bed which forms by far the most striking features in the scenery, not only hereabouts but for many miles to the south. This rock has here put on that marked character which distinguishes it from the other gritstones, and in the present district its peculiar stamp comes out most strongly, and is shown perhaps better than anywhere else on Crow Chine. From this hill the escarpment runs along Stanage Edge and the west of Burbage Moor, a bold rampart of rock, with a nearly vertical face, from 20 to 50 feet in height, below which is a steep slope formed of the underlying shales. The joints, which are very strong and regular, split up the rock into huge masses, roughly prismatic in shape, and give the cliff a somewhat battlemented look; and the steep slope below is thickly strewn down to the very bottom with fallen masses of the grit, so that it is only very rarely that we catch a sight of the shale of which In Map 81 N.E. *In Map 81 S.E. † In Map 82 S.W. it is formed: these blocks are of all sizes, and for the most part angular, and lie as if they had quietly settled down into their present position. We can only account for them by supposing that the escarpment of the grit once lay farther to the west, and that it has been carried slowly eastwards as the underlying shales were worn away by atmospheric action, and the rock thus deprived of its support broke off along the face of the joints, and left the ruined masses which now cover the flank of the hill to show what once had been its extent. These loose blocks are quarried for building and millstones, and are called by the workmen day stones." 66 The rock is mostly coarse, massive, and regularly jointed, often a conglomerate with pebbles of white quartz up to the size of a thrush's egg. We find here and there the lower flaggy part present, but it is mostly thin, and over a great part of the district wanting altogether. To pass to details. The fault at Upper Reeves Low,† already mentioned, shifts the base of the rock very distinctly, and there is another detached patch of the grit, which, if in place, must have been thrown down again by a cross fault. South of this fault along the escarpment of Broad Rake up to Crow Chine the upper part of the bed is a very coarse massive grit, often falsebedded, and in many cases a conglomerate with quartz pebbles and bits of felspar as big as a bean. There are faint traces of fossil plants. The stone is used for building and for engine beds. Below the cliff formed by this coarse part is a second escarpment, less steep, made of flaggy sandstone. This second escarpment is shown by the shading on the map, and it will be seen that it ends off one third of a mile south of the Trigonometrical Station on Crow Chine; and here, as we should expect, the flagstone seems also to die away, for, though there are no actual sections to appeal to, springs begin to come out immediately at the foot of the coarse grit, pointing to shale close beneath. Towards the north of Stanage Edge millstones have been made out of the grit; they were described as fit for grinding oats, but too "nesh " (weak) for beans or barley. The following sets of joints were measured between Crow Chine and Coal Pit House : 1. E. 60° S., and E. 28° N. 2. E. 72° S., and E. 30° N. 4. E. 65° S., and E. 40° S. 5. E. 50° S., and E. 40° N. 6. E. 20° S., and E. 40° N. Mean direction, E. 53° 40′ S., and E. 34° 40′ N. On Stanage Edge the following directions of joints were measured, in order from north to south :-* 1. E. 65° S., and E. 40° N. 14. 21. E. 30° S., and E. 55° N. Mean direction, E. 43° S., and E. 46° N. * See on the subject of joints, p. 110. † In Map 81 N.E. |