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"A masterly account of Aryan belief as told from Arvan evidence." Folk-lore Record.

"It is difficult to convey an idea of the fulness of matter and wealth of thought contained in this book."-Glasgow Herald.

"In it may be found many a charming tale told with much spirit, and many a piece of quaint folk-lore, together with acute remarks on subjects incidentally dealt with-such as the legends of the saints and witchcraft in the Middle Ages."-St. James's Guzetle.

"This volume, devoted mainly to poetic myths, legends, and tales, can be recommended to all who care for the fair divinities of old religions and the forms in which popular fancy has embodied nature, forces, or moral ideas.... No one can fail to read them with pleasure as well as with advantage."-Athenaeum.

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CONTENTS.-N° 153.

NOTES:-The Writings of Horrox and Crabtree, Observers of

447.

Name, 446-Folk-lore: Owl's Heart- A Saying of Lord Chatham-Hasty-Misuse of Technical Terms at Games, QUERIES:-James Sinclair of Borlum, 447-The Lumber Troop-E. Watson, of Lidington-Name of Painter Wanted, 448-Vulgar Frrors-The Dunmow Flitch-T. Bristow-The Population, 1603-Numismatic-St. Jerome A. Ely-A Yorkshire Ballad-A Confederacy of Witnesses-G. Swan, Son of Charles II.-Whitgift, Yorkshire-De Panama-"I have kept," &c., 449-Arden Family-Bull-baiting in the Nineteenth Century-C. Moor-Hedge or Edge, 450. REPLIES:-Newspapers and Advertising, 450-"Dancing the Hay," 451-Pietro Testa-White Pigeon Superstition, 452Cleasby and Vigfusson's "Icelandic Dictionary "-Schiller's "Don Carlos"-The Rebab-Preachers, 453-Belief in the Untrue-Butler's "Hudibras," Part III., 1678-Sir B. Janson-St. Weonard, 454-"Paltock's Inn"-E. Webley -Worksop-J. Coningsby-Ancient Stoneware PitchersMeggott Family, 455-Gace Family-Sir W. ConstableWrinkle-Bregenz - The Oldest Trading Corporation Belfry, 456 - The Philological Society's New DictionaryW. Whittingham, 457-Mary Queen of Scots-A DistaffPortrait of Dante-The Allen Mystery-"A month's mind -Schihallion, 458.

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and Elton Families"-Sorel's "L'Angleterre et l'Emigration Française de 1794 à 1801." Notices to Correspondents.

Notes.

THE WRITINGS OF HORROX AND CRABTREE, OBSERVERS OF THE TRANSIT OF VENUS, NOV. 23, 1639.

The opportunity afforded by the transit of Venus on Dec. 6, not again to occur until the summer of A.D. 2004, is a favourable moment for making an effort to find some of the missing papers of Horrox and Crabtree, the two sagacious astronomers of Lancashire, who alone witnessed the transit of 1639.* The Chetham Library, Manchester, it is believed, possesses one MS. of the latter, and the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, a book containing an autograph and notes of the former. For some time after their deathsHorrox died in 1641 and Crabtree about 1652-no one was eager to collect their MSS. Dr. Wallis was indignant that Horrox's treatise on the transit"that elegant and excellent work"-was not taken up and printed until twenty-two years after the author's death (Opera Posthuma, Preface, p. ii). One portion of Horrox's papers was burnt by a company of soldiers who entered his father's house at Toxteth in search of plunder. Others were in the hands of his brother Jonas Horrox, who took

See "N. & Q.," 5th S. ii. 205, 274, 301, 335, 339; iv. 499; and The Palatine Note-Book for December, 1882.

"Tabulæ Britannica: The British Tables: wherein is contained Logistical Arithmetick, the Doctrine of the Sphere, Astronomicall Chronologie, the Ecclesiastical Accompt, the Equation and Reduction of Time. Together with the Calculation of the Motions of the Fixed and Wandering Stars, and the Eclipses of the Luminaries. Calculated for the Meridian of London from the Hypothesis of Bullialdus, and the Observations of Mr. Horrox. By Jeremy Shakerley. London. Printed for R. & W. Leybourn, for Robert Boydell, in the Bulwork neere the Tower. 1653." 8vo. The Precepts, pp. viii, 92, iv; the Tables, A-Hh 8. The editor says that "according to Bullialdus's Hypothesis, and the Precepts of Jeremy Horrox, our Author hath composed these Planetary Tables which he termes Tabula Britanica as being

fitted to the Meridian of London."

Shakerley had gone to the West Indies, leaving Horrox's MSS. in the hands of his bookseller, Nathaniel Brooks, of London (the publisher of Sherburne's Manilius, The Accomplished Cook, &c.), in whose possession they were when the Great Fire of 1666 took place (Op. Post., Pref., p. xi).

These Tables are referred to in the Ashmole MS. 242, fo. 93, where we find John Booker's copy of his letter to Jeremiah Shakerley, sole intrante Y, 1654/5. Booker says:—

"I highly prize you and yor worthy endeauors and hope God spareing you health and life you may be respected according to your deserts. Yo' Tabulæ Brittannicæ put forth in yo' name want yo' correction and their additionall perfections. I hope none will take that upon them but yo' selfe wch might be made as vsefull and I suppose more excellent then any extant."

The preservation of the largest number of the papers of the young astronomers was due to Dr. all he could at Broughton, Manchester, from the John Worthington, their countryman, who obtained representatives of William Crabtree, and among them was one or more copies of Horrox's Venus in Sole Visa. Worthington promised to lend the latter to Samuel Hartlib (the ingenious person to whom Milton addressed his Treatise on Education), who wanted it for his rare collection of MSS. (see Dirck's Hartlib, pp. 25, 33). Hartlib, writing to Worthington, April 20, 1659, asks: "Do you remember your promises concerning the astronomical observations of Venus made by the late Mr. Horox? I wish I had them; the sooner the better" (Diary, p. 124). On April 28 Worthington replied:

"I have, as you desire, sent you Mr. Horrox his discourse called Venus in Sole Visa. Here are two copies of it, but neither writ to the end. I lent them some years since to a friend, who promised out of both to make out one, and then to print it; but other business, it seems, would not permit him to go through with the work. In some other loose papers I perceive that the author began his tract again and again (so curious [i.e., full of care]

was he about it), but these seem to be his last written with his own hand......These papers of his I found in the study of one Mr. Crabtree (a Lancashire man, and his great correspondent in these studies), and I bought them after his death. By sending to some friend about Liverpool or Toxteth, it may be known whether any of Mr. Horrox's kindred have any of his papers."-Whatton's Life of Horror, p. 61.

The doctor had some trouble to get these MSS. back from Hartlib, and his anxiety about them is explained by the fact that he believed there were no other copies of the treatise extant.

Christopher, Richard, and Charles Towneley, of Towneley,well-known mathematicians and eminent virtuosos, were the possessors of some of the correspondence of the astronomers. Thoresby visited Towneley, co. Lanc., in 1702, and said that he was best pleased with the collection of "original letters that passed, through Mr. Christopher Towneley the antiquary's contrivance, between Mr. Gascoigne, of Yorkshire, and Mr. Crabtree and Mr. Horrax, of Lancashire." From that quarter Dr. Derham in 1711 obtained copies of a few letters, one of which was published in the Philosophical Transactions that year. Jonas Moore, author of the arithmetic and algebra published in 1649 and 1660, is also mentioned as having papers (Sherburne's Manilius; Letters of Scientific Men, ed. Rigaud, ii. 118-9, 127); but Bishop Wilkins had never seen any (Letters, 533).

In the year 1660 a copy of the treatise on Venus came into the possession of Christian Huyghens, the Hague mathematician, who was then in London. He sent it to John Hevelius, of Dantzic, and when that astronomer published his account of the transit of Mercury, which he had witnessed in 1661, he included Horrox's Venus with it. The volume, printed at Dantzic, was entitled (Bodleian copy):

"Johannis Hevelii | Mercurius | In Sole visus Gedani, Anno Christiano MDCLXI, d. III. Maji, St. n. | Cum aliis quibusdam rerum Coelestium observa- tionibus, rarisq'; phænomenis. Cui annexa est, Venus | In Sole pariter visa, Anno 1639, d. 24 Nov. St. V. | Liverpoliæ, a Jeremia Horroxio: nunc primum edita, notisque illustrata. | Quibus accedit succincta | Historiola, | Novæ illius, ac miræ Stellæ in collo Ceti, certis anni temporibus clarè admodùm affulgentis, rursùs omninò evanescentis. Nec non genuina delineatio, Paraselenarum, & Pareliorum quorun- dam rarissimorum. | [Engraving, signed "ABrij," "J. Allen":-Landscape; an astrono mical sphere in the foreground; a castle on an eminence in the left corner; at the end of the castle to the right a gibbet with a burning lamp hanging; in the landscape taking observations with astronomical instruments four men, two on each side of the astronomical sphere; in the distance the sea with two ships; the heavens partially clouded; stars; the moon half in shadow; signs of the zodiac on a rainbow. The whole of the above is in an oval frame supported on the left by a crane, on the right by a falcon; in front an owl between a lighted candle and an hour-glass; at the top of the frame is a cherub's head surmounted by a star, and above this a scroll with ENARRANT DEI GLORIAM.] Cum Privilegio Sac. Cæsarea, & Regiæ P. & S. Majestatum | Gedani. |

Autoris typis, et sumptibus, | imprimebat Simon Reiniger. Anno M DC LXII." Folio. Dedic., " Ismaeli Bullialdo amico summo," 3 pp; "Delineationes hoc ordine inserantur," 1 p.; "Mercurius in Sole visus," pp. 1-110; "Venus in sole visa. Seu | Tractatus Astronomicus, | De | Nobilissimâ Solis & Veneris Conjunctione, | Novembris' die 24, Styl. Juliano, | M.DO.XXXIX. | Autore Jeremia Horroxio," pp. 111-145; "Historiola," pp. 146-171= "Phenomena aerea, pp. 172-176; "Index rerum," pp. 177-181. Ten plates engraved by Hevelius and marked A-K, of which G only belongs to Horrox's treatise.

There is a MS. of Horrox's treatise at Greenwich

Observatory which once belonged to Flamsteed, with some curious additions of a later date, described in the Letters, ii. 111. The late Mr. W. R. Whatton proposed to edit the treatise in English, but he died in 1835, and his son in 1859 completed the task. The book was reissued in 1869, with a new title, thus :

of the celebrated discourse thereupon by the Rev. Jeremiah Horrox, Curate of Hoole (1639), near Preston; to which is prefixed a Memoir of his Life and Labours. By the Rev. Arundell Blount Whatton, B.A., LL.B. London: William Macintosh, 24, Paternoster Row [1869]." 8vo. pp. xvi, 216; 2 plates.

"The Transit of Venus across the Sun: a translation

On Feb. 17, 1663/4, the subject of Horrox's astronomical MSS. was brought before the Royal Society, when Sir Paul Neile promised to produce some of them; and Dr. Croune was desired to write to Mr. Towneley, who had "a considerable number," to communicate them in order to their being made public. Drs. Wallis and Wren were appointed to report on the MSS. In consequence of their inquiry Wallis was asked to edit them in a suitable manner; and being warmly zealous of the fame of Horrox, he prosecuted his task with care. On the 16th of the following month Sir Paul Neile presented a copy of some of Mr. Horrox's astronomical papers, which Dr. Wallis was desired to peruse, who accordingly took them with him to Oxford. Drs. Wilkins and Croune were desired to procure the originals of those papers from Dr. Worthington; and Dr. Croune wrote to Mr. Towneley ing some writings of Mr. Horrox." Wallis announced the completion of his task in a letter which was read to the Society, Sept. 28, 1664. He said that he had compared the copies with the originals, digested all in one body, and prefixed to it an epistle to the President, giving an account both of the author and the matter. The MS. was referred to the Council (Birch's Hist., i. 386, 395, 470). Eight years, however, elapsed before it was put to press, partly owing to want of funds. Meanwhile its appearance was being eagerly anticipated by John Collins, Flamsteed, Newton, and other eminent mathematicians.

From Mr. Christopher Towneley Flamsteed proThe delay brought many additions to the MSS. cured Gascoigne's and Crabtree's papers, and Horrox's theory of the moon, showing that the