he styled himself "ARCHITECTUS VERBORUM." Over the door of the new printing-office he placed a bust

Tuesday you will be so kind as to give me one line (directed to Mr. Markland, at Darking, Surry) with the news that he continues well; it will be a very great satisfaction to, Sir,

Your most obedient humble servant, JER. MARKLAND." My answer produced a second epistle: "June 9, 1767. Sir, I received your letter this morning, and am obliged to you for your prompt payment, a day sooner than I expected. I shall send this evening to know whether I cannot have private lodgings for him, with very good quiet people, for as many nights as he can stay here, provided he chooses, or it be thought proper that he should come into the country, the air of which I cannot forbear thinking would be of service to him; and here is a very skilful and judicious apothecary, who can make up any medicines for him if he brings with him the prescription. I know he would prefer this to being at an inn, where perhaps he may think himself obliged to eat or drink more than he chooses. I did not write to him, because I could not tell whether he was able to read, or whether it would be agreeable to him: but I will not fail of doing it to-morrow, when I have heard concerning the lodgings. This is an accident which I as little expected could befall him, as Insanity was to Mr. Hall (see vol. IV. pp. 336, 337]. I am, Sir, Your most obedient humble servant, JER. MARKLAND."

Mr. Clarke some time after writes to Mr. Bowyer, "Sept. 11, 1767. Dear Sir, I should be unwilling to trouble you with a letter, if it were not for two reasons, to give you an opportunity of receiving a little money, and to hear how you go on. I thank God, I get ground a little, though the weather does not favour me. I move with more ease, and rather better spirits. Let me know in a line or two how you are. Don't be discouraged a neighbour of ours, that was much worse, is almost quite recovered. Does my Lord Lyttelton ever intend to finish his Life of Henry II.? I much doubt it, as half is yet to come. Is it in the press? I was glad that I got the start in publishing, we differ so much about the Saxon Parliaments-it might have been rather pert to have said what I have said, when he had given a sanction to the other opinion. I am, dear Sir, your much obliged and affectionate, &c. WILLIAM CLARKE."-Again, "Oct. 20. I think you should inform the publick of your new office under the respectable title of Bowyer and Co. You may prevent many people from losing their time by calling at White Fryars-and let them have the pleasure of seeing the elegance of your new devices. But why Tully's head? Why not Scheffer's and Faust's, primi Verborum Architecti. Enjoy your flights a little; it is being yourself-which, I hope, you are more and more every day. I like this buying of thermometers very well; people never think of weighing what is not in the scale. It is a sign of having spirits to weigh. But you must expect to find yourself changeable, like the weather. In our best health we have

your

of his favourite Cicero; under which was inscribed, "M. T. CICERO, a quo primORDIA PRELI," in allusion to the well-known very early and valuable editions of Tully's Offices.

In this year he printed, for his very excellent friend Mr. Clarke, "The Connexion of the Roman, Saxon, and English Coins *; deducing the Anti

our cloudy days: in the evening of life, as the days shorten, they are more overcast, the shadows lengthen, and the light is less. Though, I thank God, I get a little ground, and am less fatigued in riding than I was in summer-yet the days differ, some have a greater mixture of clay than others--but I live in hopes of not relapsing, and have begun to take my medicines again.-I have no objection to your explication of the symbols upon Hadrian's Coin, but that I meet with the very same used for different purposes. Upon the coins of some of the Empresses it is explained by the legend, as, sideribus recepta, and implies their consecration-in others, eternity. In some of Hadrian's, struck the same year with this, you have a Figure with a Crescent, and a Sun above it in the right hand-with the legend Roma æterna, and perhaps this might express the same thing without the legend; and sometimes a Sun in one hand, and a Moon in the other, but all the same import. Have you made your excursion to Darking? I was in hopes of hearing some news from hence, that he has got the better of his complaints, and compromised his law-suit, which he has certainly seen with a jaundiced eye. I am, dear Sir, your much obliged, &c. WILLIAM CLARKE.”

* In the Preface to this Work, Mr. Clarke thus handsomely acknowledges the assistance he received from Mr. Bowyer: "Many errata, which escaped me in examining the sheets from the press, Mr. Bowyer has done me the favour to correct; and if others have passed him unobserved, he may well be excused, from the nature of this work, and the multiplicity of other business. I am obliged to him for more material observations. As for myself, I shall not think it necessary to apologise for the lesser typographical errors, especially at such a distance from the press; and at a time of life when a close attention to very minute particulars is much impaired." And, in a private letter, he says, "I am greatly obliged to you for all the trouble you have taken; for every hint, caution, alteration, correction, you have suggested. I believe I shall adopt them all. That your friend the late Speaker [Onslow] should give so much attention to these dry disquisitions is more than I could have imagined. I suppose his favourite subject, the House of Commons, excited his curiosity."-Again, "I thank you for printing this work so handsomely, both as to the types and paper: it will make it look a little more significant; and, as the notes are large, they will be read in so large a type without difficulty. But I am still

more

quities, Customs, and Manners, of each People, to Modern Times; particularly the Origin of Feudal Tenures, and of Parliaments; illustrated throughout with Critical and Historical Remarks on various Authors, both Sacred and Profane*. By William Clarke, A. M."-"The appearance of this Work from the press," Mr. Clarke says, was entirely

more obliged to you for altering, or correcting, any inaccuracies in the language, which, I fancy, you have done in several places; though, as I have nothing but a rough copy by me, I havė nothing but memory to ascertain it. Pray go on, and use your own judgment. I should have read it over with that view, but could not find an appetite sufficient for that purpose."Some of Mr. Bowyer's notes are interspersed with the Author's throughout the Volume. Part of the Dissertation on the Roman Sesterce is his production: and the Index (a peculiarly good one, and on which he not a little prided himself) was drawn up entirely by him. "Of all your talents," says Mr. Clarke, "you are a most amazing man at Indexes. What a flag too do you hang out at the stern! You must certainly persuade people that the book overflows with matter, which (to speak the truth) is but thinly spread. But I know all this is fair in

trade; and you have a right to expect that the publick should purchase freely, when you reduce the whole book into an epitome for their benefit; "I shall read the Index with pleasure." The sending of the presents was left to Mr. Bowyer's management; on which occasion Mr. Clarke writes, "I like all that you have done very well; the sooner I get quit of all this parade the better. But don't say a word to any body of what presents I have made, lest by taking air it might give others a pretence for being offended. April 8, 1767."

*The title-page in several copies is only, "The Connexion of the Roman, Saxon, and English Coins, deduced from Observations on the Saxon Weights and Money;" the title as above quoted having been an after-thought.

+ Mr. Clarke, May 4, 1767, speaks thus of his own Book, not in the usual style of Authors: " I don't think that I shall be able to get you off a single copy of the Book. I sent it to the Dean, and to my next Brother Residentiary in the Close; who returned it with very civil compliments, and said, they had read the Dedication and the Preface, but were no judges in that sort of learning. And, as I don't go abroad, I see nobody but very intimate acquaintance, who are no great proficients in any matters of Antiquity except old China. I question whether the whole County of Sussex will take off ten copies. You see what a purchase you have made; and I doubt the Booksellers will be no friends at the bottom: they seem to look at you with an evil eye and had rather sell anybody's copy than yours."

owing to the discovery made by the late Martin Folkes, esq. of the old Saxon pound *."

* Mr. Bowyer's zeal for his friend drew from him, in "The St. James's Chronicle," a sort of challenge to the Reviewers, dated Oct. 8, 1767; and as it contains at the same time a defence of another respectable Author, the Reader will excuse my inserting it here at large. "I have often been amazed at the superiority the Critical Reviewers assume over the Works of the Learned, often when they misunderstand them, always when they misunderstand themselves. We have an instance of this in their account of Mr. Bryant's Observations, &c. for the month of July. That very respectable author has demonstrably shewn that the Malta where St. Paul was shipwrecked was not the Malta in the Mediterranean Sea against Africa, but the Melite in the Illyrian Gulf; 1, because, Acts xxvii. 27, it is said to have been in Adria. Now the name of the Adriatic Sea was not attributed to the Sea so low as the Mediterranean, but was appropriated to the Sea within the Illyrian Gulf. This is sufficient to decide the controversy. But, 2, the inhabitants of this Island are called Barbari, a character that ill suited those of Melita Africana, who, as Thucydides observes, were of Phoenician original, and were famous for all sorts of artificers and linen manufacture; but it every way corresponded with the Illyrian Mellitæans, who, by Diodorous Siculus, are expressly described under that title. 3, St. Paul says, they were to be shipwrecked on an island out of the destined course; but, the African Malta was directly in their way. 4. Mr. Bryant observes, modern travellers report of the African Malta, that it harbours no serpents; a blessing, we are told, bequeathed to the Island by St. Paul at his departure. If this be true, says he, what they bring as a test of the Apostle having been on this Island, is a proof that he never was there. As there are no serpents now in it, my conclusion is, that there never were any; it being owing not to St. Paul's grace, but to the nature of the Island, which cannot give them shelter; for it consists of a soft white rock, with very little earth. What Isaac Vossius says of Galata, is true of the African Malta; the same cause producing the same effects. This is clear; but Mr. Reviewer thinks the inference is not quite conclusive. Great Britain was once over-run with wolves, and part of it with wild boars; and he believes it would be as impossible at this time to produce a British wolf, or wild boar, as a Maltese viper: Perhaps so; from artificial causes those animals have been exterminated out of Britain: will Mr. Reviewer there fore conclude, they could not live here from natural causes, upon which Mr. Bryant's argument is founded? But the Reviewer proceeds, Setting aside all consideration of the fact, whether [the African] Malta does or does not produce serpents, we are strongly of opinion, that Mr. Bryant's supposition, that it did never produce them, is expressly confuted by the words of the Apostle's own narrative, supposing [the Illyrian] Malta to be the

place

The following inscription was written by Mr. Bowyer, as an introduction to one of the many presents which he made of this Book:

"TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY,

WHOSE COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCHES PENETRATE

place where he landed. Nay, it appears as if vipers had been very frequent among those barbarians [the African Maltese]. Had it been otherwise, how did they know that the animal which fastened upon St. Paul's hand was a serpent? how were they sensible that the effect of a serpent's bite was to make the party swell, and fall down suddenly? and why were they surprized that the Apostle received no harm?' Snap, says the argument. The Reviewer has here put the circumstance of the cheat upon himself, and his readers of the same size. He has transferred the circumstance of the Island's not producing serpents from the African Malta, where, for that reason, Mr. Bryant contends St. Paul did not land, to the Illyrian Malta, where, for that reason, he supposes he did land. Thus the absurdity is all the Reviewer's own. I know not personally Mr. Bryant, or the. Reviewer †; but thought it a piece of justice to vindicate sa masterly a writer from the mis-representations of those who with so ill a grace hold the balance of literature, I fear for another learned Work [Mr. Clarke's], which, though published, I think, this half-year, the Reviewers have not touched yet; for prudential reasons no doubt!"-Mr. Bowyer had also prepared the following article for a similar purpose: "As every branch of Literature must go through several digestions before it turns to nutriture, so Mr. Clarke's Book on Coins, being advanced chiefly on a new theory, must submit to an examination of all its parts. Let us try how it will stand the scrutiny, and trace the progress of it from its first rise. The Laws of Howell Dda, having been an age in printing, the Preface of it fell to this learned Writer's lot to draw up, in which he found occasion to enquire into the value of the Saxon pound, which Hickes had placed at LX shillings, against Camden, Spelman, Fleetwood, who had valued it at XLVIII §. Both parties thought the shilling was always of the same value, worth five pence. But it is plain, from the Laws of William, that it was sometimes worth four pence only. This variation solves all the difficulty: five times 48 pence and four times 60, make alike 248 pence, the number of pence retained in the pound to this day. Thus this Author had the satisfaction of solving a difficulty which had puzzled all the Antiquaries before him.-The next Roman point of knowledge the Preface

+ Who, it since appears, was Mr. Guthrie. J. N.

Dissert. Epist. p. 111. Andr. Fountaine, Epistle prefixed to the Dissertation of the Saxon Coins, p. 161.

Fleetwood's

Remains, &c. p. 200. Spelman, Gloss. under LIBRA. Chron. Pret. c. iii. Lambard and Wilkins, in their Glossaries. Laws of William I. p. 221, ed. Wilkins.

had: