The numbers, taken by centuries, are, in the 16th century, 89; in the 17th, 131; in the 18th, 445; and, in the first three decades of the 19th, 699! The total number of foreign trees and shrubs introduced up to the year 1830, appears to be about 1300; or, probably, up to the present moment, including all those species which have not yet flowered, and, consequently, have not yet been recorded in books, about 1400.

The countries from which these 1300 species have been introduced appear, from the Hortus Britannicus, to be as under:Europe: Greece, Turkey in Europe, and the Levant, 36; Italy, 35; Sicily and other Mediterranean islands, 19; Spain, 69; Portugal, 12; Switzerland, 49; France, 34; Germany, 52; Hungary, 46; Russia, 41; Sweden, 4; Lapland, 4; Spitzbergen, 1; North of Europe, 2; Central Europe, 18; South of Europe, 111: in all, 543. Asia: Siberia, 69; Asia Minor, 3; East Indies, 4; Nepal, 54; China, 34; Japan, 11; Persia, 5; Asia, 3 in all, 183. Africa and the Canary Isles: Barbary States, 13; Egypt, 3; Cape of Good Hope, 4; Canary Isles, 3: in all, 23. America: North America, 528; Mexico, 4; South America, 22; Straits of Magellan, 6: in all, 560. Australia and Polynesia: New Holland, 1; Van Diemen's Land, 2; New Zealand, 1: in all, 4.

It would thus appear, that nearly half the foreign trees and shrubs in the country have been introduced during the present century; and that these have been brought chiefly from North America. Among them there are not more than 300 trees which attain a timber-like size, and of these by far the most valuable is the larch. Some of the European acers, the sweet chestnut, some oaks, some poplars, pines, and firs, and the platanus and cedar from Asia, are also valuable as timber trees; but the chief accessions to this class are the acers, oaks, elms, ashes, poplars, birches, pines, and firs of North America. Our principal fruit trees are from Asia, including the common walnut, which is both a fruit and a timber tree; but by far the finest

ornamental trees and shrubs are from North America. Our greatest hopes for future introductions are from the unpenetrated regions of North America, and the mountainous regions of Asia and New Zealand.

We shall conclude this chapter by enumerating some of the principal planters of arboretums, and places where arboretums were planted, during the present century; premising that we do not include in this list any of those places which were commenced during the last century.

Among the planters of arboretums in Great Britain during the nineteenth century, the first place belongs to George, fourth duke of Marlborough. This nobleman, when Marquess of Blandford, resided on the estate of White Knights, near Reading, from the year 1800 till he succeeded his father in 1817. About 1801 he began to collect plants of every description, built numerous hot-houses for the exotics, and occupied a large walled garden with the hardy herbaceous plants, and the more choice trees and shrubs. Soon after, finding this garden too limited, he employed, as an arboretum, a space of several acres, called the Wood; and throughout the park at White Knights he distributed many trees, and a collection, as extensive as could be then procured, of the genus Cratæ gus. About this time magnolias, rhododendrons, azaleas, and other American trees and shrubs, being rare, or newly introduced, bore enormously high prices; but price was never taken into consideration by the Marquess of Blandford. He was never content with only one plant of a rare species, if two or more could be got; and the late Mr. Lee of the Hammersmith Nursery informed us, that he had sold several plants of the same species to the marquess when they were at twenty guineas, and even thirty guineas each. In consequence of a similar mode of proceeding in his transactions generally, the Marquess of Blandford soon found himself involved in debt and lawsuits, which, since 1816, have greatly crippled his exertions. He has still, however, the same taste for plants, and indulges it, as far as his limited resources will permit, in the pleasure-grounds of the palace at Blenheim, where His Grace at present resides. White Knights is now chiefly remarkable for its magnolia wall, which is 145 ft. long and 24 ft. high, entirely covered with twenty-two plants of Magnolia grandiflòra, which flower every year from June till November. They were planted in the year 1800, when the price in the nurseries, for good plants, was five guineas each. In the Wood there are a great number of remarkably fine specimens of all the species of Magnòlia, and especially of M. auriculata and acuminata. There are also very fine trees of Acer rùbrum, sacchárinum, and striàtum; of 'sculus and Pàvia, of Arbutus, of Kölreutèria, of Virgília, of Cornus flórida, of

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Gleditschia, Cércis, Cratæ gus, and Photínia 15 ft. high; some of the finest trees of Pyrus nivàlis and bollwylleriana in the country; of Halèsia, Diospyros, Nýssa, Gymnócladus, Plánera, Juglans, Stuártia, Laúrus, Quércus, Juníperus, Thùja, a remarkably fine Cunninghàmia, and many pines, among which are the greatest number of Pinus Pallasiana to be found together in any grounds in England. Pinus Cémbra has here attained the height of 30 ft. in 35 years; and Làrix péndula that of 50 ft. in the same time. At Blenheim the duke has introduced the finest trees he could procure, in numbers and in masses, as far as he was enabled to do so; and Magnòlia conspícua, of which seldom more than one or two plants are to be found in any one demesne, may be there reckoned by dozens. An account of White Knights, as far as its picturesque beauty extends, will be found in Hofflands's Description of White Knights, Lond. 1819, fol.; and of its gardens, in a botanical and horticultural point of view, in the Gardener's Magazine, vol. ix. p. 664.; in which work will also be found an account of Blenheim, vol. x. p. 99. The Duke of Marlborough's gardener, from the commencement of the duke's gardening operations at White Knights to the present time, has been Mr. Jones. White Knights, which is now the property of Francis Cholmeley, Esq., has its gardens under the direction of Mr. Ward. The house is at present (1835) unoccupied.

William Beckford, Esq., of Fonthill Abbey, began to plant at that place all the rare trees and shrubs which he could procure, about the same time as the Duke of Marlborough planted White Knights. He paid no attention to house or to herbaceous plants, but, like the duke, he planted the choicest trees and shrubs, in quantities, without any regard to their cost; paying for them, we believe, in ready money. We had the satisfaction of inspecting the grounds at Fonthill twice in 1806, when they were in their highest beauty and keeping; and we spent two days in looking at them again in 1833, when they were in a state of neglect, and when the greater number of the rare trees and shrubs, and in particular the pinetum, thornery, and rosary, were almost obliterated by the growth of common trees and shrubs. There are still some fine magnolias, rhododendrons, and azaleas in the American ground, which have been hardy enough to cope with the native trees which have been planted, or have sprung up fortuitously around them. The scenery of Fonthill has somewhat of a Swiss character, from the hilly ridge on which the Abbey is built, and the prevalence of the pine and fir tribe in the woods; and in it there is an air of melancholy grandeur, unlike that of any other place that we are acquainted with in Britain. A description of Fonthill Abbey, when in its most perfect state, has been given by Britton, in his Wiltshire, and a notice of it, as it appeared to us in 1833, will be found in the Gard. Mag., vol. xi. p. 425.

After White Knights and Fonthill Abbey, the following places may be mentioned as subsequently planted, and as containing collections of trees and shrubs more or less extensive. In Bedfordshire, Flitwick House, where an arboretum was planted in 1829. (See Gard. Mag., vol. v. p. 559.) At Woburn Abbey, where a salicetum, or salictum (as the Duke of Bedford more classically terms it, in his Salictum Woburnense), was planted in 1825, and where an arboretum is now, 1835, commenced. In Berkshire, High Clere, where a number of American trees and shrubs were planted, and a great quantity of fine hybrid rhododendrons and azaleas raised, between 1820 and 1830; and Dropmore, where there is the most complete pinetum in England, the species and varieties amounting, in 1835, to 120. In Cornwall, at Carclew, there is a good collection. In Derbyshire, at Chatsworth, a very complete arboretum was begun in 1834; of which an account and ground plan will be found in the Gardener's Magazine, vol. xi. p. 385. In Devonshire, Luscombe near Dawlish (said by Davis, in his Landscape-Gardener, to be "an unrivalled production of fine taste"), Endsleigh Cottage, Mamhead, and Bicton, contain good collections. In Essex, Hylands. In Hampshire, Bishop Stoke Vicarage. In Hertfordshire, Cheshunt, which contains a pinetum. In Kent, at Cobham Hall, a very good collection. In Lancashire, Latham House. In Northumberland, Belsay Castle, where there is a pinetum. In Staffordshire, Alton Towers, and Somerford Hall, where there is an excellent arboretum, with sufficient space allowed for the trees to attain their full size. In Suffolk, Barton Hall. In Surrey, Bagshot Park, Milford, where there is a regular arboretum, Oakham Park, Mere Cottage, and Deepdene. In Sussex, West Dean, and Arundel Castle. In Wiltshire, Wardour Castle, where there is a good pinetum, and Boynton.

In Scotland may be mentioned, Hafton, in Argyleshire; Gordon Castle, in Banffshire; Drumlanrig, and Jardine Hall, in Dumfriesshire; Dalhousie Castle, in Edinburghshire; St. Mary's Isle in Kirkcudbrightshire; and Dunrobin, in Sutherlandshire.

In Ireland, Terenure, near Dublin, where there is the most complete arboretum in the country; and Charleville Forest, in Meath, where an arboretum was begun in 1811.

Several public bodies have commenced arboretums during this century. In England the first of these is that of the London Horticultural Society, whose collection, in their garden at Turnham Green, commenced in 1823, may be considered the first in England. It is to be regretted that the space in the garden devoted to this arboretum was originally much too small; and also, that the trees and shrubs were chiefly crowded together in clumps, which have subsequently never been sufficiently thinned out. In consequence of this, the different kinds have

not had an equal chance of displaying themselves, or of attaining that magnitude and character which they ought to have to answer the ends of an arboretum. (See our ideas more at length, and illustrated by figures, in the Gard. Mag., vol. v. p. 346. and fig. 79., and vol. vi. p. 250. and fig. 44.) There is an arboretum in the Liverpool Botanic Garden, in that of Hull, in that of Colchester, in that of Manchester, in that of Birmingham, and one is just commenced in that of Sheffield. The Caledonian Horticultural Society have an arboretum in their experimental garden at Inverleith; that of the Botanic Garden of Edinburgh has been much increased; and there is a good one in the Glasgow Botanic Garden. In Ireland, the Trinity College Botanic Garden was laid out by Mr. Mackay in 1808, and at first contained only three acres. In 1833 two acres more were added, which are principally occupied by ornamental trees on a grass lawn, with surrounding borders for showy herbaceous plants, and trees and shrubs which require the protection of a wall. An arboretum was commenced in the garden of the Cork Institution, soon after the foundation of the Trinity College Botanic Garden; but that institution has been since broken up, and the plants and trees of the garden sold and dispersed. The Belfast Botanical and Horticultural Society established a garden and an arboretum about 1830. The Glasnevin Garden belongs to the preceding century.

The British nurserymen have not been wanting in forming arboretums. Preeminently among them stand the Messrs. Loddiges of Hackney, who have been assiduously collecting trees and shrubs from all parts of the world, since the middle of the last century; and in the year 1818, when these amounted to above 1200 species and varieties, exclusive of azaleas, roses, and willows they were arranged alphabetically on the right hand side of a walk forming a scroll like the Ionic volute, extending over a space of upwards of seven acres, commencing with the letter A, at the outer circumference, and terminating with Z (Zizyphus) near the centre. The centre itself forming the eye of the arboretum consists of ten concentric zones, devoted to peat earth plants, commencing in the outer zone with Andrómeda, and terminating in the inner one with Vaccinium. The collection of willows, which is very extensive, is placed by itself in the circumference; as is also the collection of yuccas. The collection of roses, which exceeds 1500 sorts, is planted on the left hand side of the scroll walk, and their number being about the same, as that of the trees and shrubs which do not require peat earth, they extend to the commencement of the concentric zones. The surrounding boundary walls are covered with half-hardy trees and shrubs. In 1830 this arboretum was in a high degree of perfection, and in the autumn of that year we had sketches taken