of all the trees and shrubs, to the scale of a quarter of an inch to a foot. As the object of Messrs. Loddiges was to include in one place, not only specimens of each particular tree and shrub, but also stools for propagating them, and a stock of young plants for sale, all placed beside the specimen plant, it became necessary to cut down the specimens as soon as they had attained a certain size; and this was accordingly done with many of the timber trees in 1832 and 1833. To us this has been an incalculable loss, because it has prevented us from examining many of the trees in flower; but the stools or young plants still remain, and the collection is increasing every year. So spirited an undertaking cannot be sufficiently appreciated; and it is only to be regretted that the want of a separate piece of ground for containing the stools and the plants for sale, rendered necessary the felling of a collection of specimens such as could be found assembled together nowhere else in the world. Some account of this arboretum, accompanied by a plan, will be found in the Encyclopædia of Gardening, edit. of 1835, p. 1217. Such a magnificent example could not be expected to be generally followed by commercial men, but it has rendered more frequent the practice among nurserymen of planting out specimens of choice trees and shrubs; and some have subsequently even formed regular arboretums. Among these the first in the order of time, as well as in completeness, is that of Mr. Donald of the Goldworth Nursery, near Woking, in Surrey, which was commenced in 1831, and of which an account, with a plan, will be found in the Gard. Mag., vol. vii. p. 360. This arboretum, which we viewed in May, 1834, already contains a number of very fine specimens. Mr. Buchanan, jun., of Camberwell, has spared no pains in collecting trees and shrubs; and had got together, in 1834, though in a limited space, a collection which may rank next to that of Mr. Donald. Mr. Miller of the Bristol Nursery has also planted an arboretum; and a nursery has been formed by Messrs. Young and Penny, at Milford, connected with the arboretum of Philip Barker Webb, Esq., which Messrs. Young and Penny are greatly increasing every year, by the addition of new species. This arboretum contains a great number of oaks, acers, and pines. Mr. Rogers of Southampton began an arboretum in 1833; and Mr. Page of the same place is also forming one. More or less has been done in this way, in the nurseries of Messrs. Lee of Hammersmith, Messrs. Osborne of Fulham; Mr. Knight of the Exotic Nursery, King's Road, Chelsea; Messrs. Young of Epsom, Mr. Newman of Chichester, Mr. Cunningham and Mr. Skirving of Liverpool, Messrs. Dickson of Chester, Messrs. Pope of Birmingham, Messrs. Backhouse of York, and a number of others. In Scotland, Mr. Lawson of Edinburgh is most assiduous in collecting trees and shrubs, both at home and abroad; and he has commenced an arboretum, which already contains a collection of pines and firs not surpassed by any in Britain. An account of this arboretum, which will soon be the first in Scotland, will be found in the Gard. Mag., vol. xi. Messrs. Dickson of Edinburgh, Brown at Perth, and Messrs. Austin of Glasgow, have also a great many choice trees planted out, as have various other nurserymen in that country. In Ireland we have already mentioned the nurseries most celebrated for their fine specimens and extensive collections. CHAP. III. OF THE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE TREES AND SHRUBS OF THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE. THE Continent of Europe has supplied, as we have seen in the preceding chapter, a considerable number of trees and shrubs to the British Arboretum. The different countries which compose it have been so thoroughly explored by botanists, that few farther additions can be expected from them; but it will be, nevertheless, interesting to examine the indigenous ligneous flora of each as compared with that of Britain, and its capacity for receiving additions from the trees and shrubs of other parts of the world. We shall take these countries in the order of France, Holland and the Netherlands, Germany, Scandinavia, Russia and Poland, Switzerland, and Greece, Italy, Spain, and Portugal; and, considering the subject as one of secondary interest to that of the preceding chapter, our observations on it will be brief. SECT. I. Of the Indigenous and Foreign Trees and Shrubs of France. FRANCE, from its extent, the warmer climate of its southern provinces, and the varied character of its surface, including as it does some of the highest mountains in Europe, and a portion of the shores both of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, contains the richest indigenous ligneous flora of any country in Europe. There are few if any trees and shrubs which are indigenous to Britain that are not also indigenous to France; and there are in addition, in the latter country, all the species contained in the following enumeration, taken from Duby and De Candolle's Botanicon Gallicum, published in 1828. In this enumeration those orders, genera, or species, marked with a star (*), are either only in cultivation, or known or supposed to be not truly indigenous. Ranunculacea. Clématis Flámmula, F. var. marítima, cirrhòsa var. pedicellàta, baleárica; Atragène austriaca. Cruciferæ. Matthiola tristis; Ibèris Garrexiana, saxátilis, semperflòrens. *Capparideæ. Capparis spinòsa. Cistinea. Cistus incanus, críspus, álbidus, salviæfòlius, corbariensis, monspeliénsis, Lèdon, hirsutus, longifòlius, populifòlius, laurifòlius, ladaníferus; Helianthemum umbellatum, alyssöides, alyssöìdes var. rugòsum, halimifòlium, Fumana, procumbens, læ'vipes, glutinòsum, g. var. thymifòlium, g. var. juniperinum, origanifolium, celándicum, alpéstre, penicillatum, italicum, canum, lavandulæfölium, stochadifòlium, acuminatum, grandiflòrum, obscùrum, o. var. nummulàrium, hírtum, pilosum, apennìnum, a. var. híspidum, pulveruléntum, ròseum, majoranæfòlium. Polygalea. Polygala saxátilis, Chamæbúxus. Malvacea. Lavátera Olbia, marítima; *Hibiscus syriacus. *Aurantiùceæ, Citrus Médica, Limònium, Aurántium, vulgàris: all cultivated. Acerineæ. Acer opulifolium, monspessulanum, platanoides. *Meliàceæ. Mèlia Azedarách. *Vites. Vitis vinífera, laciniòsa. Rutaceae. Ruta montàna, gravèolens, bracteòsa, angustifòlia, córsica. Celastrineæ. Euonymus latifólius. Rhamneæ. Zizyphus vulgàris; Paliùrus aculeàtus; Rhámnus Alatérnus, Clùsii, infectòrius, saxátilis, pubéscens, pùmilus, p. var. rupéstris, alpìnus, a. var. córsicus. Anacardiaceæ. Pistàcia vèra, Terebinthus, Lentíscus, L. var. angustifòlia; Rhús Cótinus, Coriària, radicans; Cneòrum tricóccum. Leguminosa. Anagyris foetida; Ulex provincialis; Spártium júnceum; Genísta cándicans, linifòlia, hórrida, Lobèlü, Salzmánni, córsica, c. var. pubéscens, Scórpius, hispánica, germánica, purgans, cinèrea, humifùsa, sagittàlis, s. var. minor, prostrata, pilòsa; Cytisus Labúrnum, alpinus, sessilifòlius, triflòrus, spinòsus, lániger, supinus, capitàtus, argenteus; Adenocarpus parvifolius, telonénsis; Ononis arachnöídea, Nàtrix, rotundifòlia, fruticosa, arragonénsis; Anthyllis cytisöides, Hermánniæ, erinàcea, Bárba-Jovis; Medicago suffruticòsa, s. var. Benthami; Dorýcnium réctum, hirsutum, h. var. incànum, suffruticosum; Lòtus créticus; Psoralea bituminòsa; * Robínia Pseud-Acàcia; Colùtea arboréscens; Astrágalus massiliensis, aristàtus; Coronilla E'merus, júncea, valentina, glaúca; * Ceratònia Siliqua; Cércis Siliquástrum. Amygdaleæ. Amygdalus commùnis amàra,* communis dúlcis; * Pérsica vulgaris, * læ`vis; * Armeniaca vulgàris, * brigantìaca; Prùnus spinòsa var. microcarpa, doméstica var. pyramidalis; Cérasus durácina, Juliàna, caproniàna, semperflorens, Mahaleb, * Laurocérasus. Rosacea. Spiræ'a hypericifòlia, h. var. Plukenettiàna, h. var. crenata ; Rubus tomentosus, collinus, glandulòsus; Ròsa sempervirens, s. var. microphylla, moschata, stylòsa, s. var. leucóchroa, * índica, turbinata, gállica pùmila, gallica officinalis, gállica parvifòlia, lùtea, lùtea var. punícea, sulphùrca, pimpinellifòlia, p. var. myriacántha, p. var. inérmis, rubrifòlia, r. var. pinnatifida, glandulòsa, alpina, a. var. pyrenaica, centifòlia, c. var. muscòsa, c. var. pompònia, damascèna, álba. Pomaceæ. Cratæ g gus Pyracántha, Azaròlus; Cotoneaster tomentosa; Amelanchier vulgàris; Pyrus bollwylleriana, salviæfòlia, amygdalifórmis, acérba, intermèdia, Chamaméspilus; Cydònia vulgàris. *Granateæ. Pùnica Granàtum. Tamariscineæ. Támarix africàna, germánica. Philadelphea. Philadelphus coronàrius. Myrtacea. Mýrtus commùnis. Čácteæ. Opuntia vulgàris. Umbellifera. Bupleurum fruticéscens, spinòsum, fruticòsum. Caprifoliaceæ. Sambucus racemòsa; Viburnum Tìnus; Caprifòlium baleáricum a var. of impléxum, etrúscum; Lonicera nìgra, pyrenàica, alpígena, cærulea. Córnea. Córnus más. Lorántheæ. Víscum Oxýcedri. Compósita. Conyza saxátilis, sórdida; Helichrysum Sto'chas, angustifòlium; Buphthálmum marítimum; Artemísia arboréscens, corymbòsa, arra gonénsis, Abrótanum, paniculàta; Santolina rosmarinifòlia, víridis, incàna; Balsamita ageratifolia; Stæhelìna dùbia, arborescens. Ericaceae. Erica scopària, arbòrea, ramulòsa, multiflòra, mediterrànea; Rhododendron ferrugineum, hirsutum ; Lèdum palustre. Styracea. Styrax officinale. *Ebenacea. Diospyros Lòtus. Oleaceae. Olea europæ'a; Phillyrea angustifòlia, latifòlia; Syringa vulgàris, pérsica; ? argentea; O'rnus europæ`a. Jasmineæ. Jasminum officinàle, frùticans, hùmile. Apocýneæ. Nèrium Oleander. Asclepiadeæ. Gomphocárpus fruticosus. Convolvulaceæ. Convólvulus saxátilis, s. var. argenteus. Solanec. Lycium bárbarum, europæ`um; Solànum * Pseùdo-Cápsicum. Labiata. Rosmarinus officinalis; Sálvia officinàlis; Teùcrium fruticans, flàvum, Pòlium, capitàtum, flavicans, Pseudo-Hyssopus; Hyssopus officinalis, o. var. canéscens; Phlòmis fruticosa, Lychnìtis; Lavandula Sto`chas brachystachya, S. macrostachya, vèra, Spica; Satureja capitàta, montàna; Thymus vulgaris, Zygis, créticus, glandulòsus; ? Origanum majoranoides, Prasium május. Verbenaceae. Vitex A'gnus-castus. Globularínea. Globulària Alypum. Plumbaginea. Státice monopétala, minùta, pubéscens, fasciculàta. Chenopodea. Camphorósma monspelìaca; Salicórnia macrostachya; Salsòla prostrata; A'triplex Hálimus. *Laurineæ. Laúrus nóbilis. Thymelæ æ. Passerina dioíca, nivàlis, Thomàsü, hirsuta, h. var. polygalæfolia; Daphne Gnidium, Cheòrum, oleöìdes, Thymela'a, Tárton-raira, alpina. Santalaceæ. Osyris álba. Elæúgneæ. Elæágnus angustifolia. Euphorbiaceæ. Euphorbia spinòsa, dendröìdes; Mercurialis tomentòsa. *Urticeæ, § Artocárpeæ. Mòrus álba, nìgra; Ficus Cárica. Ulmacea. Ulmus effùsa; Céltis austràlis. *Juglandeæ. Juglans règia. Betulineæ. Bétula pubescens; A'lnus suaveolens, víridis, incàna, cordàta, elliptica. Salicineæ. Salix cinerascens, versifòlia, daphnöìdes, físsa, monándra, incàna, *babylónica, cæ`sia, pyrenàica, glaúca, retùsa, retùsa serpyllifòlia, hastàta; Pópulus virginiana, dilatàta. Cupulifera. Quércus Cérris, Tòza, pubéscens, apennìna, racemòsa, fastigiàta, I'lex, Sùber, coccifera. *Platàncæ. Plátanus orientalis, occidentalis. Coniferæ. Pinus uncinata, Mugho, marítima, pumílio, Pínea, halepensis, Larício, Cembra; Abies excélsa, pectinàta; Larix europæ'a; Juniperus *phonícea, Sabina, Oxýcedrus; Ephedra distàchya; * Cupressus sempervirens, * sempervirens horizontális. Smilacea. Smilax áspera, mauritánica; Rúscus hypoglossum. *Pálma. Chamæ`rops humilis. Excluding from the above enumeration the cultivated and doubtful species, there appear to be 346 trees and shrubs indigenous to France, which are not indigenous to Britain; and this number, added to that of the woody species considered as decidedly indigenous to Britain, and supposed to be also indigenous to France, would give a total indigenous ligneous flora to the latter country of 546 species. The number of indigenous timber trees which exceed the height of 30 ft. in Britain appears to be 29; those indigenous in France which exceed that height are, according to the introduction to Michaux's Arbres de l'Amérique, 30; but, according to the Botanicon Gallicum, they are 34. If we add to the indigenous woody plants of France those which are cultivated or doubtful, the total ligneous flora of that country will be above 580. If to this number we add the 528 trees and shrubs of North America (see p. 126.), all of which will grow in France, it will give a total ligneous flora to that country of above 1100 species; which, considering that France possesses in her botanic gardens or nurseries all, or nearly all, the trees cultivated in the open air in Britain, is probably as near the truth as the present state of our catalogues will admit of our arriving at. In the above enumeration of the woody plants of France, we have, as in the case of the enumeration of the woody plants of the British Islands (p. 27.), included all the under-shrubs, and also all those reputed species which we believe to be mere varieties. We have included the under-shrubs, because it is difficult to draw a line of separation between those which might practically be considered as herbaceous plants, though botanically they are suffruticose; and because, in a state of culture, some of these suffruticose plants attain such ample dimensions, and such a ligneous texture, as to assume quite a shrubby character; for example, Euphorbia Charàcias in Britain (p. 29.), and Ibèris saxatilis in France (p. 132.). The first is seldom above 2 ft. high, in its native habitat in woods; and the second is seldom above 6 in. high, on rocks and in gravelly soil: but in dry deep garden ground the euphorbia will, in the course of a few years, form a bush between 3 ft. and 4 ft. high; and the iberis a mass above half that height. We have inserted the names of what we consider only varieties, because we have no doubt that, in most cases, they are plants tolerably distinct; because it is impossible to be quite certain of what are species and what varieties, without comparing them in different stages of their growth, and grown in the same soil, situation, and climate; and because we do not wish to set up our own opinion in this matter as absolute. In an article by Professor Thouin, published in the Mémoires d'Agriculture for the year 1786, it is stated that France then possessed about 84 different species of trees, of which 24 were of the first rank in point of size, or exceeding 100 ft. in height; 16 of the second rank, or exceeding 60 ft. in height; and the remainder of the third rank, or exceeding 30 ft. in height. The names of these trees, and their arrangement according to the heights they attain, will be found in the work last quoted, and also in the Nouveau Cours Complet d'Agriculture, edit. 1821, art. Arbre. Deleuze states that France contains about 250 species of trees, of which more than three fourths are of foreign origin. (Annales du Muséum, tom. iii. p. 191.) Ample as is the ligneous flora of France, it might be doubled by adding to it the trees and shrubs of Australia, of the mountainous regions of Asia, and of Mexico, Chili, and Peru. We do not speak of the whole of the trees and shrubs of these countries, because the whole are not yet known, but only of those that have been already introduced into Britain, and are treated by us as green-house plants; all of which would succeed in the open air of the southern provinces of France. Were the total number of ligneous species from these countries introduced, the number of trees and shrubs now in France would, in all probability, be quadrupled. But though the ligneous flora of France is so much more extensive than that of Britain, yet it is far from being so equally spread over the country. Paris is considerably to the south of London, and yet there are above fifty species of evergreen trees and shrubs which are to be found in the open air in the environs of the latter city, which are not to be found in those of the former. We assert this from a comparison between a list of the trees and shrubs now (1835) growing in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, furnished to us by Professor Mirbel, and the list which we have seen in MS. of the trees and shrubs now in the garden of the Horticultural Society of London. No part of France is so far north as Edinburgh; yet, while the cedar of Lebanon attains a large size far to the north of that city, and even in the Highlands of Scotland, it is killed during severe winters at Strasburg and throughout M |