sylvestris, Ta'da, variábilis; Abies álba, balsamífera, Pícea, canadensis; Larix europæ'a, microcarpa, péndula; Cupréssus thyöìdes; Thùja austràlis, cupressöldes, occidentalis, orientàlis; Juniperus commùnis, Oxýcedrus, Sabina and var., virginiana; Taxus baccàta and var. Smilacea. Rúscus aculeatus, androgynus.

In Prussia the botanic garden at Berlin contains a very full collection, all planted within the last 20 years, and of which an enumeration, kindly sent us by M. Otto, will be found in the Gardener's Magazine, vol. xi. p. 541. In this garden Magnolia acuminàta is from 20 ft. to 30 ft. high; and several species or varieties of American ash trees, such as F. amér. expánsa, F. amer. epíptera, F. amer. juglandifòlia, and several American oaks, are from 20 to 30 years old, and from 25 ft. to 30 ft. high. At Sans Souci there is a collection which has been planted from 10 to 50 years, and in which the tulip tree and the horsechestnut, in 45 years, have attained the height of 50 ft.; the Magnolia acuminata, 12 years planted, is only of the height of 6 ft.; Acer rubrum, in 45 years, has attained the height of 38 ft.; and Ailántus glandulòsa, in 30 years, that of 20 ft. At the Pfauen Insel there is a good collection, from 40 to 50 years planted, among which we observe Magnòlia acuminata, 8 years planted, 18 ft. high; Aoer eriocárpum, 40 years planted, 50 ft. high; Negundo fraxinifolium, 40 years planted, 40 ft. high; Sophora japónica, 9 years planted, 12 ft. high; and Plátanus orientalis, 42 years planted, and 55 ft. high. The soil of these three gardens is a deep sand. Prince Pückler Muskau has a collection at Muskau in Silesia, about twenty miles from Dresden; and, according to M. Hofman (Gard. Mag., vol. xii.), it contains some fine tulip trees, and beeches. The public promenades and squares at Breslau are planted with trees, which are placed at a sufficient distance to allow them to attain their full size.

In Bavaria there is an excellent collection in the botanic garden at Munich, and also in the royal gardens at Nymphenburg, and in the royal nurseries. Considering the elevated situation, unfavourable climate, and very indifferent soil, the gardening exertions made at Munich, and the success attending them, surpass those of any other government of Germany. Much of this success is owing to the skill, industry, and enthusiasm, of the late and present garden directors, Charles Sckell, and Charles Louis Sckell. There is an excellent collection of trees and shrubs around the old castle of Heidelberg, and some specimens of great antiquity there have been already mentioned. (p. 147.)

In Saxony there is a collection in the botanic garden at Dresden, planted since 1815. There is here, in the royal gardens, the largest standard fig tree in Germany; it is 60 ft. high, with a trunk 18 in. in diameter at one foot from the ground. Every year it bears some thousands of figs; but it requires protection by a boarded house during winter. In the royal gardens at Pilnitz are the largest and oldest camellias in Germany; they form bushes about 20 ft. high, the stems 4 in. or 5 in. thick; and they are protected in winter by a wooden house, in the roof of which are small windows. In the garden of Lieutenant Weber, at Dresden, there is an excellent collection of foreign hardy shrubs, as well as some enormously large fig trees, which are known to be above 200 years old. The beautiful road from Worlitz to Dresden is bordered by magnificent oaks, only equalled in Germany by those of the finest parts of the Black Forest.

In Hanover, at Göttingen, there is an excellent collection under the care of our esteemed friend and correspondent M. Fischer, one of the most active and zealous garden directors in Germany; there are, also, the collections at Schwöbber, and the other places already noticed. At Herrenhausen is a rich collection of trees and shrubs, planted in 1834 by M. Wendland. At Haroke, near Helmstadt, there is a very interesting garden laid out in different scenes, which are called Canada, Virginia, &c., from the native countries of the trees planted in them; thus forming a kind of geographical garden. (See (Gard. Mag., vol. xi. p. 647.) Among these trees are a very large salisburia, and many large liriodendrons. One part of the ground is laid out and

N

planted with Pinus Cémbra, so distributed as to resemble a native forest. Baron Hake, at Ohr, near Hamelen, on the river Weser, has formed part of a forest on a hill (Ohr berg) into a park, in which some American trees grow perfectly well: the soil is a sandy loam. There are, also, many large American trees in the garden of Baron Steinberg, at Bruggen, on the road from Hanover to Ernbeck. At Eldagsen, a small village about four miles from Hanover, there are many large trees, which were planted about the same time as those at Schwöbber.

In Wurtemberg there are good collections at the Palace of Rosenstein, and in the royal nurseries, but scarcely any evergreens. The Palace of Solitude (at one time so celebrated for its gardens) is surrounded by a natural forest, which extends many miles in every direction; the trees are chiefly beech, oak, and the trembling poplar, some of which have attained a great size. (See Encyc. of Gard., edit. 1835, p. 158. to p. 169.)

In Baden, at Carlsruhe, there was a very good collection under the care of the late excellent M. Hartweg, author of Hortus Carlsruhanus; this collection is still in existence under the care of M. Held, and has since received occasional additions. There is also a very good collection in the celebrated garden of Schwezingen; which, with all the most remarkable gardens of Germany, will be found described at length in the last edition (1835) of our Encyclopædia of Gardening. At Donaueschingen (the source of the Danube) there is a tolerable collection, and some specimens of abies, populus, and liriodendron, of considerable size. In the Black Forest, which surrounds this place, are the largest oaks and silver firs in Germany. In 1828, we spent an entire day examining and admiring these noble trees, many of which we estimated at upwards of 100 ft. in height. All the trees and shrubs enumerated above as enduring the open air at Vienna, without protection during winter, do so at Carlsruhe; with the following additional species, which have been pointed out to us by M. Hartweg, son of the late director of the grand-ducal gardens; a highly educated young gardener, now in the employment of the London Horticultural Society.

Leguminosa. Ulex europæ'a, nàna.

Tamariscineæ. Tamarix gallica, germánica.

Araliacea. Hédera canariénsis.

Ericaceae. Dabo cia (Menzièsia) poliifòlia; Andrómeda axillàris, Catesbæ'i, speciosa var. pulverulenta; Gaulthèria procumbens; Kálmia angustifolia, glaúca, latifòlia; Rhododendron catawbiénse, caucásicum, máximum, pónticum and varieties, ferrugineum; I'tea virgínica.

Bignoniaceae. Bignonia capreolàta.

Myricàcea. Myrica cerífera.

Coniferæ. Cèdrus Libàni.

Empétrea. Empetrum nigrum, Corèma álbum.

In Hesse Cassel, the garden of Wilhelmshoe, at Cassel, contains a good collection, chiefly planted within the last 20 years; but some of them have been planted 60 years. From the particulars with which we have been obliged by the director of the garden, M. Claus, we find that the tulip tree here, 60 years planted, has only attained the height of 20 ft.; and the ailantus, 60 years planted, is under 30 ft. The only evergreens of which we have had returns are, the common pines and firs, and Cupréssus thyöìdes.

In Nassau, in the Grand-Ducal Botanic Garden at Biebrich, there is a good collection, distributed thinly all round the margin of the garden; and, this garden being of very great length in proportion to its breadth, the space afforded to each tree is such as will enable it to attain a very considerable size. A catalogue of this garden, accompanied by a plan, was published in 1831. We may remark here that the names in this catalogue, as in those of most German catalogues of modern date, generally correspond with the names in the catalogue of Messrs. Loddiges; the reason is, that the collections which have been formed in Germany, during the last 50 years, have, for the

most part, been either procured direct from Hackney, or from German nurserymen who have purchased their foreign trees and shrubs there.

In the dukedom of Mecklenburg, Baron Laffert has a very rich collection of trees and shrubs. Some magnolias grow here in the open air without any kind of protection.

In Anhalt there are few collections besides that of Wörlitz, already noticed (p. 149.); but the cemetery at Dessau, one of the finest in Germany, contains a number of good foreign trees.

In the free townships there is, at Frankfort, a considerable collection in the public garden formed on the ramparts from the plan of M. Zeyer, and planted by M. Rinz. (See Encyc. of Gard., edit. 1835, p. 195.) There are, also, collections of trees, more or less extensive, in the public gardens belonging to the other free towns. On the ramparts of Bremen there is an excellent collection of poplars, of all the different species and varieties that will endure the open air in that part of Germany, of the height of from 60 ft. to 80 ft. This collection was made with great care by the late Professor Mertens.

The principal nurserymen in Germany are, Messrs. Booth of Hamburgh, who have an excellent collection of trees in their grounds at Floetbeck; M. Hayen, at Erfurt; M. Schelhaus, at Cassel; M. Seidel, at Dresden; M. Rosenthal, and M. Held, at Vienna; M. Mathieu, at Berlin; and M. Rinz, at Frankfort.

In Germany, as in France, there are very few evergreen trees and shrubs, either in the indigenous or introduced flora, as compared with the ligneous flora of Britain. The cedar of Lebanon requires protection all over Germany, except in the warmest parts of Hungary and Baden; the common laurel, the Portugal laurel, the arbutus, the rhododendron, the kalmia, the laurustinus, the furze, and even the Irish ivy, can only endure the winters in Germany in very favourable situations.

SECT. IV. Of the Indigenous and Foreign Trees and Shrubs of Scandinavia, including Denmark, Holstein, Sweden, Lapland, Finland, Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands.

FROM the northern latitude and severe climate of these countries, it will not be expected that their ligneous flora, either indigenous or introduced, can at all equal that of Britain. The total number of ligneous species enumerated by Retzius, in his Flora Scandinavia, edit. 1795, amounts to 133 species, and of that number there appear to be a few, enumerated below, which are not natives of Britain. The most important of these are the Acer platanoides, or Norway maple, and the common spruce fir.

Rosacea. Rosa Eglantèria, cinnamòmea, fluviàlis Retzius; Potentilla fruticòsa; Spiræ'a salicifolia.

Pomacea. Crata'gus monógyna Jacq.

Leguminosa, Genísta germánica, Coronilla E'merus.

Salicineæ. Salix hermaphrodita, hastàta, myrtillöìdes, depréssa, lappònum. Acerineæ. Acer platanoides.

Cistinea. Helianthemum clándicum, Fumana.

Tamariscineæ. Támarix germánica.

Ericacea. Phyllódoce taxifolia (Menzièsia cærulea); Andrómeda tetragona, hypnoides, calyculàta; Rhododendron lappónicum; Lèdum grænlándicum, not found in the limits of Sweden.

Caprifoliacea. Lonicera Xylósteum, cærùlea; Linnæ a boreàlis.

Conifera. Abies excélsa; Juniperus communis mìnor, communis arboréscens.

On looking at the Flora Danica, Flora Suecia, and Flora Lapponica, we find the number of ligneous species gradually diminish as we advance northwards, till, in the Faroe Islands, a flora of which has been given by W. C.

Trevelyan, Esq., the total number of ligneous plants consists only of fifteen species, which are all under the height of 3 ft. They are as follow :Rosacea. Ròsa.

Empétrea. Empetrum nigrum.

Ericaceae. Erica cinèrea, Callùna vulgàris, Chamælèdon procumbens.
Vaccinièce. Vaccinium Vitis-Idæ'a, uliginosum, and Myrtillus.

Salicineæ. Salix càprea, phylicæfòlia, hastàta, lanàta, árctica, and herbàcea.
Coniferæ. Juniperus communis.

The Faroe Islands, Mr. Trevelyan, who resided on them for some years, informs us, are twenty-two in number, and are situated between 61° 26' and 62° 25′ N. lat., and 6° 17′ and 7° 43′ W. long. Only seventeen of them are inhabited. Most of them may be compared to the summits of mountain ridges, rising out of the ocean to the height of nearly 3000 ft. There is usually deep water close to the land, which often rises in perpendicular cliffs to a height of 1200 ft. and 1500 ft., and, in one instance, to above 2000 ft. The climate is generally mild, but damp. It is not subject to extremes of temperature; the mean of mild years being 49°, and of cool years 42°. The highest temperature during four years was 72°, and the lowest 18°. The only corn cultivated is the Scotch bigg, and that does not always ripen. In the peat bogs occur the remains of birch trees; but these do not now grow in the islands, having probably been extirpated by being used as fuel.

A general view of the arboricultural flora of Sweden, considered geographically and geologically, has been prepared for us by the celebrated botanist Dr. Agardh, formerly professor of botany at Lund; and we have received another for the whole Scandinavian peninsula, by Professor Schouw of Copenhagen; but, as these communications, though excellent in themselves, are somewhat too long for insertion in this work, we have transferred them to the pages of the twelfth volume of the Gardener's Magazine; contenting ourselves here with some abridged extracts from them, relative to the introduction of foreign trees into the Scandinavian peninsula.

Foreign trees and shrubs have been introduced into Denmark and Sweden, chiefly in the different botanic gardens, and in the grounds of the royal residences at Copenhagen and Stockholm, and of the wealthy proprietors in the neighbourhood of these capitals, and of the other large towns. There are, however, but few American trees or shrubs to be found as standards in the neighbourhood of either capital. The largest indigenous trees in Denmark are beeches, of which one, in the park of Jägersborg, exceeds 100 ft. in height. The white poplar also grows to the height of 100 ft., and the oak and Scotch pine attain a great size. At Dronninggaard, near Copenhagen, the tulip tree, in 40 years, has attained the height of 80 ft., and also the horsechestnut. The Robínia Pseud-Acàcia, at the same place, has, in 40 years, attained the height of 60 ft.; but the Gleditschia triacánthos, in the same period, only 16 ft. O'rnus europæ'a is 30 ft. high; A'bies Picea, the silver fir, 100 ft.; and A'bies canadensis, only 6 ft.; while Pinus Stròbus becomes a considerable tree. At the royal gardens of Rosenberg, near Copenhagen, there is an excellent collection, planted for the most part in 1831, 1832, and 1833, a list of which, with their dimensions, has been kindly sent us by the royal gardener there, M.Jens P. Petersen. On looking it over we find that it contains nearly all the species procurable in the London nurseries. Among the hardy trees, however, the cedar of Lebanon is not included, nor the common laurel. In the garden of Christianholme, near Lolland, there are some good trees, the dimensions of which have been sent us by the curator, M. Gentz. Here the tulip tree and the Acer dasycarpum are 40 ft. high; the robinia, 36 ft.; the gleditschia, 24 ft.; the O'rnus europæ`a, 24 ft.; the walnut, 30 ft.; the Lombardy poplar, 80 ft.; the purple beech, 30 ft.; the platanus, 80 ft.; and the larch, 75 ft.

In Sweden, according to Dr. Agardh," the central points from which foreign trees and shrubs have spread over the whole country are, Lund, Upsal, Stockholm, and Gottenburg. Some of these introduced trees, such as Larix

europæ'a, Esculus Hippocastanum, some species of Pópulus, and Acer Pseudo-Plátanus, thrive here as well, and are almost as common, as the indigenous trees. Of fruit trees, all that are cultivated north of the European alps grow in Scania; such as peaches, apricots, grapes, almonds, chestnuts, walnuts, and mulberries (Mòrus álba and nigra), and they appear to suffer very little from the cold: even figs (Ficus Cárica) have lived through some winters. The Japanese shrubs endure the climate of Lund tolerably well, as Kérria japónica, and Broussonètia, which last had grown to the size of a large tree, one third of a foot in diameter, in the botanic garden at Lund, till accidentally (and not, as it seemed, by the severity of the winter) it died off. But very few evergreens endure our winters; not even the Aúcuba japónica, or the Portugal or the common laurel; and the holly with great difficulty. The few exotic evergreens that we do possess are, Búxus sempervirens and var., Crataegus Pyracántha, Vinca sp., and the Coniferæ.

"Many of the Swedish noblemen have contributed much to the spreading of foreign trees throughout Scandinavia, by planting them on their estates; as, for example, His Excellency Count Trolle Wachtmeister, His Excellency the Count de la Gardie, Baron Gyllenkrook, and several more, in Scania; also, the late M. Thouse, in West Gotha; His Excellency Count Trolle Bronde, in Upland; M. Wares, in Warmeland; &c. The Mòrus álba thrives well, even as far as Upsal; and, under the protection of our adored Crown Princess Josephine, there is a large plantation of it at Stockholm, for the purpose of breeding and feeding silkworms; and the silk obtained from them is not only abundant in quantity, but the quality of it is excellent. At Stockholm there are several patrons of arboriculture, as regards the cultivation of foreign trees. Some of the most distinguished are, the Counsellor de Pontin, M. Siefwerstrale, and M. Rofenblad; the latter of whom has the richest collection of plants that can be found in any private garden in Scandinavia. There are two public plantations of foreign trees at Stockholm; viz. that of the Forest Institute, directed by M. Ström, and that of the Agricultural Academy; both of which possess a great number of foreign trees.

"As to the height of the trees, I can find no difference between those in Scandinavia and those in Germany, or in any other country north of the European alps. The beeches and oaks are as well grown trees with us as they are in Germany. The sweet chestnut tree and the Robínia PseudAcàcia are somewhat smaller, as they have hitherto never attained a greater height here than 50 ft.; but others, as the æsculus, the foreign tilias, populus, the foreign pines, juglans, &c., may be compared with those of Germany. The Plátanus occidentalis attains a height of 30 ft. The Plátanus orientális does not stand in the free ground in our garden. The tulip tree is perfectly hardy. We have not yet tried the cedar of Lebanon in the open air; but we hope to be able to do this at some future time.-C. Agardh. Lund, Sept. 23. 1835."

SECT. V. Of the Indigenous and Foreign Trees and Shrubs of the Russian Empire.

THIS immense country, extending in latitude from the Crimea to the Gulf of Bothnia, and in longitude stretching far into Asia, exhibits less variety of surface than might be expected from its great extent. With the exception of its southern and Asiatic provinces, its ligneous flora differs little from that of Germany and of the north of France; but the Crimea, the mountains of Caucasus, the Circassian alps, and the shores of the Caspian and Black Sea, are rich in the productions of warmer climates, and include as indigenous many of the more important trees and shrubs of Switzerland, Italy, and Greece, besides a great number peculiar to themselves. On this account, though the Asiatic portion of the Russian flora has been very imperfectly explored, the number of species that Russia possesses that are not indigenous in Britain is con