siderable, as "appears from the following enumeration, taken from Pallas's Flora Rossica, published in 1788. Ranunculacea. Atragène austriaca, ochoténsis. Laurineæ. Laúrus nóbilis. Berberídeæ. Bérberis sibírica. Philadelpheæ. Philadelphus coronàrius. Grossulacea. Ribes americànum, procumbens, Diacántha. Granateæ. Pùnica Granàtum. Elæúgneæ. Elæágnus angustifolia, orientális. Thymela'e. Dáphne alpina L. (altàica Pallas), caucásica, póntica. Rosacea. Rosa alpina, davùrica, caucásica, parvifòlia; Spiræ a chamædrifòlia, betulifòlia, trilobàta, thalictröìdes, crenata, alpina, salicifòlia, altàica, sorbifolia. Pomacea. Pyrus salicifòlia, præ cox, baccata; Crataegus sanguínea, monógyna rubra, nigra, Azaròlus, Pyracántha; Méspilus germánica. Amygdaleæ. Amygdalus nàna, commùnis; Pérsica vulgáris; Armeniaca vulgaris, sibírica; Cerasus Chamæcérasus, prostràta, Mahaleb, Laurocérasus ; Prunus caucásica. Leguminosa. Cytisus austriacus, hirsutus; Halimodéndron argénteum; Caragana Aitagana, frutéscens, spinòsa, pygmæ'a; Colùtea cruénta, Čalóphaca wolgárica. Urtice. Ficus Cárica. Ulmacea. Ulmus læ`vis, pùmila; Céltis austràlis. Cupuliferæ. Quércus Cérris. Betulineæ. Bétula davùrica, fruticosa; A'lnus incàna. Salicineæ. Salix cáspica, monándra, Gmelìni, serótina, sibírica, myrtillöìdes, arbutifòlia, divaricata, lappònum, lanuginosa, hastàta, rhamnifòlia, berberifòlia, retùsa, árctica; Pópulus balsamífera. Platanea. Plátanus orientalis. Juglándeæ. Juglans règia. Euphorbiacea. Búxus sempervirens. Rhamneæ. Rhamnus alpinus, däùricus, carpinifolius, Erythróxylon, Erythróxylon var. B, ? angustissimus Dec.; Zizyphus vulgàris, Paliùrus aculeatus. Staphyleàceæ. Staphylèa pinnata. Acerineæ. Acer platanoides, Pseudo-Plátanus, tatáricum. Vites. Vitis vinífera. Anacardiaceæ. Pistàcia Terebinthus, Rhús Coriària, Cótinus. Nitrariàceæ. Nitrària Schóberi, sibírica. Chenopodea. Salicórnia, 4 species; Anábasis tatárica; Salsòla, 7 species; Suaèda microphylla. Ericaceae. Ledum palústre; Andrómeda calyculàta, lycopodiöìdes, hypnöìdes, ericöìdes, tetragona, Bryanthus, Stelleriana; Phyllodoce cærulea; Azalea póntica; Rhododendron lappónicum, pónticum, chrysánthum, caucásicum, däùricum, camtschaticum. Vaccinièce. Vaccinium Arctostaphylos. Caprifoliacea. Lonicera tatárica, Xylósteum, alpígena, caucásica, altàica; Vibúrnum däùricum, orientàle; Sambucus racemòsa. Córnea. Córnus más, álba. Asclepiadeæ. Periploca græ`ca. Ebenacea. Diospyros Lotus. Jasmineæ. Jasminum frùticans, officinale. Oleaceæ. Olea europæ`a. Solanec. Lycium tatáricum. Verbenacea. Vitex A'gnus-castus. Coniferæ. Pinus Cembra; A`bies excélsa, Picea; Làrix europæ`a, Cupréssus sempervirens; Juniperus davùrica, lýcia, Sabina, phoenicea; Ephedra polygonoides. Smilàceæ. Rúscus hypophyllum. Corymbifera. Pallàsia Pterococcus L The trees and shrubs which are to be found in the neighbourhood of St. Petersburg, and on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, are as follows: Pinus sylvestris, A'bies excélsa, Bétula álba, A'lnus glutinosa, Pópulus trémula, different Sálices, Juniperus commùnis, Sórbus aucupària, C'érasus Pàdus, Rhamnus Frángula, Tilia europæa, Pyrus Màlus, Acer campestre. The introduction of foreign trees and shrubs into Russia may date from the commencement of the reign of Catharine, or about the year 1768; when, from reading Der Hausvater, that empress determined on having the gardens at Tzarsco Celo laid out in the English manner. From the severity of the climate, not many foreign species can endure the winters, either there or any where else, in the neighbourhood of Petersburg; nevertheless, with laudable ambition, many species have been tried at all the imperial residences. The trees and shrubs generally used for planting the Petersburg gardens are of the following genera :— Aquifoliaceæ. I'lex. Leguminosa. Cytisus, Caragana, Genísta, Spartium. Rosacea. Rosa. Potentilleæ. Potentilla. Amygdaleæ. Amygdalus. Pomacea. Cratæ'gus, Méspi- Araliacea. Hédera. Caprifoliacea. Sambucus, Lo- Solaneæ. Lycium. The Pinus sylvestris and the Abies excélsa attain a considerable size in the elevated light soil at a few miles' distance from St. Petersburg; though in the bog by which that city is surrounded their size is but small. In the Taurida Palace gardens, in the city, the Ulmus campéstris has attained the height of 49 ft.; the Cérasus Pàdus, and the Sórbus aucupària, of 21 ft.; the Fraxinus excélsior, of 35 ft.; the Sàlix frágilis, 49 ft.; the Alnus glutinosa, 56 ft.; the Bétula álba, 68 ft.; the Làrix europæ'a, 63 ft.; and, what appears to us remarkable, the Quércus rùbra, also 63 ft. In the summer gardens of St. Petersburg, planted during the reign of Peter the Great, there is a lime tree 79 ft. high; and a common elm and Norway maple, each 70 ft. high. On the shore of the Gulf of Finland, opposite the village of Strelna, the small island of Sosnovy Rosha is entirely occupied with tall Scotch pines, from 3 ft. to 5 ft. apart; among which, one has attained the height of 77 ft., and another of 65 ft. In the imperial garden at Strelna is a common English elm, 60 ft. high, the branches of which cover a space of 56 ft. The measurements of a number of trees, grown on the estate of Madame Constantinoff, at Rudets, near St. Petersburg, have been sent us by one of the imperial gardeners, with the following introductory remarks: "The woods consist principally of pines and firs; the surface of the ground is covered with long moss (Hypnum); the surface stratum is black earth, 6 in. deep; below this a stratum, 4 in. deep, of sand mixed with earth; and under this is clay. The greater number of the trees consists of Pìnus sylvéstris, A`bies excélsa, and Bétula. The pines grow with clean straight stems, of from 50 ft. to 70 ft. high, to where the branches commence, which extend from 14 ft. to 20 ft. more, making the whole height of the tree nearly 100 ft. No care is taken of the woods; the young trees spring from self-sown seed; and the strong plants are suffered to overshadow and destroy the weak ones, till the former at last become large trees. Where the Pinus sylvestris grows singly, and has plenty of space to spread its branches, the lower arms are not rubbed off or killed when young, as they are where the tree grows in a thick wood, but they form immense limbs; the consequence is, that the trunk of the tree becomes full of large knots, and, though it is more in diameter, it is less in height; the timber, of course, being of little use but as fuel." Some of the largest specimens of Pinus sylvestris in these woods, supposed of 213 years' growth, measured in height 99 ft. and 85 ft.; others, 65 years old, 78 ft. and 64 ft.; one, supposed to be 108 years old, 106 ft.; one, 95 years old, 85 ft.; 120 years old, 99 ft.; 232 years old, 113 ft.; this last tree had a trunk 31 in. in diameter at 1 ft. from the ground; the diameters of the others varied from 26 in. to 12 in., 8in., and even 7 in. Bétula álba, in the same wood, at 40 years old, was 71 ft. high; at 85 years, 85 ft.; and at 75 years, 70 ft. and 64 ft. The Alnus glutinòsa, at 44 years, was 67 ft. in height. A Pópulus trémula, of 78 years' growth, was 74 ft.; and one of 90 years' growth was 71 ft.; the diameter of the trunk being in the latter case 14 in., and in the former 12 in. It may be observed of all these trees, that they have stood very close together, so that the diameter of the trunk is generally very small in comparison with its height. The following trees and shrubs are found to stand the open air in the neighbourhood of Moscow. By comparing this list with that given above of the trees and shrubs which will stand the open air in the neighbourhood of St. Petersburg, the reader will be able to ascertain what are the very hardiest trees and shrubs of temperate climates, and of high latitudes. · Tiliacea. Tilia europæ a "Tilia europæ`a probably means T. parvifolia, which appears the most northern species or variety of Tilia. The Flora Mosquensis gives T. parvifòlia in sylvis, nemoribusque;' T. grandifolia, only ad pagos, in hortis; while T. europæ'a is not named at all.-H. C. Watson. Feb. 6. 1836." Acerineæ. Acer Pseudo-Plátanus. Hippocastanea. E sculus Hippocastanum. Celastrineæ. Euonymus europæ`us and verrucosus. Rhamneæ. Rhamnus cathárticus and Frángula. Leguminosa. Cytisus Labúrnum, capitàtus, ruthénicus, sessilifolius, nigricans; Caragana frutescens, acutifòlia [?], obtusifòlia [?], spinosa. Betulineæ. A'lnus incàna, glutinòsa; Bétula álba, nàna, nigra. Cupuliferæ. Córylus Avellana, cornùta; Quércus Robur. "Both the British oaks (Q. Rdbur and sessilifòra) are included in the Flora Mosquensis.-H. C. Watson. Feb. 6. 1836." Coniferæ. Juniperus Sabina, Thuja occidentalis; Pinus sylvestris, Cembra, Stròbus, montàna; Abies excélsa, álba, Pichta, canadensis, nigra, rùbra, balsamifera; Làrix communis. Amygdaleæ. Amygdalus nàna; Prùnus doméstica, spinòsa; Cérasus durácina, àvium, Padus. Pomacea. Sórbus aucupària, doméstica, Aria; Crataegus Oxyacántha, tomentosa, grandiflora lucida, coccinea ovalifòlia, monógyna; Deleuze mentions Dimidow as having the richest botanic garden in Russia, and as having sent to the Paris garden many fine trees and shrubs, natives of Siberia. Among these were, Caragana Altagàna, C. pygmæ'a, and Halimodéndron argenteum. The catalogue of Dimidow's collection was published in 1786, soon after which the proprietor died, and the collection was dispersed. The richest collection in 1814 was that at Gorinki, which suffered greatly when the French were in possession of that part of the country, and has since been destroyed or neglected. The gardens in the neighbourhood of Moscow, though they do not contain a great number of ligneous species, are not without some of very considerable size; more especially the common or Scotch pine, the birch, the white poplar, the ash, the common elm, and the white willow. This last tree, in the south of Russia, is planted in straight lines of apparently interminable lengths, to indicate the road across those immense steppes, over which a traveller may proceed a whole day without seing any other trace of civilisation than these trees and the post stations. At least we found this to be the case in 1814. M. Fintelman, one of the imperial gardeners at Moscow, visited Britain during the summer of 1835, with a view to add to the collection under his care; and he informed us that the proprietors of gardens in his neighbourhood are most assiduous in the improvement of their grounds, and are most anxious to plant in them every tree and shrub that they think at all likely to endure the climate. Warsaw, being three degrees further south than Moscow, enjoys a climate better adapted for the introduction of foreign trees and shrubs; and a considerable collection was introduced into the botanic garden there soon after the general peace. On looking over the catalogue of this garden, published by M. Schubert in 1824, we find that the greater number of trees and shrubs which stand the open air in Berlin also do so at Warsaw; but that the Portugal laurel, the common laurel, the laurustinus, the rhododendron, the tree box, the furze, and the broom, are not hardy; and that the ivy and the common holly require protection during severe winters. Magnòlia tripétala and acuminata stand against a wall, with protection, as does also the tulip tree. Crataegus punctàta, orientàlis, Crús-gálli, pyrifòlia, coccínea, cordàta, glandu lòsa, nigra, tanacetifòlia, Oxyacántha, melanocárpa, and prunifòlia, are all tolerably hardy. Cracow is upwards of two degrees farther south than Warsaw; and it is not much higher above the level of the sea, since the Vistula passes through both cities, and there is not the slightest waterfall on that river between Cracow and its mouth at Dantzic. The greatest cold of the ordinary winters at Cracow is from 13° to 16° Réaum. (from 2° above zero, to 4° below zero, Fahr.); and the snow seldom lasts longer than from two to three weeks. At Niedzwiedz, about three miles from the city, Count Wodzicki, a gentleman who has never been out of Poland, began, in the year 1814, to plant an arboretum; and he has pursued his plan with such energy, that in 1836 his collection amounted to nearly 200 species and varieties, exclusive of halfhardy species, which he keeps in conservatories, or against walls. An account of this arboretum, as it was in the year 1833, was published in the Annales de Fromont, tom. v. p. 177.; and a translation of this account, with some corrections and additions sent us by the author, will be found in the Gardener's Magazine, vol. xiv., for 1838. Though Count Wodzicki, as he informs us, was upwards of 61 years of age when he commenced his arboretum, and consequently, in 1836, must have been 83 years old, his passion for trees was then by no means diminished. He was in constant correspondence with Messrs. Booth of Hamburg, M. Soulange-Bodin of Paris, and various commercial cultivators and amateurs; and he spares no expense in procuring every new ligneous plant that is likely to stand the open air at Cracow. A list of the species and varieties which were in the arboretum at Niedzwiedz in September, 1836, with their dimensions and the year in which each was planted, has been kindly sent us by the count; from which it appears that the growth of the hardier species, in that climate, is as rapid as it is in the climate of London. Acer Pseudo-Plátanus, 24 years planted, is 28 ft. high, with a trunk 22 in. in diameter; A. platanöìdes, of the same age, is 30 ft. high, with a trunk 18 in. in diameter; A. rùbrum, 20 years planted, is 34 ft. high, with a trunk 13 in. in diameter; and A. eriocárpum, of the same age, is 36 ft. high, with a trunk 18 in. in diameter. Abies rubra, 25 years planted, is 48 ft. high, with a trunk 17 in. in diameter. Bétula álba péndula, 24 years planted, is 32 ft. high, with a trunk 18 in. in diameter. In the Crimea, many foreign trees and shrubs have been introduced into the government garden, and into those of Count Woronzow and some other noblemen. The introduction of these trees and shrubs may be divided into three periods. In the first period, during the reign of Catharine, the olive, the mulberry, the sweet chestnut, the walnut, the fig tree, the Diospyros Lotus, the laurel, the arbutus, and others, were planted in the gardens of individuals, in great part through the influence of Professor Pallas. The second period commenced with the year 1811, when the Duke of Richelieu had the government garden laid out at Nikita, and placed it under the direction of Mr. Steven. This garden soon became celebrated for its collection of trees and shrubs. It contains at present, among other trees, some fine specimens of the genus Citrus in the open air, which require only slight protection during winter. The Magnòlia grandiflora also stands in it in the open air, and flowers every year. The third period commences with the settlement of Count Woronzow at Alpuka. in the year 1823, when he brought with him an English gardener, and an extensive collection of trees and shrubs. Alpuka is finely situated on the sea coast, and it may be worth noticing, that it was admired thirty-six years ago by Prince Potemkin, who caused two cypresses to be planted in the very situation where Count Woronzow is now building a house, under the direction of an English architect. The winter in this part of Russia lasts but three months, so that oranges, and other trees of the East and West Indies, require only to be protected by a slight roof or tent of boards, covered with leaves or straw. The following species grow freely in the open air : — Sali Ranunculaceæ: Clématis flórida fl. pl., Pædnia Moútan. Magnoliacea: Magnòlia grandiflora. Winteràceæ: Illícium floridanum. Pittosporeæ: Pittosporum Tobira. Line: Linum trigynum. Camellièa: Camellia japónica; Thea Bohèa, víridis. Rutacea: Corræ a álba. Leguminosæ : Edwardsia microphylla. Rosacea: Rubus rosæfolius fl. pl. Onagraria: Fúchsia coccinea. caria: Lagerstroemia indica. Myrtacea: Mýrtus commùnis, Eugènia austràlis, Metrosidèros lanceolata. Passiflorea: Passiflora filamentòsa. Cácteæ, or Opuntiacea: Cactus Tuna. Caprifoliacea: Lonicera Japónica, Vibúrnum rugosum. Oleaceae: Olea fràgrans, Ligustrum lucidum. Jasmine Jasminum revolutum. Apocýneæ: Nerium Oleander. Labiata: Salvia mexicana, Verbenacea: Verbena triphylla. Laurine: Laúrus fœ tens. Aristolochia: Aristolochia glaúca. Cupulifera Quercus Suber, Ballota. Myriceæ: Myrica quercifolia. Coniferæ : Araucaria imbricata, Cunninghàmia lanceolata. Asphodèle: Phormium tènax. Tulipàceæ: Yucca aloifolia, gloriosa, glaúca. Pálma: Chamæ` rops hùmilis, Phoenix dactylifera. SECT. VI. Of the Indigenous and Forest Trees and Shrubs of Switzerland. SWITZERLAND, from its range of latitude, its lofty mountains, and its hills of every degree of altitude, of every variety of form, and of many different kinds of geological structure, is by far the most interesting country in Europe for the botanist. Here, in consequence of the elevation, we have the plants of the arctic circle on the one hand; while the latitude of the southern extremity, its low level, and proximity to the sea, joined to complete shelter from the north-east and west, are quite suitable for the plants of Italy and Greece. The indigenous ligneous flora of Switzerland, therefore, contains many species not indigenous to Britain. The following enumeration is taken from Suter's Flora Helvetica, edit. 1822; and Gaudin's Flora Helvetica, 7 vols., recently completed: Ranunculacea. Clématis Flámmula, Atragene austrìaca. * Capparidea. Cápparis spinosa. *Laurineæ. Laúrus nóbilis. Hypericineæ. Hypéricum Coris, Rícheri. Philadelphec. Philadelphus coronàrius. *Cácteæ. Opuntia vulgàris. Granateæ. Punica Granàtum. Thymela'e. Daphne alpìna, Cneòrum. Rosacea, Rosa Eglantèria, cinnamomea, montàna, provinciàlis gállica, rugòsa glutinosa, pùmila, pyrenaica, alpina, dumetòrum, rubrifòlia, spinulifòlia, collina, álba; Rubus tomentosus, glandulosus. Pomacea. Pyrus bollwylleriana, Chamaméspilus; Cydònia vulgàris, Amelánchier vulgaris, Cotonéaster tomentòsa, Méspilus germánica; Cratæ`gus intermèdia, monógyna, * Azaròlus. Amygdaleæ. * Amygdalus commùnis, Cérasus Mahaleb. Leguminosa. Genísta radiàta, sagittàlis, ovàta, decumbens, germánica ; Onònis Nàtrix, rotundifòlia; Colùtea arboréscens, Astrágalus aristatus; Coronilla E'merus, glaúca; Cytisus alpinus, Labúrnum, nígricans, sessilifòlius, hirsutus, capitàtus, *Urticea. Fìcus Cárica, Mòrus álba. Ulmacea. U'lmus effùsa, Céltis austràlis. Cupulifera. Quércus pubéscens. Betulínea. Bétula pubescens; Alnus incàna, víridis, glutinòsa incìsa, glutinòsa laciniàta. Salicineæ. Salix físsa, Villarsiana, præ cox, cinerascens, stylàris, myrtillöìdes, arbutifòlia, retùsa, ripària, pátula, versifòlia, Lappònum, Pontederàna, Jacquiniana, ovàta ; * Pópulus dilatàta. Euphorbiacea. Euphorbia sylvática, Charàcias; Búxus sempervirens. Rhamneæ. Rhamnus saxátilis, alpinus, pùmilus. Staphyleàceæ. Staphylèa pinnàta. Acerineæ. A'cer Pseudo-Plátanus, platanöìdes, opulifòlium. *Vites. Vitis vinifera. Anacardiacea. Rhús Cótinus. Rutacea. Ruta gravèolens, montana. Polygalea. Polygala Chamæbúxus. Cistinea. Cistus salviæfòlius; Helianthemum Fumàna, cànum, œlándicum, alpéstre, salicifolium, pilòsum, apenninum, ? H (or ? C.) calycinum. Tamariscineæ. Támarix germánica. |