silkworm are products of culture. "This region," Capt. Cook observes, " contains the vast pine forests of Aragon, of the Sierra de Cuenca, Segura, and the Guadarrama, and of the central range of Castile. It is characterised by the Spanish ilex; the Quércus Toza; and the Quércus prásina, or a species presumed to be so, which is widely spread over its middle elevation; by the white cistus, which grows in prodigious quantities in some of the middle parts; and by the absence of those which are enumerated as marking the divisions on each side of it." The third region lies along the coast of the Mediterranean, and is characterised by a dry and burning summer, and a mild winter. In this region the lemon, the orange, the palm, the sugar-cane, the cotton tree, the Ceratònia Siliqua, are the common ligneous plants in cultivation. This region contains no extensive forests, but abundance of orange orchards, olive grounds, and vineyards.

It would occupy too much space, to enter at such length into the ligneous vegetation of each region, as would do justice to the subject, and we must therefore refer the reader to Captain Cook's Sketches, or to an extract from them, made with the kind permission of the author, which will be found in the twelfth volume of the Gard. Mag. In the third part of this work, when we come to treat of particular species, we shall find much interesting matter, supplied from Captain Cook's volumes, respecting the genera Pìnus, A'bies, Làrix, and Quéreus.

The most remarkable discovery made by Captain Cook in Spain, and which was made about the same time by Mr. Drummond, the British consul at Morocco, is, that the alerce, a timber which is of unparalleled durability, is from the Thuja articulata. The roofs of the oldest churches in Spain are of this timber; and some of them, as that of the mosque of Cordova, &c., are known to have existed for nine centuries, the timber, as may be proved by a specimen sent by Captain Cook to the Horticultural Society of London, being still perfectly sound. Captain Cook, also, has collected much new and original information respecting the Q. Flex; and it is remarkable, that the true Spanish evergreen oak (Q. I. australis), of which acorns can be procured in abundance from Gibraltar, had escaped the notice of both native and foreign botanists, till it was examined by Captain Cook.

SUBSECT. 3. Of the Trees and Shrubs of Turkey and Modern Greece.

AFTER having given, in p. 17., the enumeration of the trees and shrubs mentioned by Theophrastus, and in p. 164. those known to modern botanists, it will not be supposed that we can have much to add respecting such a country as Turkey, scarcely, as yet, in the dawn of civilisation; and where, unless the whole surface of the country can be called a garden, there are none but in the cemeteries.

These cemeteries are distinguished by their immense cypresses, and by the occasional appearance in them of the weeping willow. The most common tree in the neighbourhood of Constantinople is the Quercus Cérris, and, next to this, the Céltis austràlis, the pinaster, and the stone pine. Other trees, considered interesting in Britain, which abound in the neighbourhood of Constantinople, are the following: Cercis Siliquástrum, which is found clothing the shores of the Bosphorus and Mount Libanus; Ceratònia Síliqua, Cupressus sempervìrens horizontalis, Diospyros Lòtus, Elæágnus angustifolia, the wild olive, Zizyphus vulgàris, Paliùrus aculeàtus, Mèlia Azedarách, Acàcia Julibríssin, Pistàcia Terebinthus, and P. Lentíscus, and Smilax áspera, and S. excélsa. S. excélsa climbs to the tops of the highest trees; and, descending in streaming branches, converts an avenue of trees into two lofty green walls, which, in autumn, are covered with a profusion of rich red berries. There are, also, Hédera Hèlix chrysocarpa; and Cérasus sativa, two varieties, one of which is of enormous size, and grows along the northern coast of Asia Minor, whence the original cherry was brought to Europe, and the other is found in the woods in the interior of Asia Minor, and produces an amber-coloured transparent

fruit, of a most delicious flavour. These trees attain the height of 100 ft., with straight trunks of 40 ft. and upwards. Pho`nix dactylífera, and Plátanus orientalis, are also frequent. "The Turks," Dr. Walsh observes, " on the birth of a son, plant a platanus, as they do a cypress on the death of one. In the court of the seraglio is a venerable tree of this species, which, tradition says, was planted by Mahomet II., after the taking of Constantinople, to commemorate the birth of his son, Bajazet II.; the trunk of which is 50 ft. in circumference. There is another, of more enormous size, at Buyuk-dere, on the Bosphorus: it stands in a valley, and measures 45 yards in circumference! It, in fact, now consists of fourteen large trees, growing in a circle from the same root, but separating at some distance from the ground. The Turks sometimes encamp here; and the Ben-Bashee pitches his tents in the centre of this tree of trees."

Cístus crispus, créticus, and salviæfòlius cover all the hills of the Archipelago and Sea of Marmora. All of them have the hypocistus growing on their roots, a succulent parasite of a rich red colour, described by Dioscorides; Vitex A'gnus-castus, Nèrium Oleánder, Quércus Æ'gilops, Q. coccífera, and Q. Taúzin var. pubescens, Pinus Pináster var. marítima, and P. Pínea, Lavándula Sto`chas, Rúscus racemòsus, Kölreutèria paniculàta, and a number of others. Búxus baleáricus grows wild on all the rocky surfaces both of European and of Asiatic Turkey, and the wood is sent to England in large quantities for the use of the wood-engraver, though it is found greatly inferior to that of the Búxus sempervirens. This information respecting the trees and shrubs in the neighbourhood of Constantinople is taken from a very interesting paper on the subject, by Dr. Robert Walsh, which will be found in the Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London for 1824, and in the Gardener's Magazine, vol. i. p. 293.

The ligneous vegetation of the Ionian Islands is given by Pouqueville and Olivier, and resembles that of Greece generally. Whether any foreign species have been introduced, since these islands came under the protection of the British government, we have been unable to ascertain.

CHAP. IV.

OF THE TREES AND SHRUBS OF ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICA., AND AUSTRALIA, WHICH ARE SUITABLE FOR TEMPERATE CLIMATES.

In our notice of the ligneous flora of these countries, we shall confine ourselves entirely to such species as are known, or are supposed, to be suitable for enduring the open air in Britain; and, as in the preceding chapter, we shall chiefly confine ourselves to giving lists compiled from local floras. We shall take the different countries in the usual order of Asia, Africa, America, Australia, and Polynesia. Those who wish more extensive information on this subject, may consult some elaborate communications of M. Mirbel in the Mémoires du Muséum, vol. xiv. p. 378.; or, in an English dress, by Dr. Hooker, in Murray's Encyclopædia of Geography.

SECT. I. Of the Trees and Shrubs suitable for Temperate Climates, indigenous or introduced, in Asia.

ACCORDING to our enumeration (p. 126.), 183 ligneous plants, which endure the open air in Britain, have been introduced from different parts of Asia, and chiefly from Siberia, Nepal, and China. Additions, as we have already observed, when noticing the flora of Asiatic Russia, may still be expected from the former country; and, considering the situation of China, and the character of its surface, when that immense territory comes to be explored by

European botanists, it will, in all probability, afford large additions to our parks and shrubberies. That Himalaya and other mountainous regions of India, temperate from their elevation, have many trees and shrubs in store for Britain, is rendered certain by the excellent Illustrations of the Botany, &c., of the Himalayan Mountains of Mr. Royle. That gentleman, who joins to the acuteness of the scientific botanist, the extended views of the general observer, and the knowledge of both Indian and European cultivation, considers that all the plants of regions in India elevated not less than 7000 ft. above the level of the sea, if not found in valleys, are likely to prove hardy in Britain. The following list is of species considered likely to be in this condition, or, at least, most of them. It has been prepared chiefly from Royle's Illustrations; but, in cases to which Mr. Royle's work has not yet been extended, or that do not come within its scope, from other sources; these are, Dr. Wallich's manuscript catalogue, to which Mr. Royle has both given the access and indicated the species likely to be fittest for selection in, and our Hortus Britannicus. In this list, all those names to which a star (*) is prefixed are, as in preceding lists, supposed not to be indigenous; the dagger (†), before a specific name, indicates that a species of that name from India has already been introduced into Britain; and the point of interrogation (?), put before a specific name, implies a doubt as to the species being capable of enduring the open air in this country.

Ranunculacea. Clématis globòsa, + montàna (Gard. Mag., vol. x. p. 564.), † nepalénsis, pubescens, vitifòlia, Buchananiana.

Magnoliacea. Mr. Royle has adverted to certain species being extant in Nepal that might, perhaps, live in the open air in Devonshire. Some of these are, Mangliètia insígnis; Michèlia lanuginosa, excélsa, Kisòpa, (?) Doltsopa. Menispermacea. Cissámpelos obtécta, † hirsùta; Stauntònia latifòlia, angustifolia, Brunoniàna; Sphærostèma grandiflòrum, and other species. Cócculus (?) laurifòlius.

Berberàceæ. Berberis nepalénsis, † aristàta, † asiática, † Wallichiàna, + Coriària, kumanaurénsis, floribunda.

Capparidacea. Cápparis (?) obovata, (?) nepalénsis.

Pittosporaceae. Senàcia + nepalénsis; Pittosporum eriocárpum.
Ternströmiàceæ. Eùrya acuminata.

Aurantiaceae. Limònia Laurèola.

Hypericaceae. Hypéricum + cordifòlium, † pátulum, † uràlum, † oblongi

fòlium.

Aceràcea. Acer † oblóngum, cultràtum, caudàtum, sterculiàceum, villòsum; Negúndo fraxinifòlium, † Dobinæ'a (?) vulgàris.

Esculacea. Pàvia índica.

Sapindacea & Millingtonièæ. Millingtònia simplicifòlia, dilleniæfòlia, púngens. Meliacea. Mèlia † Azedarách, Buckayun (from Europe).

Vitacea. Vitis parvifòlia, cymòsa, obtécta, macrophylla, capreolàta; Ampelópsis himalayana.

Zygophyllacea. Melianthus himalayànus.

Rutacea. Ruta † albiflòra, + * angustifolia.

Xanthoxylacea. Xanthoxylum hostile, alàtum.

Coriariacea. Coriària nepalénsis male, n. female.

Staphyleaceae. Staphylèa Emòdi.

Celastraceae. Euonymus tingens, † echinàtus, vàgans, péndulus, frígidus, fimbriatus, grandiflòrus, † japónicus, † Hamiltonianus.

Aquifoliaceae. I'lex dipyrèna, excélsa, serràta.

Rhamnacea. Rhamnus + virgàtus, +rupéstris Royle, purpureus; Paliùrus virgatus; Berchèmia flavéscens; Hovènia dúlcis; Ceanothus flavescens. Anacardiaceae. Rhús parviflòra, velutina, kakrasingee, † vernicífera (syn. juglandifolia), † Búcku-Amèla, † acuminata; Sabia parviflòra, campanulata. Leguminacea. Caragana Moorcroftiana, brevispina, Gerardiana, polyacántha, spinosíssima, versícolor: one of these has been raised in Edinburgh, or the neighbourhood. Astrágalus strobilíferus, polyacánthus, Grahamianus,

múlticeps; Cytisus fláccidus; Colùtea + nepalénsis; Piptanthus + nepalensis; Edwardsia (?) móllis; Indigófera heterántha, † violàcea, Gerardiana; Desmòdium tiliæfolium, † nùtans, multiflòrum, maculàtum, sèquax; Acàcia (?) móllis.

Saxifragaceae. Astilbe rivulàris.

Rosacea Chrysobalàneæ. Prinsèpia ùtilis.

Rosacea Potentilleæ. Rubus rotundifolius, cóncolor, ásper, tiliàceus, paniculatus, pedunculòsus, ferox, † ásper, † dístans, † micránthus; Potentílla rígida.

Rosacea Spiraàceæ. Spiræ a callòsa Thunb., or allied to it, † chamadrifòlia, hypericifolia, Lindleyana, kamtschatica, † nùtans; Kérria + * japónica. Rosacea Amygdaleæ. Amygdalus † * commùnis; Persica † vulgàris, + lævis, saligna; Prùnus † * doméstica, bokhariensis, Aloocha, triflòra, expánsa; Armeniaca himalénsis; Cérasus tomentòsa, Púddum, undulàta, capricida, cornuta, nepalénsis.

*

Rosacea Roseæ. Ròsa Lyéllü, † Brunònü, † tetrapétala, Webbiàna, + macrophylla, sericea, + damascèna, † microphýlla, moschata var. nepalénsis, Banksia var. múltiplex.

Rosacea § Pòmeæ. Pyrus communis, cultivated varieties of, sínica, † Páshia (syn. variolosa, ? índica Wall.), † lanàta, † crenata (syn. vestìta), † baccata, Malus, cultivated varieties of, † stipulàcea, (Sórbus) foliolòsa; Cydònia +vulgàris; Cotoneaster + frígida, † acuminata, † affinis, † microphylla; Nummulària + rotundifolia; Eriobotrya † elliptica; Photínia integrifolia dùbia; Crataegus glaúca, † crenulata.

Granateæ. Pùnica + Granàtum.

Tamaricàceæ. Myricària bracteàta, élegans.

Philadelphaceae. Philadelphus tomentosus; Deútzia stamínea, Brunoniana, corymbosa.

Passifloraceae. Passiflòra (?) Leschenaúltü, (?) nepalénsis.

Grossulaceae. Ribes † glaciale, acuminàtum, himalénse, † Cynósbati, villò

sum.

Araliacea. Hédera Hèlix and var. † chrysocárpa. Many other species of Hédera inhabit India, but not any, or but few, of them are likely to thrive in the open air in Britain.

Caprifoliacea. Caprifolium + confùsum, + longifolium, † chinénse, † japónicum; Lonicera diversifòlia, Webbiana, Govaniana, angustifolia, sericea, obovata, elliptica, glaúca, depréssa, † Xylósteum, acuminata, glabràta, lanceolata; Abèlia triflòra; † Leycestèria formòsa; Sambucus adnàta; Viburnum cotinifolium, Mullaha, punctàtum, (?) erubescens, nervòsum, cordifolium, grandiflòrum; Hydrangea altíssima, vestìta (áspera Don), heteromálla, Adàmia, +(?) cyanea.

Cornacea. Cornus + oblonga, macrophylla, nervòsa; Benthàmia +fragífera. Vacciniacea. Vaccinium (Thibaúdia) Sprengèli; Thibaúdia variegata, setígera; Gaylussáccia (Thibaudia) serràta; Cavendishia nóbilis.

Myrsinacea. Mýrsine + bifària, † semiserràta, acuminata.

Ericacea. Rhododendron + arboreum, aristàtum, + barbàtum, † cinnamòmeum campanulàtum, formòsum, lepidòtum, † anthopogon, † setòsum; Andrómeda fastigiata, formòsa, lanceolata, villòsa, ovalifolia, cordàta; Gaulthèria nummulariöìdes, trichophylla.

Ebenacea Styraceæ. Symplocos racemòsa, paniculàta.

Oleaceae. O'lea ferruginea, compacta, grandiflòra, robústa; Syringa Emòdi; O'rnus floribúnda; Fráxinus xanthoxylöides.

Jasminacea. Jasminum † officinale, dispérmum, revolutum, † pubígerum, (?) glandulòsum, (?) chrysanthemum, (?) chrysanthemoides, (?) nànum, (?) hùmile,

Labiacea. Roylea + élegans.

Solanaceae. Lycium + europæ'um.
Lauracea. Laúrus (?) odoratíssima.

Thymelacea. Daphne † cannábina, Bhólica, sericea Don (syn, salicifòlia Wal.), viridiflora, mucronata.

Santalàceæ. Osyris nepalénsis.

Eleagnacea. Elæágnus + arbòrea, armàta; Hippóphæ + salicifòlia (syn. conférta).

Euphorbiaceæ. Búxus emarginatus; Pachysándra † coriàcea.

*

Urticaceae. Mòrus nigra, sp. white-fruited, atropurpurea, † indica?, + tatárica, parvifòlia, serràta (syn. heterophylla), lævigàta víridis, +mauritiana, * scándens. Some of these names are to be regarded as not established, and as more or less likely to be synonymous with others amongst them. Broussonètia integrifòlia.

Ulmacea. Ulmus †eròsa (syn. effùsa W.), † integrifòlia, virgata. These names are from Dr. Wallich's catalogue. In Mr. Royle's catalogue are three others, but Mr. Royle has advised that they may represent the same species. Céltis orientális, (?) elongata, politòria, tetrándra, (?) cinnamòmea, (?) mollis. Juglandacea. Juglans † règia; Engelhardtia Roxburghiana, Colebrookiàna. Salicàceæ. Salix Lindleyana, obovata, polyándra, +* babylónica, (?) ægyptìaca, élegans, grísea, kamaunénsis, eriostachya, pýrina. The first five of these names are derived from Mr. Royle's catalogue and work. the rest are from Dr. Wallich's catalogue. In Mr. Royle's catalogue are six other names, but Mr. Royle has told us that they may represent the same species as certain of the names above. Pópulus cordata, acuminata, pyriformis, ciliàta, sp.

Cupulifera. Quércus annulata, † dealbàta, incana, polyántha, lanàta, floribúnda, laxiflòra, dentòsa, semecarpifòlia, lamellòsa, lappàcea, spicata, fenestràta, dilatata, lanceæfòlia, † lanuginòsa, † Phullata. These names are from Dr. Wallich's catalogue, and are exclusive of several others that are those of species which Mr. Royle deems likely to be too tender to thrive in Britain. Mr. Royle has in his own catalogue names, distinct from Dr. Wallich's, of seven kinds, of which some may be identical with, some distinct from, those represented by Dr. Wallich's names. Castanea índica, tribulöìdes, (?) microcárpa, (?) sphærocárpa. Córylus lácera, ? fèrox; in Mr. Royle's catalogue are the names cashmeriénsis and scabérrima, which may represent the same kinds as the preceding, or distinct ones. Carpinus vimínea, fagínea.

Betulaceae. Bétula Bhojpáttra (syn. ùtilis), acuminata, cylindrostachya, nítida; and, in Mr. Royle's catalogue, three other names of as many kinds, that may be identical with three of those above, or distinct. Alnus (?) nepa-. lénsis.

Platanacea. Plátanus + orientalis.

Myricàcea. Myrìca sápida.

Taxàceæ. Táxus baccata ?, † nucifera?

*

Conifera. Picea Webbiana (syn. A`bies spectábilis), dumòsa (syn. Brunoniana; Pinus + excélsa, † Gerardiana (syn Neòza), † Smithiana (syn. Morinda), Cèdrus + Deodara; Cupressus sempervirens, † torulòsa; E'phedra Gerardiana; Juniperus squamàta, † chinénsis, * dimórpha, † recúrva, religiòsa, † excélsa, commúnis?; Thùja +* orientalis, † nepalénsis.

Whoever wishes to become acquainted with the ligneous flora of Himalaya should have recourse to Mr. Royle's Illustrations; it will be found to be one of the most scientific and comprehensive works of the kind that have ever been published; embracing, not only the scientific botany and natural history, including the geology, of the district, but the geographical distribution of species and their properties and uses: the whole being generalised with reference to Lower India and Europe.

Of the trees and shrubs of temperate climates, which have been introduced into the different countries of Asia, we profess to know but little. Not many foreign ligneous plants, we suppose, have been added to the ligneous flora of Siberia or Tartary: but the hardy fruit trees and fruit shrubs of Europe have been cultivated for a number of years in the gardens of some of the native princes of India; and many of our ornamental trees and shrubs have been transported to the gardens of our public officers in that country,

* P