and to the botanic gardens established by government. This might be done to a great extent, as Mr. Royle has shown, in the mountainous districts of Himalaya, as well as in other hilly and mountainous regions, both of India

and China.

sources:

Of that part of the ligneous flora of China which is hardy, very little is known. The following list of some of the ligneous species which inhabit China, and of a few of those which inhabit Japan, has been prepared from these three 1. Enumeratio Plantarum quas in China boreali collegit Dr. Al. Bunge, anno 1831: this enumeration is published in the Mémoires presentés à l'Académie des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, tome ii. livra. 1. et 2., 1833. 2. From Royle's Illustrations, in which a sketch of the climate and plants of China is presented, relatively to comparison with the climate and plants of the Himalaya. 3. From our Hortus Britannicus. The sign (?) denotes, in this list, as well as in the preceding, doubt of hardihood of the species to which it is applied.

Ranunculacea. Clématis intricata, Pæònia Moútan and varieties of it.
Magnoliaceæ. Magnòlia conspicua.

Menispermacea. Menispermum däùricum, Stauntònia, (?) Kadsùra ja

pónica.

Berberàceæ. Bérberis sinensis.

Sterculiacea. Sterculia pyriformis.

Tiliacea. Tília, (?) Grewia parviflòra.

Ternströmiàceæ. Thèa víridis, Camellia (?) japónica.

Hypericaceae. Hypéricum pátulum, (?) Ochránthe pallida.

Aceracea. Acer truncatum, palmatum (Japan).

Esculaceae. E'sculus chinénsis.

Sapindacea. Xanthóceras sorbifòlia, Kölreutèria paniculàta.
Meliacea. Mèlia.

Vitàceæ. Vitis vinifera, bryoniæfolia, ficifòlia, humulifòlia, serianæfòlia, aconitifòlia; Ampelópsis.

Xanthoxylacea. Ailántus glandulòsa ; Xanthoxylum (?) Avicénnæ, (?) ní

tidum.

Staphyleàcea. Staphylèa.

Celastraceæ. Celastrus articulàtus; Euonymus micránthus, chinensis.
Aquifoliaceae. I'lex, a sp. of, allied to Aquifolium.

Rhamnacea. Rhamnus Theèzans; Zizyphus vulgàris 1 spinòsa, vulgàris 2 inérmis, parvifòlia, globòsa, (?) sinénsis, (?) álbens, (?) nítida; (?) Hovènia dúlcis.

Anacardiacea. (?) Pistàcia chinénsis; Rhús Cótinus, ailantöìdes, (?) vernicífera (Japan), (?) succedànea.

Leguminacea. Sophora japónica (China and Japan), chinensis; Indigófera micrántha, macrostachya; Caragana Chamlagu, microphylla; Lespedeza macrocárpa; Wistària Consequàna; Gleditschia chinensis, heterophylla; Cércis chinensis; Acàcia (?) macrophylla, (?) Nèmu.

Rosacea Amygdaleæ. Amygdalus communis, pedunculata, p. múltiplex, p. polygyna; Pérsica vulgàris; Cérasus chinensis 2 pluripétala (or flòre plèno, syn. Amygdalus pùmila), japónica (Japan), j. múltiplex (Japan), serrulata, salícina, Pseudo-Cérasus; Prùnus doméstica?, trichocárpa, pauciflòra, hùmilis 1 glabrata, hùmilis 2 villósula; Armeniaca vulgàris.

Rosacea Spirædceæ. Spiræ a triloba, dasyántha, sorbifòlia, callòsa; Kérria japónica pluripétala (or flòre plèno) (Japan).

Rosacea Potentillea. Rubus purpureus, cratægifòlius, (?) parvifòlius, (?) refléxus.

Rosacea Rosea. Ròsa índica, odoràta, longifòlia, Roxburghii, flavescens, nívea, semperflorens, Lawrenceàna, multiflòra, Grevillei, sínica, Bánksie, B. flòre lùteo, microcarpa, bracteata, b. scabricaúlis, pimpinellifòlia, rugòsa. Rosacea Pòmeæ. Pyrus floribunda, dioíca, spectábilis, betulæfòlia; Cydònia sinensis, japónica ; Eriobótrya japónica (Japan); Photínia serrulàta ; Cratæ gus pinnatifida.

Calycanthacea. Chimonanthus fràgrans (Japan), f. lùteus (Japan), f. gran

diflorus.

Granatacea. Pùnica Granàtum, and the white-flowered and pluripetalous varieties.

Tamaricàcea. Támarix junipérina, chinénsis, (?) índica.

Philadelphaceae. Deùtzia grandiflòra, parviflòra, scábra (Japan).

Grossulaceae. Ribes Cynósbati.

Hamamelidaceæ. Hamamèlis chinénsis.

Cornacea. Aúcuba japónica (China and Japan).

Caprifoliacea. Caprifolium chinénse, longiflorum, Lonicera flexuòsa, Sambùcus racemòsa, Vibúrnum (?) fràgrans; Abèlia (?) chinensis, (?) uniflòra; Hydrangea Hortensia.

Ericaceae. Rhododendron Fárrera, (?) leucánthum; Azàlea (?) macrántha, (?) Andrómeda.

Ericaceae Vaccinièa, Vaccinium (?) formòsum.

Ebenacea. Diospyros Lòtus, Schi-tse.

Oleaceae. O'lea, Ligustrum lùcidum 1 floribúndum; Syringa chinénsis; O'rnus floribúnda.

Jasminacea. Jasminum (?) angulàre, flóridum.

Asclepiadaceæ. Períploca (?) sèpium.

Bignoniaceæ. Catálpa syringafòlia.

Thymelàcea. Dáphne cannábina, (?) Passerina Chamædáphne.

Solanacea. Lýcium chinénse, turbinàtum, Trewiànum.

Euphorbiaceæ. (?) Phyllanthus ramiflòrus, Andráchne chinénsis.

Urticaceae. Mòrus álba and varieties, sinensis, constantinopolitàna; Brous

sonètia papyrífera.

Ulmaceæ. U'lmus pùmila, Céltis chinensis.

Juglandacea. Juglans règia.

Salicaceae. Salix babylónica, Pópulus.

Betulaceae. Bétula.

Cupuliferæ. Quércus densifòlia, chinénsis, and three other species; Castànea vésca, the large-leafed chestnut, dwarf chestnuts.

Conifera. Pines, fir, larch; Pinus chinensis, Massoniana; Cunninghàmia lanceolata; Thùja orientàlis; Juniperus chinénsis, glaúca; C'upréssus, Salisbùria adiantifòlia (Japan).

The northern provinces of China, Mr. Royle observes, are more European in their flora than any parts of the plains of India; and the flora of the mountains has an almost universal identity of genera with that found covering the elevated belt of Himalaya. From these and other remarks we conclude that many species of trees and shrubs in China, now wholly unknown to us, will at some future time be added to the British arboretum.

The Chinese, through the European residents at Canton and other seaports, have become possessed of various of our ornamental ligneous plants. Mr. Reeves (Gard. Mag., vol. xi. p. 437.) mentions that Magnòlia grandiflòra was introduced at Macao by Mr. Livingston, previously to 1830; and M. acuminata, glaúca, and tripétala, soon afterwards. The recent discovery of the tea shrub in the province of Assam, through an extent of territory which occupied a month's journey, shows how little of the ligneous flora of that part of the world is yet known. (See Dr. Wallich, in Gard. Mag., vol. xi. p. 429.)

SECT. II. Of the Indigenous and Foreign Trees and Shrubs of Africa.

THE number of ligneous species which the British arboretum has obtained from Africa, including the Canary Isles, appears to be 23; a number larger than might be expected, considering the tropical situation of this part of the world, and that its mountains are less elevated than those of Asia. Barbary has supplied 13 of these 23 species; because, being situated on the shores of the Mediterranean, its climate is comparatively temperate. More may, per

haps, be received from the interior of the country, and from the African islands; but, considering that the floras of these islands, and of Egypt and Southern Africa, have been pretty fully explored, our hopes of further additions, fit to endure our climate, are not very sanguine.

The trees and shrubs of temperate climates introduced into Africa must necessarily be very few; and till lately they were limited, perhaps, to a few shrubs in the gardens of the British consuls. Since the introduction of European improvements into Egypt, however, the pacha has established an English garden under the care of an English gardener, Mr. Traill, who is endeavouring to acclimatise the plants and trees both of temperate and tropical climates. Algiers, which came into possession of the French in 1830, is receiving from that nation of naturalists many European plants; as appears in detail in the Annales de la Société d'Horticulture de Paris for 1831, and in the Gardener's Magazine, vol. xi. p. 632. A nursery has been established by the French authorities, which is said to contain 25,000 trees, bushes, and plants, for the purpose of experiment and naturalisation. It occupies 80 acres, and is under the care of a director and twenty men. Such an establishment may be referred to as one worthy of imitation in colonising a new country.

SECT. III. Of the Indigenous and Foreign Trees and Shrubs of America.

By far the greatest and most interesting accessions to the British arboretum have been received from North America; but, as some hardy species have also been received from the southern division of that immense country, we shall devote a subsection to each.

SUBSECT. 1. Of the Indigenous and Foreign Trees and Shrubs of North America.

THE introduction of woody plants from North America into Britain may be said to have commenced with the missionaries sent out by Compton, Bishop of London, about the end of the seventeenth century, and to have continued without interruption ever since. Some species were, doubtless, introduced by Sir Walter Raleigh and others; but the practice of sending out collectors to send home objects of natural history undoubtedly began about the period we have mentioned. We have seen, in preceding parts of this history, that Bannister, Catesby, Garden, John and William Bartram, André Michaux, Fraser, Lyon, and Douglas are the names of the collectors to whom we are chiefly indebted: and that Compton, the Duke of Argyll, Lord Petre, the Duke of Richmond, Ellis, Dr. Üvedale, Dr. Fothergill, and, above all, that most excellent man Peter Collinson, a quaker and linendraper, were the principal amateurs. These gentlemen, and Gray, Gordon, and other nurserymen, in Britain, and Du Hamel, Lemonnier, and Maréchal de Noailles, in France, were the principal persons who encouraged the collectors. Much, also, is due to those American and European authors who have explored the interior of the civilised portion of America, and published the result of their labours. From the Flora of Pursh, edit. 1814, we have made the following enumeration of the woody plants of North America not indigenous to Britain.

Ranunculacea. Atragene americàna; Clématis virgínica, cordata, holoserícea Wálteri, críspa, reticulata, Viórna, Catesbyàna; Xanthorhìza apiifòlia. Winteràceæ. Illícium floridanum, parviflòrum.

Magnoliaceæ. Magnòlia grandiflora elliptica, grandiflora obovata, grandiflòra lanceolata, glaúca, longifòlia, macrophylla, tripétala, acuminata, cordata, auriculata, pyramidata; Liriodendron Tulipífera, T. var. obtusíloba.

Anonàceæ. Asímina tríloba, parviflòra, pygmæ`a, grandiflòra.

Menispermacea. Menispermum canadense, c. var. lobatum; Cócculus carolinus, Schizandra coccínea.

Berberideæ. Berberis canadensis, Mahònia, Aquifòlium, nervòsa.
Cistineæ. Hudsònia ericöìdes.

Malvàceæ. Hibiscus Mánihot.

Tiliacea. Tília glàbra, laxiflòra, pubescens, p. var. leptophylla, heterophylla.

Ternströmiàceæ. Gordònia Lasiánthus, pubéscens, Stuártia virgínica, Malachodéndron ovàtum.

Hypericineæ. A'scyrum Crúx A'ndreæ, hypericöldes, amplexicaúle; Hypéricum Kalmianum, frondòsum, amo'num, prolíficum, nudiflòrum, glaúcum, densiflorum, galiöìdes, aspalathöìdes, fasciculatum, tenuifòlium.

Acerinea. Acer rubrum, dasycarpum, barbàtum, sacchárinum, nigrum, macrophyllum, circinàtum, striatum, montànum; Negúndo fraxinifolium. Hippocastanea. E'sculus glabra, pállida; Pàvia, rùbra, hýbrida, flàva, macrostachya.

Sapindacea. Sapindus ? * Saponaria.

Vit s. Vitis Labrúsca, æstivalis, æ. var. sinuàta, cordifolia, ripària, rotundifòlia, palmata; Ampelopsis cordata, hederàcea, hirsuta, bipinnàta.

Xanthorýleæ. Xanthoxylum fraxíneum, tricárpum; Ptèlea trifoliàta, t. var. pubescens.

Staphyleaceae. Staphylèa trifolia.

Celastrineæ. Celastrus scándens, bullàtus; Euonymus americànus, angustifòlius, atropurpùreus.

Ilicineæ. Ilex opàca, laxiflòra, Cassine, Dahoón, angustifòlia, a. var. ligustrifòlia, vomitòria, prinöìdes, canadensis, Myrsinites; Prìnos verticillàtus, ambiguus, lævigàtus, lanceolàtus, glàber, coriàceus, c. var. angustifolius.

Rhámncæ. Rhamnus frangulöìdes, alnifolius, carolinianus, lanceolatus, minutiflòrus; Ceanothus americànus, intermèdius, sanguíneus, microphyllus ; Berchèmia volùbilis.

Anacardiaceae. Rhús typhìna, glabra, élegans, viridiflora, pùmila, vérnix, copallina, Toxicodéndron, radicans, r. var. microcárpa, aromática.

Leguminosa. Robínia Pseùd-Acàcia, viscòsa, híspida, macrophýlla; Wistària frutéscens; Cássia occidentalis, ligústrina; Cercis canadensis, c. var. pubescens; Virgília lutea, Cytisus rhombifolius; Amórpha fruticosa, f. var. emarginata, f. var. angustifolia, microphylla, pubescens, canéscens; Gleditschia triacanthos, t. var. inérmis, brachycarpa, monospermia; Gymnócladus canadénsis.

Chrysobalanea. Chrysobálanus oblongifolius.

Amygdaleæ. Cerasus virginiana, serótina, canadénsis, caroliniàna, semperflorens, borealis, pennsylvánica, nigra, hyemalis, pygmæ`a, pubèscens, pùmila, depréssa, chicàsa; Prunus marítima, doméstica var. myrobalana.

Rosacea. Rosa parviflòra, nítida, lùcida, gemélla, Lyòn, carolìna, rubifòlia, lævigata, suaveolens, pendulina, lutéscens; Rubus villosus, strigosus, canadensis, cuneifòlius, occidentalis, híspidus, triviàlis, flagellaris, inérmis, spectábilis, odoratus; Spiræ'a salicifòlia, s. var. latifolia, tomentosa, hypericifolia, chamædrifòlia, c. var. mèdia, betulæfòlia, opulifòlia, capitàta, discolor, sorbifòlia; Púrshia tridentàta, Potentilla floribúnda.

Pomacea. Pyrus coronària, angustifòlia, microcarpa, americàna, arbutifòlia, melanocárpa; Amelanchier Botryàpium, ovális, sanguínea; Cratæ`gus apiifòlia, spathulàta, turbinàta, coccínea, populifòlia, pyrifòlia, ellíptica, glandulosa, flava, parvifòlia, punctàta rubra, punctata aurea, Crús-gálli spléndens, Crús-gálli pyracanthæfolia, Crús-gálli salicifòlia.

Calycanthea. Calycanthus flóridus, glaúcus, lævigàtus.

Philadelphea. Philadelphus inodòrus, Lewis, grandiflòrus; Decumària bárbara, sarmentosa.

Passiflorea. Passiflora peltàta.

Cácteæ. Opuntia vulgàris, Mammillària vivípara.

Grossulacea. Ribes albinérvium, trifidum, rìgens, prostràtum, resinòsum, viscosíssimum, sanguíneum, Menziesii, aúreum, recurvatum, flóridum, laxiflòrum, rotundifolium, hirtéllum, grácile, triflòrum, oxyacanthöìdes, lacustris, Cynósbati, speciòsum

Araliaceae. Aràlia híspida, spinòsa, s. var. inérmis.

Caprifoliacea. Caprifolium sempervirens, ciliòsum, flàvum, gràtum, parviflòrum [? dioícum]; Lonicera ciliàta, ciliàta álba, villosa; Symphòria glomerata, racemòsa; Diervilla lùtea; Linnæ a boreàlis; Viburnum prunifòlium, pyrifòlium, Lentàgo, nùdum, obovàtum, obovatum punicæfòlium, cassinoides, lævigàtum, nítidum, dentàtum, pubéscens, lantanöìdes, acerifòlium, mòlle, Oxycóccus, edùle; Sambucus canadensis, pubéscens; Hydrangea arboréscens, cordata, nívea, quercifòlia.

Córnea. Córnus flórida, circinàta, serícea, asperifòlia, strícta, álba, paniculàta, paniculata álbida, paniculàta radiàta, alternifòlia.

Loranthacea. Viscum ? flavescens.

Cinchonàceæ. Pincknèya pùbens, Chiocócca racemòsa, Cephalanthus occidentalis.

Compósite. Baccharis angustifolia, glomeruliflòra, halimifòlia; Buphthalmum frutéscens; I'va imbricata, frutéscens.

Vaccinièe. Vaccinium stamineum, álbum, diffùsum, dumòsum, frondòsum, frondósum lanceolàtum, pállidum, resinòsum viridescens, resinòsum rubéscens, resinòsum lutéscens, corymbosum, amo`num, virgàtum, fuscàtum, fuscàtum angustifolium, galèzans, ligústrinum, tenéllum, angustifòlium, cæspitòsum, myrtifolium, crassifolium, nítidum, Myrsinìtes, M. lanceolatus, M. obtùsus, buxifòlium, ovàtum, obtùsum; Oxycoccus macrocarpus, erythrocárpus, hispídulus.

Ericaceae. Andrómeda tetragona, hypnöìdes, poliifòlia angustifolia, poliifòlia latifolia, calyculàta, angustifolia, coriàcea, axillàris, axillaris longifolia, Catesbæ'i, acuminata, floribúnda, mariàna, mariàna angustifolia, speciosa, speciosa pulverulenta, racemòsa, arbòrea; Lyònia ferruginea, rígida, paniculata, frondosa; Clèthra alnifolia, tomentosa, scabra, paniculata, acuminata; Mylocáryum ligústrinum, Cyrilla caroliniàna; Arbutus laurifòlia, Menzièsä, tomentòsa; Gaulthèria procumbens, Shallon; Menzièsia ferruginea, globulàris, empetrifórmis, cærùlea; Kálmia hirsùta, glaúca, glaúca rosmarinifòlia, cuneàta, angustifolia, angustifòlia ovata, latifolia; Epiga'a rèpens; Rhodòra canadénsis; Rhododendron máximum ròseum, m. álbum, m. purpureum, punctàtum, catawbiénse; Azalea calendulàcea flámmea, c. cròcea, canéscens, nudiflora coccínea, n. rùtilans, n. cárnea, n. álba, n. papilionàcea, n. partìta, n. polyándra, arboréscens, bícolor, viscosa, nítida, glaúca, hispida; Lèdum palústre, palustre decumbens, latifolium; Ammýrsine buxifòlia; Bejària racemòsa, I'tea virgínica, Pyxidanthèra barbulàta.

Symplocinea. Symplocos tinctòria.

Styracea. Styrax grandifolium, pulverulentum, lævigàtum; Halèsia tetráptera, díptera.

Sapotea. Bumèlia lyciöìdes, reclinata, lanuginosa, chrysophyllöìdes, serràta. Ebenacea. Diospyros virginiana, pubescens.

Oleacea. O'lea americana; Chionánthus virgínica, marítima; O'rnus americana; Fraxinus sambucifolia, quadrangulàta, epíptera, acuminata, caroliniana, platycárpa, pubescens, p. longifòlia, p. latifòlia, p. subpubescens, juglandifolia; Catalpa syringafòlia.

Apocýnea. Echites difformis, Gelsèmium sempervirens.

Bignoniaceæ. Bignònia crucígera, capreolàta; Técoma radicans flámmea, radicans coccinea.

Solanea. Lycium carolinianum.

Labiata. Sálvia coccínea.

Verbenacea. Callicárpa americàna.

Chenopodea. A'triplex Hálimus, Diòtis lanàta.

Polygoneæ. Callígonum canéscens.

Laurinece. Laurus Catesbyana, carolinénsis glàbra, c. pubescens, c. obtùsa, Benzoin, Diospyros, geniculata, Sássafras.

Thymela'a. Dírca palustris.

Santalaceæ. Nýssa villòsa, biflòra, cándicans, tomentosa, denticulàta; Hamiltònia oleifera.

Elæúgnea. Elæágnus argentea; Shepherdia canadensis, argentea.