Aristolochiừa. Aristolòchia sípho, tomentosa.

Euphorbiaceæ. Bòrya porulòsa, ligústrina, acuminata; Stillíngia ligústrina,

sebífera.

Urticea. Mòrus rùbra.

Ulmacea. Ulmus americàna, péndula, fúlva, alàta; Plánera Richárdi, Gmelini; Céltis occidentalis, crassifòlia, pùmila.

Juglandeæ. Juglans nìgra, cinèrea; Càrya olivæfórmis, sulcàta, álba, tomentòsa, amàra, porcìna ficifórmis, obcordàta, aquática, myristicæfórmis.

Salicineæ. Salix cándida, Muhlenbergiana, tristis, recurvàta, vestìta, U`va úrsi, cordifòlia, obovata, planifòlia, pedicellàris, fuscata, conífera, myricöìdes, prinöìdes, díscolor, angustàta, longifòlia, Houstoniana, falcàta, nìgra, lùcida, rígida, cordata, grisea, ambígua; Pópulus balsamífera, cándicans, trépida, monilifera, betulaæfòlia, grandidentàta, lævigàta, angulata, heterophylla.

Betulineæ. Bétula populifòlia, excélsa, nigra, papyracea, lénta, pùmila, glandulòsa; Alnus crispa, serrulata, glaúca.

Cupuliferæ. Quércus Phéllos, Phéllos hùmilis, marítima, serícea, myrtifòlia, vìrens, cinerea, imbricària, laurifòlia, laurifòlia obtùsa, agrifòlia, heterophylla, aquática, hemisphæʼrica, nàna, tríloba, nìgra, tinctòria, díscolor, coccínea, ambigua, rùbra, Catesbæ`i, falcata, palustris, Banisteri, obtusíloba, macrocarpa, olivæfórmis, lyràta, álba, álba repánda, Prìnus, bícolor, montàna, Castanea, prinoides; Castanea vésca americàna, pùmila; Fagus ferruginea; Corylus americana, rostràta; Carpinus americàna, Ø ́strya virgínica.

Platanea. Liquidámbar styraciflua.

Myrice. Myrica cerifera, cerífera pùmila, carolinénsis, pennsylvánica; Comptònia aspleniifòlia.

Hamamelide. Hamamèlis virgínica, macrophýlla; Fothergilla alnifòlia, major, Gardeni.

Conifera. Pinus inops, resinòsa, Banksiana, variabílis, rígida, serótina, púngens, Tæ'da, palustris, Stròbus; Abies balsamífera, Fràseri, taxifòlia, canadénsis, nìgra, rùbra, àlba; Larix péndula, microcárpa; Taxodium dístichum; Cupressus thyöìdes, Thuja occidentalis; Juniperus communis depréssa, virginiana, Sabina procumbens, excélsa, barbadénsis; Taxus baccàta.

Cycadea. Zamia integrifolia.

Empétrea. Empetrum nigrum, Ceratìola ericöìdes.

Smilacea. Smilax hastàta, hastàta lanceolata, bòna-nóx, quadrangulàris Wálteri, Sarsaparilla, ovàta, álba, lanceolata, pùbera, Pseudo-chìna, rotundifòlia, caduca, laurifòlia, pandurata, circidifòlia.

Pálma. Sabal Adansòni; Chama'rops serrulata, hýstrix, Palmetto.

The number of trees and shrubs in the British arboretum, received from North America, is considered to be 528, and they comprise the greater part of the names in the foregoing enumeration. Still, as it is not always certain that the same names in our catalogue are applied to the same things, there may be a number of species described by Pursh which are not yet introduced into Britain. At all events, we have little doubt that, in the unexplored parts of North America, there are many species that will, at no distant day, find way to Europe.

The greater part of the trees and shrubs of Europe, which are remarkable either for beauty or utility, appear in the catalogues of the American nurserymen, more particularly in those of Prince of New York, and of Carr, the successor of Bartram, near Philadelphia. From a MS. which has been kindly sent to us by Dr. Mease, containing the dates of the introductions of a number of European trees into America, we find that some took place as early as the settlers there from this country; and that the introduction of European trees was in an especial degree accelerated by the establishment of tree nurseries. William Hamilton, Esq., of the Woodlands, near Philadelphia, is stated by all the collectors of plants in America, during the last century, to have had the most complete garden in the United States. It is said to have contained not only all the plants of America, but those of Europe and other parts of the world, which were considered of interest either for arts or medicine.

In

Bartram's Botanic Garden there appears to have been the best collection in any nursery; and probably, at present, it is only equalled by that of Prince of New York. No nursery in America is superior to Bartram's for fine specimens of trees. The dimensions of some of these, with those of many others, of which accounts have been sent us, will be given when treating of each particular tree, in the third part of this work. (See also Gard. Mag., vol. viii. p. 272.)

Part of the United States, and the Canadas, were visited by two excellent arboricultural observers; Mr. Robert Brown, formerly a nurseryman at Perth, and Mr. James Macnab, the son of the curator of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, in the autumn of the year 1834; and an interesting notice of the distribution of different species of trees in the countries they passed through has been published in the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, vol. v. p. 594., and will be found also in the twelfth volume of the Gardener's Magazine. Before landing at New York, the country appears to the stranger of a very dark and dismal hue, from the quantity of pines and red cedars which clothe the more conspicuous prominences; but, after landing, the whole, from the prevalence of fine trees and shrubs, appears like one vast garden. The stranger is strongly impressed with the beauty and number of trees, which are partly indigenous to the locality or the district, and partly introduced from more southern climates. The diversity of the forms of the trees, and the variety of their foliage, are most remarkable. No remains of ancient forests are observable, as might be supposed, these having been long since cut down for fuel; but forest trees of large size are frequently to be seen, covered to their summits with wild vines. Of these the Plátanus occidentalis, liriodendron, liquidambar, Gleditschia triacanthos, and the catalpa are preeminent. It is worthy of remark, that almost the only foreign trees conspicuous in the artificial scenery of America are, various kinds of fruit trees, the Lombardy poplar, and the weeping willow. The contrast between the regular position and roundtufted heads of the fruit trees and the lance-shaped heads of the poplars, and between both these trees and the wild luxuriance of the indigenous species, is very striking About 67 miles up the country, on the river Hudson, a limestone district occurs, and on this the lively green of the arbor vitæ succeeds to the dark hue of the red cedar. All the uncultivated parts of the surface are covered with this tree, of different sizes, varying from 1 ft. to 20 ft. in height, and always of a pyramidal shape. The woods on both sides of Lake Champlain are very various. The principal trees are, the wild cherry (Cerasus virginiana), elms, walnuts, sugar maples, and the aspen poplar. The rocky grounds abound with arbor vitæ, and the " appearance of the lofty white, or Weymouth, pine, towering above the deciduous trees, on rising grounds at the base of the hills, of a dark aspect and nearly destitute of branches, was remarkable." The northern extremity of Lake Champlain exhibits the same trees, with the addition of the balm of Gilead fir. The only tree worth notice on the St. Lawrence river was the canoe birch (Bétula papyracea). At Montreal our travellers were much " surprised to see the great difference which the Canadian winter produces upon those species of ornamental trees which grace the lawns and cities of the United States. As examples, may be mentioned the Ailántus glandulòsa, the trees of which were quite small and stunted; Maclùra aurantiaca seemed barely alive; and the mulberries were small and unhealthy. The weeping willows here are almost always killed in winter, although in the neighbourhood of New York the stem of this tree is seen averaging from 8 ft. to 15 ft., and sometimes 20 ft. in girt. None of the catalpas and magnolias, which prove so ornamental in the pleasure-grounds both of New York and Philadelphia, can be made to live here, with the exception of the M. glaúca, and it is in a very unhealthy condition. Taxòdium dístichum is also much dwarfed, and barely alive. Peaches in this part of the country do not succeed as standards; but several peach trees placed against garden walls possessed well ripened wood, and had every appearance of affording plentiful crops. The principal ornamental tree cultivated in this part of the country, on account of its beauty, is the Robinia

glutinosa, which, during the months of June, July, and August, bears a profusion of delicate pink flowers, and does not attain a large size."

66

In the different islands of Lake Ontario " the hemlock spruce is abundant and of great size, as well as arbor vitæ, walnuts, oaks, sugar maples, and elms." Near Toronto, on the shores of the lake, the weeping willow is healthy and luxuriant, and there are fine specimens of the locust tree, broadleaved American beech, Canadian and Lombardy poplars, limes, oaks, ashes, elms, white pine, and hemlock spruce. Pìnus resinòsa (the red pine) was observed here for the first time; and it is by no means plentiful, having been found by our travellers only in this tract. The red birch they found a fineshaped tree, with a trunk about 2 ft. in diameter, and a wide-spreading top like that of the beech tree in Europe. Near the Falls of Niagara is a very extensive natural forest of sweet chestnuts; and what is very remarkable, the trees are placed at such regular distances that at first one would not hesitate to think that they had been planted by the hand of man. Not a great way from this, we observed a similar forest of large native oaks with precisely the same appearance of regular plantation: yet in both cases the arrangement was wholly the work of nature, the stronger individuals having probably smothered the weaker. In the neighbourhood of the falls, the trees were of very various descriptions, of great size, and more intermixed than we had hitherto seen. The tulip trees were of great height, with stems varying from 8 ft. to 12 ft. in circumference. Platanus trees, oaks, elms, limes, ashes, walnuts, beeches, poplars, and white pines, were all equally large and lofty. The hemlock spruce was scarcely seen, but the arbor vitæ seemed to take its place; for it is, without exception, the most abundant tree in the neighbourhood of the falls, very tall, and sometimes tapering to the height of 60 ft. Here, again, the red cedar was observed, with great abundance of dwarf-growing yew (Taxus canadénsis)."

Between Niagara and Hamilton was the only district in Canada where the Laúrus Sassafras was seen; the trees were all small, though remarkably healthy. The great natural forests of the country presented chiefly oaks of great height; and, when the ground became in the least degree elevated, white pines abounded. On a flattened, low, moist meadow was an extensive forest of the tamarack, or black American larch (Làrix péndula), long straggling trees with stems not exceeding 20 in. in circumference. Near New London the specimens of the trees, particularly of the platanus, were very large. Stems were measured of from 15 ft. to 20 ft. in girt, and many of the trees had straight trunks of from 10 ft. to 30 ft. high, before branching." This tree is always seen largest and in greatest abundance along the moist banks of rivers, where the soil is deep and rich." The white pine, near New London, has a trunk varying from 13 ft. to 18 ft. in circumference; and some trees, which had been blown down, were measured, and found to average 160 ft. in length. The oaks here vary from 10 ft. to 15 ft. in circumference of trunk, with 45 ft. and 50 ft. of straight clear stems. Between New London and Goderich, a distance of 60 miles, the road passes through one continued dense forest. The trees were principally elms, averaging from 10 ft. to 25 ft. in circumference. Mixed with them were beeches, birches, and ashes of ordinary dimensions. On some low swampy ground, there was an extensive forest of hemlock spruce, and on an extended limestone ridge some splendid specimens of arbor vitæ. Horizontal sections of the white pines and hemlock spruce exhibited between 300 and 400 annual layers; oaks, 200; and elms, 300. On the whole, the neighbourhood of Goderich in Canada presented" a much greater and finer collection of large native trees than had before been seen; for, in addition to what have been named, were very large sugar maples, with splendid specimens of the black and white ash, limes, oaks, beeches, birches, cherries, with extensive tracts of balsam poplar (Pópulus balsamífera), and the black American larch, all growing in deep rich soil. On the banks of the Maitland river, many very noble specimens of platanus are seen, with stems varying from 18 ft. to 36 ft. in circumference. It is curious to observe, that

when this tree exceeds 6 ft. in diameter, it seldom has a clear bole of above 10 ft., after which it branches much. Almost the whole of the large trunks are hollow. Along the banks of the lake, extending both ways from Goderich, we observed white American spruces (A`bies álba); but none of them exceeded 60 ft. in height, and 3 ft. in circumference.

"Just before entering the St. Clair river from Lake Huron, lofty white pines are seen towering on both sides; but, on entering the river, they entirely disappear on the Canada side, although, on the United States side, they continue for many miles; and a river, which runs into the St. Clair on that side, has, from the quantity of pines found upon its banks, been named the White Pine River. No very large trees are seen on the banks of the St. Clair, but, on getting back into the country, oaks, elms, limes, and walnuts abound. On the banks of the river, all the way down, many dwarf kinds of shrubby plants adorn its edges. Of these, the different kinds of plums and cherries, with the sweet-scented crab apple, and a variety of thorns, form the chief objects; but what was most gratifying to us, was the great abundance of stag's-horn sumach (Rhús typhìna var. élegans), now loaded with large heads of scarlet fruit.

"Crossing Lake Erie to Cleveland, United States, we have, in addition to the ordinary forest scenery, some fine specimens of tulip trees, Laúrus Sássafras, and cucumber trees (Magnòlia acuminata). The stems of the latter did not exceed 2 ft. in circumference. Passing through the interior of the country to Pittsburg, the surface was very irregular. The principal native tree on this line of road was the beech, which was seen spread over an extended plain, containing many fine trees. There was also an extensive forest of the larch; and, in similar situations to those before mentioned, bordering all the mixed woods as we proceeded along, was the dogwood tree (Córnus flórida). These trees, having taken on their autumnal hue (5th September, 1834), were rendered beautiful in consequence. Of this fine tree, none had been seen since leaving New York till now; and from this place it continued to be more or less plentiful, in the different routes which we took, till we reached New York again. It was much talked of by the inhabitants, and praised, on account of its profusion of large white blossoms early in spring, and its dark red leaves and scarlet fruit in the fall, or autumn. Before entering Pittsburg, the sloping wooded banks by the river side presented a rich appearance, from the quantities of rhododendrons, kalmias, azaleas, and andromedas, which covered them as underwood. The large trees were much the same as those before mentioned, with the addition of the chestnut-leaved oak and red maple (Acer rubrum), of which last some few trees on the banks of the Ohio river, near Pittsburg, measured 12 ft. in circumference. There were likewise some large natural trees of the honey locust.

"We left Pittsburg for Philadelphia by way of the Alleghany Mountains. On these the natural grouping of the trees and shrubs was most remarkable. On our first approach to these mountains, we observed the hemlock spruce, of various sizes, covering the banks, having the Rhododendron catawbiénse, and Kálmia latifòlia as underwood. Proceeding up the mountain, large tracts of sweet chestnuts are passed through. Above this, extensive forests of oak; and on the highest sunimits, all over the mountains, were scraggy trees of the Pinus rígida, or pitch pine, with dwarf shrub oaks as underwood. On crossing the different summits, it was curious to see the same arrangement throughout on either side. Having remained for several days on these mountains, our attention was very much taken up with the great natural forests situated on the extended plains between the highest summits. When any one species of a tree is met with, acres of the same are generally seen together. In this way we continued to pass through successive masses of a series of trees, of the various pines, magnolias, walnuts, poplars, and sour gums, or tupelo trees (Nýssa villosa and sylvática), &c. All of these grow in deep rich soil, with the exception of the pitch pine, which was seen on the mountain tops; and, on poor rocky ground, at different elevations, throughout the mountains, the

Pinus inops, púngens, and Tæ'da are seen; and on more fertile sheltered situations we find the Canadian Judas tree (Cércis canadénsis), Laúrus Benzoin and Sassafras, Euonymus àtro-purpureus, with nettle trees, witch hazels, and mulberries; also a vast variety of other dwarf-growing trees and shrubs." (Quart. Journ. of Ag., vol. v. p. 605.) These observations of Mr. Brown and Mr. Macnab are well calculated to give an arboriculturist an idea of what he might expect to meet with, in travelling in the northern states of North America. Those who have leisure to pursue the subject, and who wish to form an idea of the scenery of the southern states, may consult Bartram's Travels, already referred to p. 86.; Dwight's Travels in New England; and some interesting articles communicated by American correspondents to the Magazine of Natural History, more particularly in vol. vi. p. 97. and vol. viii. p. 529.

We include Mexico in North America, and have great hopes that some additions may be made to the British arboretum, from the mountainous regions of that extensive country. Some magnificent specimens of Coníferæ are said to exist in it, particularly an evergreen taxodium of enormous height. Dr. Coulter, it is believed, has discovered several new species of pines and firs, which are likely to prove hardy in Britain, as are almost all the resinous trees of other countries.

SUBSECT. 2. Of the Indigenous and Foreign Trees and Shrubs of South America.

THE trees and shrubs furnished by South America to the British flora are only 22: nor can it be supposed that that number will be materially increased, the botany of the country having been very generally explored by different botanists. Our hopes are chiefly from the temperate zones of the loftier mountains, and from the shores of the sea and the larger rivers. Mr. Mathews, who has been several years in South America as a natural history collector, speaks of lofty mountain ranges covered with forests, which have never yet been penetrated by civilised man. (See Gard. Mag., vol. xi. p. 636.) The ligneous vegetation, however, of South America appears to be much less varied than that of North America, and to consist chiefly, in the warmer parts of the country, of palms, and in the more temperate regions, of pines, firs, and other Coníferæ.

With respect to the introduction into South America of trees and shrubs which are foreign to it, we find that the same tendency to equalisation of products has taken place here, as has been the case everywhere else where civilised man has established himself. European and North American trees and shrubs are to be found more or less in the government gardens of Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Ayres, the Caraccas, and other places, and in the gardens of old established European merchants and government officers. The tea shrubs of China, the mulberry, the mango of India, the peach of Persia, the pine-apple of Africa, properly a ligneous plant, and the apple of Europe, are all to be found in the neighbourhood of Rio.

SECT. IV. Of the Indigenous and Foreign Trees and Shrubs of Australia and Polynesia.

THE British arboretum has not yet received many additions from these extensive and little known regions; nor can it be conjectured whether they are likely to contain much that is suitable for our purpose, till something more is known respecting the height of the mountains in the interiors of the islands, especially of that of New Zealand. Very few ligneous plants have hitherto been introduced from the latter country; but, if, as there is reason to believe, the interior consists of a chain of mountains with their summits buried in perpetual snow, we may hope to reap a considerable harvest when they have been explored by botanists. Something also may reasonably be expected from Van