Bindwith, the common Virgin's Bower, the wild Climber, the great wild Climber; Clematite brulante, Clematite des Haies, l'Herbe aux Gueux, la Viorne des Pauvres, Fr.; Gemeine Waldrebe, Ger. Derivation. This plant was called Vitis sylvestris (the wood vine) by Dioscorides; and the name of Vitálba was given to it by Dodonæus, probably on account of the white appearance of the plant when covered with its seeds in autumn, which whiteness arises from the hairy tails of the carpels. It was called C. latifolia by Ray and Bauhin, from its broad-leaved variety; Viórna by L'Obel and others, from via, a way, and ornare, to ornament, in allusion to its ornamental appearance by the way side; and Vitis nigra by Fuchsius, from the dark colour of the bark of its young shoots. Gerard gave it the name of the Traveller's Joy; because of its "decking and adorning the ways and hedges where people travel; and thereupon," he says, "I have named it the traveller's joy." (Herbal, by Johnson, p. 886.) The name of Old Man's Beard is very appropriate to the white and hairy appearance of the tails of the carpels; and Bindwith, from the shoots being used instead of those of willows for tying up plants. The French name of Clematite brulante has reference to the acrid properties of the plant; and Clematite des Haies to its growing generally in hedges. The name of 'Herbe aux Gueux refers to the employment of it by the beggars in France, who use it to make ulcers in their arms and legs, for the purpose of exciting compassion, curing themselves afterwards by the application of the leaves of the beet. La Viorne des Pauvres alludes to the same practice, viorne being evidently derived from Viórna. (Dict. Gén. des Eaux et Forêts, 1. p. 649.) Engravings. Jacq. Austr., 4. t. 308.; Eng. Bot., 612.; Willd. Abr., t. 113.; and our fig. 12. Spec. Char. Leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, cordate at the base, partly cut. Peduncles forked, shorter than the leaves. (Don's Mill., i. p. 4.) Flowers white. From July to September. Britain. Height 20 ft. Varieties. C. 2 V. integrata. The entire-leaved White Vine Clematis. A C. virginiana L., to be hereafter described, is considered by some to be only a variety of C. Vitálba. It was cultivated under the name of C. canadensis by Miller, who says that "it is very like the common sort, but with broader leaves, and rather more tender, the seeds not ripening in England unless the season be very warm.' Description. The stems are woody, more so than those of any other species, angular, climbing to the height of 20 ft. or 30 ft. or upwards, and hanging down from rocky cliffs, ruins, or the branches of trees; or being supported by, and forming tufts on, the upper surface of other shrubs, or low trees, which they often so completely cover as to have the appearance of bushes at a distance. The footstalks of the leaves are twined about whatever object they approach, and afterwards become hard and persistent, like the tendrils of a vine. The leaves are either quite entire, or unequally cut; sometimes very coarsely so. panicles are axillary and terminal, many-flowered and downy. The The flowers are of a greenish-white colour with little show; but they have a sweet almond-like scent. "The seeds," Smith observes, "have long, 12 wavy, feathery, and silky tails, forming beautiful tufts, most conspicuous in wet weather. [The water on the twigs and branches, which form the back ground to the carpels, rendering them darker than they are in dry weather.] They retain their vegetative principle for many years, if kept dry." (Eng. Flora, iii. p. 39.) Geography. C. Vitálba is found throughout the middle and south of Europe, in the Grecian Archipelago, and in the north of Africa, about Tripoli. One or more varieties of it have been found in North America, and apparently another in Nepal. (See Dec. Syst., i. p. 140.) The topography of this plant in Britain, according to H. C. Watson, extends to Devonshire in the south, and 53° north latitude. According to some, it is found in Scotland; but Gerard, and also Winch, assert that it is not indigenous in the north of England, which we believe to be the fact. It is common in France and Germany, and is found in the south of Sweden, but not in Denmark. History. This species appears to have been first recorded by Theophrastus, as Athragene and also as Klematis; and it has been since frequently mentioned by botanists, under various names, given in our list of synonymes, from the time of Dioscorides to the days of Linnæus. P. Properties and Uses. Du Hamel states, that the French gardeners not only use the twigs of this plant instead of withs, for tying up their plants, but that, after stripping them of their bark, they make very neat baskets of them (Traité des Arbres, &c., 1st edit. 1755, p. 175.); and they also make of them beehives and a variety of other articles of the same kind. The twigs are in the best state for making these articles in winter; and their flexibility is increased by holding them to the fire before using them. Desfontaines says that the young shoots are not corrosive while they are tender and herbaceous, and that in the south of France they feed cattle with them in that state, and eat them pickled in vinegar. It is also said, in the Dictionnaire Général des Eaux et Forêts (vol. i. 649.), that a very good paper has been made from the feathery part of the seed. Professor Burnet observes that C. Vitálba is used in medicine as a rubefacient in case of rheumatism; and that the dried leaves of the plant form a good fodder for cattle, though they [we presume, the matured ones] would poison the animals if they were eaten in a fresh state; hence affording a good example of the rule which predicates the volatile nature of their acridity. (Outlines of Botany, vol. ii. p. 338.) The shepherds, in some parts of England and Germany, often cut pieces of the old wood of this plant, which they light at one end, and smoke like a pipe of tobacco. In gardens and plantations the plant is valuable for the rapidity with which it may be made to cover naked walls, unsightly roofs of sheds, or low buildings and arbours; and also to shelter exposed situations, and for a variety of similar purposes. It is interesting both when in flower and when in seed; and the seeds remain on the greatest part of the winter. Soil and Situation. It is generally found on chalky or calcareous soils, and seldom, if ever, under the dense shade of trees. On the contrary, when it grows up among bushes, it generally spreads over their upper surface, so that its leaves and flowers are fully exposed to the influence of the light and air. Propagation and Culture. It is readily propagated by seeds, which often remain eighteen months in the soil before they germinate. It will root by layers; but the plant being common in a wild state throughout Europe, it is seldom cultivated in nursery gardens. 7. C. VIRGINIA`NA L. The Virginian Clematis. Synonymes. C. canadensis trifòlia rèpens Tourn.; C. canadensis Spec. Char. Flowers panicled, diœcious. Leaves C. v. 2 bracteata Dec. The bracted Virginian entire." C. bracteàta Moench. Supp., 103. 13 Description. The general appearance of this plant is like that of C. Vitálba ; but it is less robust in all its parts, and less ligneous in its stems and branches; and it is also somewhat more tender. Miller states that, on this last account, it seldom ripens seeds in England (see p. 236.); but, as it is dioecious, it is possible that he possessed only the male plant. Geography, History, &c. Found in North America, from Canada to Florida, in hedges, on the margins of woods, and on the grassy banks of rivers. It was cultivated by Miller in 1767; and, though it is not so ornamental as most of the other species, it still finds a place in botanic gardens, and may be purchased in some nurseries. Price, in London, 1s. 6d. a plant, and 6d. a packet of seeds; at Bolwyller, 3 francs a plant; and in New York, 25 cents a plant, or 2 dollars a quart of seeds. 8. C. TRITERNA TA Dec. The triternate-leaved Clematis. Identification. Dec. Prod., 1. p. 6.; Don's Mill, 1. p. 6. Synonymes. Atragène triternata Desf. Hort. Par. Spec. Char. Leaves biternate or triternate, smoothish; leaflets oval, cuneated, three-nerved, acutely trifid. (Don's Mill., i. p. 6.) Flowers white? 1806 Height 5 ft. Description, History, &c. It does not appear that this species has yet flowered in Europe; and hence it cannot be positively determined whether it is a Clématis, or an Atragène. De Candolle appears to have seen a living plant in the Paris Garden; and he notices that it had not there flowered; which is the case, also, with the plant in the garden of the London Horticultural Society. It is a low feeble-growing plant, and might almost be considered as herbaceous. 9. C. VIO'RNA L. The road-ornamenting Clematis, or leathery-flowered Virgin's Bower. Identification. Lin. Sp., 765.; Mill. Dict., No. 10.; W. Sp., 2. p. 1288.; Lam. Dict., 2. p. 44., and Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 1. p. 318.; Pursh Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 385.; Jacq. f. Ecl., 1. p. 50.; N. Duh. Dec. Prod., 1. p. 7.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 8. Synonymes. C. purpurea rèpens Ray; Flammula scándens, flore violaceo clauso, Dill. Elth.; American Traveller's Joy; the Virginian Climber; the purple Climber; Clematite Viorne, Fr.; Glockenblüthige Waldrebe, Ger. Derivation. The derivation of Viorna has been already given under C. Vitáiba. Leathery-flowered virgin's bower refers to the remarkably thick texture of the sepals; the German name is a translation of Viórna. Engravings. Dill. Elth., 118. f. 144.; Jacq. fil. Ecl., 1. t. 32., and our fig. 14. Spec. Char. Peduncles 1-flowered. Sepals connivent, thick, acuminated, reflexed at the apex. Leaves smooth, pinnate; leaflets entire, 3-lobed, alternate, ovate, acute, floral ones entire. (Don's Mill., i. p. 8.) Flowers purple without, and yellow within. June to August. 1730. Height 12 ft. Variety. C. Simsii is, in all probability, only a variety of this species, as may be possibly, also, C. reticulata. Description, &c. This species is striking in the dissimilarity of its flowers to those of most other species. They may be compared to large pendulous acorns; but the terminal parts of the sepals are curled upward from the terminal part of the acorns, and towards its sides. The species is (in suitable soil) of vigorous growth, and, exclusive of its flowers, assimilates to C. Viticélla; but its stems and branches are less decidedly ligneous. De Candolle has cited from Barton, that the herb of this species (by which, perhaps, is to be understood the growing parts of it) is intensely acrid. The stems are numerous, slender, and round; the peduncles of the flower are long, deflexed towards the tip, rendering the flowers pendulous, the sepals never open, except at their extreme ends, which are bent back, giving the whole flower a bell 'shape, but with the mouth of the bell narrower than the body. The sepals are of a greenish purple, or reddish lilac, on the outside, and of a very pale green within. The stamens scarcely emerge from the sepals. The carpels are broad and flat; as they ripen, the tail becomes bent in and plumose, and of a brownish-green colour. Geography, History, &c. Found in North America, on woody hills in Carolina and Virginia. It was sent to England by Banister, from the latter country, in 1680, and was cultivated by Sherard in 1732; afterwards by Miller; and it is now to be found in the principal botanic gardens, and in many nurseries. As it does not grow to a great height (seldom exceeding 10 ft.), it is most ornamental as a single plant, trained to a rod or to a wire frame. As its branches are not very decidedly ligneous or persistent, but consist mostly of annual shoots from a suffruticose base, and are not much branched, the plant does not exhibit a bushy head. As ligneous branches do not abound to facilitate the propagation of it by layers, seeds are the readier means, and these are sometimes plentifully produced, and grow without difficulty. The sowing of them as soon as ripe is advantageous to their vegetating in the ensuing spring. A plant of this species, with shoots reaching to the height of 10 ft., and studded with its pendulous peculiarly formed flowers (peculiar for a clematis), more or less projected on their rather rigid peduncles, is an interesting object. Plants, in the London nurseries, cost Is. 6d.; at Bollwyller, 2 francs; and at New York, 50 cents. 10. C. CYLINDRICA Sims. The cylindrical-flowered Clematis. Identification. Sims, in Bot. Mag., t. 1160.; Ait., in Hort. Kew., 2d edit., 3. p. 343.; Pursh, in Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 385.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 7.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 8. Synonymes. C. crispa Lam., Michx.; C. Viórna Andr., in But. Rep.; C. divaricata Jacq.; the longflowered Virgin's Bower; Clematite à longues Fleurs, Fr. Engravings. Bot. Mag., t. 1160.; Bot. Rep., t. 71.; Jacq. f. Ecl., 1. p. 51. t. 33. ; and our fig. 15. Spec. Char. Peduncles 1-flowered. Sepals thin, acuminated, reflexed at the apex, with wavy margins. Leaves slender, pinnate; leaflets stalked, ovate or oblong, middle one sometimes trifid, floral ones entire. (Don's Miller, i. p. 8.) Flowers large, pale purplish blue. July, Aug. 1802. Height 4 ft. Description. De Candolle has described this in his Systema from a dried specimen, and without any acquaintance with it in a living state. He has deemed it related to C. Viórna, reticulàta, and críspa, and discriminated it from these. C. cylíndrica, he says, differs from C. Viórna, in all the segments of its leaves being entire, not usually trifid; in the flowers being blue, and twice the size of those of C. Viórna (in this they are of a reddish lilac, pale within); in the sepals being not leathery, but somewhat of the consistence of paper, with the margin waved; the ovaries 12-15, not 25-30. C. cylindrica differs from C. reticulàta in its leaves being in consistence papery, not leathery; scarcely veined, not reticulately veined, and in other points. C. cylindrica closely resembles C. crispa in habit and mode of flowering, but differs from it in its sepals being waved in the margin, not rolled backwards; in its larger flowers, and especially in its carpels having long bearded tails, and not naked ones. C. Viórna and cylindrica, seen together in a living state, are very dissimilar in appearance. C. Viórna has vigorous long branches and reddish flowers, which are acorn-like in figure, except that they have a spreading mouth; there is also obvious dissimilarity in the foliage and shoots, C. cylindrica being almost herbaceous. 15 Geography, History, Use, &c. Found in North America, in Pennsylvania, Carolina, and Virginia. It was discovered by Michaux, and by him sent to Europe, where it may be found in several botanic gardens, and in some nurseries. Plants, in London, cost 2s. 6d. each; at Bollwyller, ?; and at New York, 50 cents. T 11. C. SIMSII Swt. Sims's Clematis. Identification. Sweet's Hort. Brit., p. 1. ; Don's Mill., 1. p. 8. Spec. Char. Peduncles 1-flowered. Leaves pinnate; leaflets cor- Geography, History, &c. It is found in Georgia and Carolina, and was first brought to England in 1812, probably by Lyon, who made a large importation of plants in that year. It appears to have flowered for the first time in England, in Colvill's Nursery, in 1822, whence it was figured by Watson. It is now to be met with in very few col. lections. 16 12. C. RETICULA'TA Walt. The net-veined-leaved Clematis. Identification. Walt. Fl. Car., 156.; Gmel. Syst., 873.; Michx. Synonymes. C. rosea Abbott; the netted Virgin's Bower; the Engravings. Dend. Brit., t. 72.; and our fig. 17. Spec. Char, Peduncles 1-flowered. Sepals connivent. Leaves coriaceous, netted with nerves, smooth, pinnate; leaflets stalked, 3-lobed or entire, ovate. (Don's Mill., i. p. 8.) Sepals, when expanded, divaricate, and are of a pale purplish red. June, July. 1812. Height 8 ft. Description. In Don's Mill., the flower of this species is stated to resemble that of C. Viórna ; but, by the figure in Watson's Dendr., it is quite dissimilar. In C. Viórna the sepals do not divaricate, except in their recurved tips: C. reticulàta is depicted with sepals expanded in the mode of those of C. Viticélla. A side view of a flower less expanded resembles more the flower of C. cylíndrica, but the cylindrical portion is shorter. flowers (sepals) of the two are different in colour. The reticulation of the veins, in the leaves of C. reticulata, is the character expressed in the specific epithet. The stems of C. reticulata are not truly ligneous. In the new edition of the Bot. Mag., The edited by Dr. Hooker, and published in 1833, C. Símsi and C. reticulata are made synonymous. ii. Viticélla Dec. Derivation. From viticula, a small vine; on account of the plants climbing like the Vitis vinifera L. Sect. Char. Involucre wanting. Tail of the pericarp (that is, of the carpel) short, beardless. Leaves ternate, or decompound.-Stems climbing. (Don's Mill., i. p. 9.) Deciduous. 13. C. FLORIDA Thun. The florid, or showy-flowered, Clematis. Identification. Thunb. Fl. Jap., 240.; Jacq. Hort. Schön., 3. p. 57.; Dec. Prod., 1. 8.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 9. Synonymes. Atragene indica Desf.; Atragene flórida Pers.; Clematite à grandes Fleurs, Fr. ; grossblüthige Waldrebe, Ger. Engravings. Sims's Bot. Mag., t. 834.; Andr. Bot. Rep., t. 402.; Jacq. Hort. Schön., 3. t. $57.; and our fig. 18. Spec. Char. Peduncles 1-flowered, longer than the leaves. Leaves ternately decompound; leaflets ovate, acute, quite entire. Sepals oval-lanceolate, |