his son, by his guardian, of the rents and profits for one year, to Michaelmas, 1608, the receipt of box trees cut down upon the sheepwalk on this hill is 50%. We have seen also an account of this manor, taken in 1712, in which it is supposed that as much had been cut down within a few years before as amounted to 3000l." (Manning and Bray's Surrey, i. 560.) At present the only habitat of this tree in England is Box Hill; and though this circumstance cannot be considered as a proof that it is not indigenous, yet, as it is known that it does not ripen its seeds freely in this country, and seldom sows itself, either on Box Hill or anywhere else, when in a neglected state, we may fairly be allowed, when these circumstances are taken into consideration and conjoined with its Roman name, to doubt whether it be a native. It is so beautiful a tree, that its branches, like those of the bay, were probably in early use both in civic festivals and religious ceremonies; and it appears likely that it was not only introduced, but was cultivated, at an early period. At the same time, it must not be forgotten, that, in estimating the probability of a tree or plant being indigenous to a country, we must add to the other considerations mentioned that of its native habitat. Now the native site of the box is in woods of deciduous trees, where it is well known a plant may propagate itself by seeds, which would not do so on naked exposed situations. Taking this view of the subject, the box may yet be a native.

The English elm (Ulmus campéstris) seldom ripens its seeds in England, though it does so freely in the neighbourhood of Paris. It can hardly be considered a native. The common sycamore ripens its seeds kindly, and in woods it sows itself, and the seeds spring up freely; but this may be said of various trees and shrubs which we know are foreign to the soil. The white poplar is found so seldom that it can hardly be considered a native. The yew is found in inaccessible acclivities, and other places where it must have been sown by birds, which is also the case with the spindle tree and the privet; therefore, their being natives cannot reasonably be doubted, except on something like positive evidence.

The trees and shrubs which were known to our Saxon ancestors were, the birch, alder, oak, wild or Scotch pine, mountain ash or rowan tree, juniper, elder, sweet gale, dog rose, heath, St. John's wort, and the mistletoe. All these are considered as aboriginal in the country; but, from the length of time that England was under the government of the Romans, it may reasonably be supposed that, in addition to the native trees and shrubs, there were in the country, when it was taken possession of by the Saxons, several which were natives of France, Spain, or Italy. To what extent this was the case cannot now be known; but it is sufficient for our purpose, that, in the present

day, botanists consider all those plants indigenous to a country, which have existed in it beyond the memory of man or the existence of written records, and which propagate themselves freely by seed, without human agency.

The reputed native plants of Britain have been enumerated and described by different botanical authors: but it will be of little practical use in this case, and in the others which will come before us, to quote from any author who wrote previously to the time of Linnæus; and who, of course, could not adopt his admirable system of giving plants specific names composed of two words, instead of short Latin descriptions. The first author who enumerated the plants of England, and applied the Linnæan specific names, was Hudson, in his Flora Anglica, published in 1762; and those of Scotland were first described by Lightfoot, in his Flora Scotica, in 1775. Those of Ireland were first enumerated by Threlkeld, in 1727, before the Linnæan system was adopted, and there has not yet been any other flora of the country than a list published by Mr. T. Mackay in 1825. Fortunately, however, there are two recent works, the English Flora of Sir J. E. Smith, and the British Flora of Dr. Hooker, which contain an enumeration and description of all the plants indigenous to the British Isles, and from them we have compiled the following enumeration. In it are included all the plants, considered by botanists as ligneous, which grow in the British Islands, exclusive of varieties.

To such as are considered by many persons as doubtful natives, we have prefixed, not the point of interrogation used to signify botanical doubts, but the letters qu

Ranunculacea. Clématis Vitálba, a deciduous climber.
Berberídeæ.

high. Cistineæ.

Bérberis vulgaris, a deciduous shrub, 10 ft.

Helianthemum marifolium, surrejànum, vulgàre, tomentosum, and poliifolium, evergreen prostrate shrubs, from 6 in. to 1 ft. in height.

Tiliacea. Tilia europæ`a qu., a deciduous tree, 50 ft.; grandifolia (syn. platyphylla) qu., a deciduous tree, 50 ft.; parvifòlia, a deciduous tree, 30 ft.

Hypericineæ. Androsæ'mum officinàle, a deciduous undershrub, 4 ft.; Hypéricum calycìnum qu., an evergreen undershrub, 1 ft.

Acerineæ. Acer campéstre, a deciduous tree, 20 ft. high; and A. Pseudo-Plátanus qu., a deciduous tree, 50 ft. high. Celastrineæ. Euonymus europæ'us, a deciduous tree, from 15 ft. to 20 ft. high.

Ilicineæ. Flex Aquifolium, an evergreen tree, 30 ft. high. Staphyleàceæ. Staphylèa pinnata qu., a deciduous shrub, from 10 ft. to 15 ft. high.

Rhamneæ. Rhámnus cathárticus mas, c. foem., deciduous shrubs, from 10 ft. to 15 ft. high; Frángula, a deciduous shrub retaining its leaves late, 5 ft. high.

Leguminosa. Cytisus scopàrius, an evergreen shrub, of 5 ft.; Genísta tinctòria, an evergreen under-shrub, of 18 inches; G. pilòsa, a prostrate evergreen shrub; G. ánglica, a prostrate deciduous shrub; Ulex europæ'a, an evergreen shrub, of 5 ft.; U. nana, an evergreen shrub, of 2 ft.; U. stricta, and U.e.fl. plèno. Rosacea. Rosa cinnamòmea qu., rubélla, spinosíssima, involùta, Doniana, grácilis, Sabini, villòsa, tomentosa, Sherardi, rubiginòsa, micrántha, Bórreri, cæ'sia, sarmentàcea, bractescens, dumetòrum, Forsteri, hibérnica, canìna, and sýstyla, all deciduous shrubs, from 3 ft. to 5 ft.; and R. arvénsis, a deciduous trailing shrub; Rùbus fruticòsus, plicatus, rhamnifòlius, leucóstachys, glandulòsus, nítidus, affìnis, and corylifòlius, all evergreen trailers; R. cæ'sius, a deciduous trailer; and R. suberéctus and idæus, deciduous under-shrubs, of 3 ft. Some more species, or reputed species, might be added to the evergreen trailers, from Dr. Lindley's Synopsis and our Hortus Britannicus. Potentílla fruticosa, a deciduous shrub, above 3 ft.; Cómarum palústre, a prostrate deciduous under-shrub, of 1 ft.; Spiræ`a salicifòlia qu., a deciduous under-shrub of 3 ft.

Pomacea. Pyrus communis, Màlus, torminalis, doméstica, aucupària, and pinnatifida, all deciduous trees, of between 20 ft. and 30 ft.; and P. A'ria, and Aria intermèdia, deciduous trees, between 30 ft. and 40 ft.; Crataegus Oxyacántha, and Méspilus germánica qu., deciduous trees, between 15 ft. and 20 ft.; and Cotoneaster vulgàris, a deciduous shrub, 4 ft. high.

Amygdaleæ. Cérasus Pàdus and àvium, and Prùnus doméstica qu., deciduous trees between 20 ft. and 30 ft.; P. insitítia and spinòsa, deciduous shrubs or very low trees, of 10 ft. or 15 ft.

Tamariscínea. Támarix gállica qu., an evergreen shrub, between 5 ft. and 10 ft. high.

Grossulacea. Ribes rubrum, petræ'um, alpinum mas, a. fœm., nigrum, Grossulària qu., and U'va crispa qu., all deciduous under-shrubs, from 1 ft. to 3 ft. in a wild state.

Araliacea. Hédera Hèlix, a prostrate and clinging evergreen shrub.

Caprifoliacea. Caprifolium itálicum qu., and Periclýmenum, deciduous twiners; Lonicera Xylósteum qu., a deciduous shrub, 10 ft. high; Sambucus nigra, a deciduous tree, 15 ft. or 20 ft. high; Viburnum O'pulus and Lantana, deciduous shrubs or very low trees, from 10 ft. to 15 ft. high.

Córnea. Córnus sanguínea, a deciduous shrub or very low tree, from 10 ft. to 15 ft. high.

Loranthacea. Viscum álbum mas., a. fœm., evergreen para

sites.

Vaccinièæ. Vaccinium Myrtíllus and uliginòsum, deciduous shrubs, 1 ft. high; and Vitis ide'a, an evergreen shrub, under a foot high; Oxycoccus vulgaris, a prostrate evergreen shrub.

Ericacea. Calluna vulgaris, a prostrate evergreen shrub. about a foot in height; Erica Tétralix cinèrea, ciliaris, mediterranea, Mackaiana, and vàgans, and Daboe'cia poliifòlia, D. p. álba, and cærulea, and Andrómeda poliifòlia, evergreen shrubs, under a foot high; Arbutus Unedo qu., an evergreen shrub, 15 ft. high; Arctostaphylos Uva úrsi, a prostrate evergreen shrub, and alpina, a prostrate deciduous shrub; and Chamælèdon procumbens, a prostrate evergreen shrub.

Oleaceae. Ligustrum vulgàre, a deciduous shrub, 6 ft. high; Fraxinus excélsior, a deciduous tree, 80 ft. high; heterophylla, a deciduous tree, 30 ft. high.

Apocyneæ. Vinca minor qu., an evergreen prostrate shrub. Solanea. Solanum Dulcamara, a deciduous trailer.

Chenopodea. Chenopòdium fruticosum, an evergreen shrub, between 3 ft. and 4 ft. high; A'triplex portulacöides, a prostrate evergreen shrub, under a foot in height.

Thymela'a. Daphne Laurèola, an evergreen shrub, 2 ft.; Mezèreum qu., a deciduous shrub, 3 ft.

Elæágnea. Hippophae rhamnöìdes mas, rh. fœm., deciduous shrubs or very low trees, 15 ft.

Euphorbiaceæ. Euphorbia Charàcias qu., and amygdalöìdes, evergreen fruticulose shrubs, 2 ft. high; and Búxus sempervirens qu., an evergreen tree, from 8 ft. to 20 ft. high.

Ulmacea. Ulmus campestris qu., a deciduous tree, of 80 ft.; U. suberòsa qu., major qu., and montana, deciduous trees, of 40 ft. ; and U. glàbra qu., a deciduous tree, of 60 ft.

Cupuliferæ. Quércus Ròbur and sessiliflòra, deciduous trees, of 80 ft.; Castanea vésca qu., a deciduous tree, of 60 ft.; Fagus sylvática, a deciduous tree, of 70 ft.; Córylus Avellana, a deciduous shrub, of 10 ft.; and Cárpinus Bétulus, a deciduous tree, of 35 ft.

Betulineæ. Bétula álba, a deciduous tree, of 40 ft. ; and B. nàna, a deciduous under-shrub, of 2 ft.

Salicineæ. Salix frágilis mas and frágilis fœmina, Russelliana mas, Russell. fœm., álba mas, a. foem., álba var. cærulea mas, a. c. fœm., deciduous trees, of 40 ft. high; S. triandra mas, t. fœm., lanceolata mas, 1. fœm., pentándra mas, p. fœm., petiolaris mas, p. fœm., vitellina mas, v. fœm., decípiens. mas, d. fœm., rùbra mas, r. fœm., cinèrea mas, c. fœm., oleæfòlia mas, o. fœm., hírta mas, h. fœm., càprea mas, c. fœm., acuminata mas, a. fœm., and viminalis mas, v. fœem., all deciduous trees, 20 ft. or 25 ft. high; Hoffmanniana mas, H. foem., amygdalina mas, a. fœm., nígricans mas, n. fœm., Borreriana mas, B. fœm., nìtens mas, n. fœm., Davalliana mas, D. fœm., Wulfeniana mas, W. fœm., tétrapla mas, t. fœm., bícolor mas,

b. fœm., tenuifòlia mas, t. fœm., malifòlia mas, m. fœm., purpùrea mas, p. fœm., Hèlix mas, H. fœm., Lambertiana mas, L. fœm., Forbyàna mas., F. fœm., Croweàna mas, C. fœm., prunifolia mas, p. fœm., venulòsa mas., v. foem., carinata mas, c. foem., Stuartiàna mas, S. fœm., arenària mas, a. fœm., lanàta mas, 1. fœm., argéntea mas, a. fœm., Doniàna mas, D. fœm., aurita mas, a. fœm., aquática mas, a. fœm., cotinifòlia mas, c. fœm., rupéstris mas, r. fœm., Andersoniana mas, A. fœm., Forsteriana mas, F. fœm., sphacelata mas, s. fœm., Smithiana mas, S. fœm., and stipulàris mas, s. fœm., all deciduous shrubs, from 3 ft. to 15ft. high; phylicæfòlia mas, p. fœm., vacciniifòlia mas, v. fœm., Myrsinites mas, M. foem., Dicksoniàna mas, D. fœm., arbúscula mas, a. fœm., lívida mas, 1. foem., glaúca mas, g. fœm., fúsca mas, f. fœm., incubàcea mas, i. fœm., and rosmarinifòlia mas, r. fœm., all deciduous, from 1 ft. to 3 ft. high; herbacea mas, h. fœm., reticulata mas, r. fœm., fœ'tida mas, f. fœm., rèpens mas, r. fœm., and prostrata mas, p. fœm., prostrate deciduous shrubs, under a foot in height. Nearly the whole grow in moist ground. Pópulus álba qu. mas, a. fœm., trémula mas, t. fœm., nigra mas, n. fœm.; and canéscens mas, c. fœm., deciduous trees, from 40 ft. to 60 ft. high.

Myricea. Myrica Gàle mas, G. fœm., deciduous shrubs, 2 ft. high.

Conifera. Pinus sylvéstris, an evergreen tree, from 60 ft. to 80 ft. high; Taxus baccata mas, b. fœm., and var. hibérnica, evergreen trees, 20 ft. to 30 ft. high; Juniperus communis mas, c. fœm., evergreen shrubs, from 5 ft. to 7 ft. high; nàna mas, n. fœm., prostrate evergreen shrubs.

Empétrea. Empetrum nigrum mas, n. fœm., evergreen prostrate shrubs.

Smilaceæ. Rúscus aculeatus mas, a. foem., and var. láxus, evergreen shrubs, from 1 ft. to 2 ft. high.

In estimating the heights of these trees and shrubs, we have supposed them to be growing in their natural and ordinary habitats. Under culture, or even in a wild state under favourable circumstances, many of them would grow higher, particularly the roses, the willows, and the fruticulose plants. The number of the latter might have been increased, by adding the carnation, the pink, &c., which, even as indigenous plants, are certainly as much fruticulose as Euphorbia Characias, or E. amygdalöides.

The above enumeration includes 71 genera, and about 200 species, nearly 100 of which are willows, roses, and brambles ; and these species are comprised in 37 groups or natural orders. In greater detail, they are:

27 deciduous trees, from 30 ft. to 60 ft. in height.

28 deciduous trees, from 15 ft. to 30 ft. in height.

1 evergreen tree, from 60 ft. to 80 ft., the Scotch pine.