at Oriel Temple, 40 years planted and 43 ft. high; at Charleville Forest, 45 years planted and 54 ft. high; at Shelton Abbey, 50 years planted and 60 ft. high. In Ulster, at Florence Court, 38 years planted and 45 ft. high; the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 30 ft. In Connaught, at Mackree Castle, 37 ft. high.

Liriodendron Tulipifera in Foreign Countries. In France, in the Toulon Botanic Garden, 48 years planted and 40 ft. high, the trunk 3 ft. in diameter, in calcareous soil; at Mereville, 30 years planted and 60 ft. high, in a free moist soil; near Nantes, 40 years planted and 50 ft. high. In Holland and the Netherlands, in the Ghent Botanic Garden, 70 ft. high; in the grounds of the palace of Läcken, near Brussels, there is a tree which ripens seeds every year, noticed in p. 145. In Prussia, at Harbcke, 10 years planted and 14 ft. high; at Sans Souci, Potsdam, 42 years planted 50 ft. high; in the Berlin Botanic Garden, 18 years planted and 40 ft. high; the shoots sometimes injured by the frost. At Schwöbber, near Hanover, 120 years planted, 80 ft. high; the diameter of the trunk 2 ft., and of the head 30 ft.; in alluvial soil near water. In Saxony, at Wörlitz, 60 years planted and 30 ft. high. At Munich, in the public garden, 20 years planted and 20 ft. high; in a private garden near the city, 36 years planted and 50 ft. high, flowering freely every year. In Cassel, at Wilhelmshöhe, 60 years planted and 20 ft. high. In Austria, in the University Botanic Garden, 20 years planted and 24 ft. high; at Laxenburg, 40 years planted and 30 ft. high; at Kopenzel, near Vienna, 60 years planted and 45 ft. high; at Brück on the Leytha, 40 years planted and 51 ft. high. In Italy the tree abounds, and attains the height of 70 ft. or 80 ft., flowers freely, and ripens seeds, as may be seen by referring to p. 169.

Commercial Statistics. Plants are abundant in all the European and American nurseries. In London, seedlings are 12s. a hundred; transplanted plants, 2 ft. high, 50s.; and those from 3 ft. to 4 ft. high, 75s.; and seeds are 1s. 6d. a quart. At Bollwyller, one year's seedlings are 20 francs a hundred; two years' seedlings, 35 francs; plants in pots, 1 franc 5 cents each; and plants from 6 ft. to 9 ft. high, from 2 francs to 3 francs 50 cents; and the entire-leaved variety is charged 4 francs. In New York, plants are 20 cents each, and seeds 4 dollars and 50 cents a bushel.

App. i. Expected Additions to the Order Magnoliàceæ.

In our list (p. 173.) of the Magnoliacea of the Himalaya, which might probably endure the open air in England, are included Mangliètia insignis, the Magnolia insígnis of Dr. Wallich, which grows on the mountains of Nepal; Michèlia lanuginosa, excélsa, Kisòpa, and Doltsòpa; all of which, being found in elevated regions in the Himalaya, Mr. Royle conjectures would stand the open air in Devonshire, and, with a little protection, in the climate of London. Michèlia Dolisopa is one of the finest trees in Nepal, yielding a fragrant wood much used there for house-building. (Don's Prod., 226.) Michèlia excélsa, according to Dr. Wallich, produces a valuable timber of a fine texture, at first greenish, but soon changing into a fine yellow. We have already observed p. 173.) that there are probably various species of Magnoliacea in China and Japan, not yet introduced, which would prove hardy, and the introduction of which would amply repay patriotic travellers and European residents in those countries.

As many of the species of Magnòlia seem to admit of cross-fecundation, it is possible that the same thing may be practicable, to a greater or less extent, between the genera composing the order. The tulip tree, rendered subevergreen, would be an interesting object; as would a variety of it with fastigiate branches, like the Lombardy poplar; or one as truly pendulous as the weeping ash; or one with dark leaves, like those of the purple beech. No doubt, a variegation might be produced in the leaves both of the tulip tree and of the magnolia.

CHAP. IV.

OF THE HALF-HARDY LIGNEOUS PLANTS OF THE ORDER DILLENIA CE.

We introduce this order chiefly for the sake of recommending some species of Hibbértia as halfhardy climbers. All the hibbertias are either natives of the Cape of Good Hope, or of Australia; and, probably, the whole of them might live against a wall with protection. They grow freely either in sandy loam mixed with leaf mould, or in sand and peat; and they are readily increased by cuttings, either of the young or of the ripened wood.

1. Hibbertia volubilis Bot. Rep., t. 126., and our fig. 38., the twining Hibbertia, was introduced from the Cape of Good Hope in 1790, and has been long known, in green-houses and conservatories, as Dillènia volubilis, or Dillènia scandens. The flowers are about the size of those of Hypéricum calycinum: they are of a bright yellow, and are produced all the season, from the beginning of May to the end of October. The plant is a vigorous grower; and, in conservatories, will extend to the height of 8 ft. or 10 ft. in about as many years.

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2. Hibbertia dentata R. Br., Bot. Reg., t. 282., and our fig. 37., the toothed-leaved Hibbertia, was introduced from New Holland, where it grows on the Blue Mountains, in 1814. It is a vigorousgrowing twiner, like the preceding species, with narrower leaves and rather smaller bright yellow flowers, which are produced from February or March till August. It has been tried in the open air in several places, and found to stand the winters

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of London with very little protection; sometimes, when neglected, being killed down to the ground, but shooting up again the following spring. One in our garden at Bayswater has stood since 1831; and one in the garden at Bicton, near Exeter, since 1833.

3. Hibbertia grossulariafolia Sal., Bot. Mag., t. 1218. The Gooseberry-leaved Hibbertia. This is an elegant trailer, from New Holland, which has been in cultivation since 1816. The leaves are nearly round, beautifully notched; and the flowers are on peduncles opposite the leaves, and of a bright yellow. It is rather a procumbent than a climbing plant; but thrives well against a wall, or on rockwork, during the summer months.

Other Species of Hibbertia, from New Holland, are in cultivation in Britain; and upwards of a dozen, which have been described, remain to be introduced; all of which, there can be no doubt, will stand our British winters with little protection, and produce a fine show of their brilliant yellow flowers during the summer months.

CHAP. V.

OF THE HARDY LIGNEOUS PLANTS OF THE ORDER ANONA CEE. THE characteristics of this order assimilate most to those of Magnoliacea, and those distinctive of it from that order are: anthers with an enlarged four-cornered connectivum, which is sometimes nectariferous; albumen pierced by the substance of the seed-coat; leaves without stipules, conduplicate in the bud; properties aromatic. (Lindl. Introd. to N. S., and Don's Mill.) The leaves of Magnoliaceae are involute in the bud; and, perhaps, they are generally less obviously feather-nerved than those of Anonacea. The hardy species of this order are included in the genus Asimina Adans., formerly Anòna L., and are natives of North America.

GENUS I.

ASI' MINA Adans. THE ASIMINA. Lin. Syst. Polyándria Polygynia.

Identification. Adans. Fam., 2. p. 365.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 87.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 91.

Synonymes. Annona L.; Orchidocarpum Mr.; Porcèlia sp. Pers.; Custard Apple; Asiminier, and Anone, Fr.; Flaschenbaum, Ger.

Derivations. Asimina is Latinised from a word of Canadian origin, the meaning of which is not known. Orchidocarpum was, it is probable, intended to express a likeness between the figure of the fruit, and that of some species of O'rchis. Porcèlia is a name given by Ruiz, in honour of Antonio Porcel, a Spanish promoter of botany. Anona is a South American word, that signifies a mess, or dish of food, to be eaten with a spoon. Linnæus, in applying this word, says, [spelling it with two ns] and guanabanus are barbarous words; that the sound, however, may be kept, I name it Annona, on account of the fruit which is so grateful to the natives." (Hort. Cliff) This word, guanabanus, is a synonyme to Anòna muricata, a stove plant. The German name, Flaschenbaum, flask tree, is given from the shape of the fruit.

annona

Gen. Char. Calyx 3-parted. Petals 6, spreading, ovate-oblong, inner ones smallest. Anthers numerous, nearly sessile. Ovaries many, but for the most part only 3, ovate or oblong. Carpels the same number as the ovaries, baccate, sessile. Seeds many, disposed in a single or double row. (Don's Mill., i. p. 91.)- Low trees or shrubs, deciduous, with white or purplish flowers, and fruit about the size of small plums. Rather tender, and difficult of culture.

Description. The plants, in their native countries, are shrubs or low trees, varying from 2 ft. to 30 ft. in height. In this country they are, for the most part, shrubs; though there are specimens of A. triloba, near London, in the Hammersmith Nursery, and at Purser's Cross, 10 ft. high. All the species require peat soil, and they are only propagated from imported seeds.

Geography, History, &c. The species are found in Virginia, Georgia, Carolina, and Florida; generally in shady places on the margins of woods, and almost always in sandy soil. They have been introduced at different periods,

from 1736 to 1820.

1. A. PARVIFLO`RA Dun. The small-flowered Asimina.

Identification. Dun. Mon. Anon.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 87.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 91.
Synonymes. Porcèlia parvifldra Pers.; Orchidocarpum parvifiòrum Mr.
Engravings. Dunal Monog., p. 82. t. 9.

Spec. Char. Leaves cuneate-obovate, mucronate; under surface, as well as branches, covered with brown pubescence. Flowers sessile; outer petals scarcely twice as long as the calyx. (Don's Mill., i. p. 91.) This is a deciduous shrub, from 2 ft. to 4 ft. in height. The flowers have the outside of the calyx and corolla clothed with brownish tomentum; and the inside of the petals is of a dark purple colour. The berries are aggregate, sessile, fleshy, of the size of a small plum.

Geography, History, &c. Found in Virginia, Georgia, and Carolina, in shady woods near rivers and lakes; flowering in April and May. It was introduced into England in 1806, but is little known either in botanic gardens or nurseries. In New York plants are 1 dollar each.

2. A. TRILOBA Dun.

The three-lobed-calyxed Asimina.

Identification. Dun. Monog.; Dec. Prod., 1. 87.; Don's Mill., 1. 91.

Synonymes. Annòma triloba L., and Mr. in Arb.; Porcèlia triloba, Pers.; Orchidocarpum arietlnum Mr. Bor. Am.; the Papaw, Amer.; Asiminier de Virginie, and Annone à trois Lobes, Fr.; dreylappiger (three-lobed) Flaschenbaum, Ger.

Engravings. Mill. Icon., 1. t. 35.; Du Ham., 2. t. 25.; Mx. Arb., 3. t. 9.; E of Pl., 7927.; and our fig. 39.

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves oblong-cuneated, acuminated, and as well as the branches, smoothish. Flowers on short peduncles; outer petals roundishovate, four times longer than the calyx. (Don's Mill., i. p. 91.) A small tree, densely clothed with long leaves, lying over one another in such a manner as to give a peculiarly imbricated appearance to the entire plant. The flowers are campanulate and drooping, and appear before the leaves; the outer petals are purple, and vary in colour in different plants; in some being very dark, and in others light, inclining to yellow. The berries are large, yellow, ovate, oblong, and eatable. They contain a yellow pulp, of a sweet luscious taste, in the middle of which lie, in two rows, 12 seeds, divided by as many thin membranes. All parts of the tree have a rank, if not a fetid, smell; and the fruit is relished by few persons except negroes. The fruit ripens in America in the beginning of August, and is about 3 in. long and 1 in. thick, oval, irregular, and swelling into inequalities.

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Geography, History, &c. Michaux did not observe this tree north of the Schuylkill river; and it appears to be unknown, or extremely rare, in the low and maritime part of the southern states. It is not uncommon in the bottoms of the rivers which stretch along the middle states; but it is most abundant in the rich valleys intersected by the western waters; where, at intervals, it forms thickets exclusively occupying several acres. In Kentucky and the western part of Tennessee, it is sometimes seen, also, in forests where the soil is luxuriantly fertile; of which its presence is an infallible proof. In these forests it attains the height of 30 ft., with a trunk 6 in. or 8 in. in diameter, though it generally stops short of half this height. (Michaux.) This species was imported to England, under the name of Anòna triloba, by Peter Collinson, in 1736; and it has since become known in the principal botanic gardens of Europe, and procurable in first-rate nurseries. Miller mentions that the largest plant he had seen was in the Duke of Argyll's garden at Whitton. (See p. 57.) The largest tree that we have heard of is that already mentioned, at Purser's Cross; where, some years ago, a tree of about the same size, since dead, ripened fruit. The plants are always raised from seeds; and they seldom produce shoots exceeding 5 in. or 6 in. in length: hence a plant, in ten years, does not reach above 3 ft. or 4 ft. in height; and will not flower till of 15 or 20 years' growth.

Properties, Uses, &c. The fruit in America is never brought into the markets, and is sought in the woods only by children. A spirituous liquor has been made from it, but it is of little worth. The wood is spongy, extremely soft, destitute of strength, and applicable to no use in the mechanical arts. In England, it may be considered as a curious, slow-growing, deciduous shrub, well deserving a place in gardens, but which ought always to be isolated, and at some distance from rapid-growing plants. Relatively to growth, it may be placed near Dírca palústris, some of the daphnes, or Illícium parviflòrum. Plants, in the London nurseries, are 2s. 6d. each, and seeds 1s. an ounce; at Bollwyller, 5 francs a plant; and in New York, 40 cents.

3. A. PYGME'A Dun. The Pygmy Asimina. Identification. Dun. Monog.; Dec. Prod., 1. 87.; Don's Mill., 1. 92.

Synonymes. Annòna pygmæ'a Bartr.; Orchidocarpum pygmæum Mr. Fl. Bor. Amer.; Porcelia pygmæ a Pers.

Engravings. Bartr. Trav., p. 21. t. 1.; E. of Pl, 7932.; and our fig. 40.

Spec. Char., &c. Stem suffruticose. Leaves oblong-linear, cuneate, blunt, and, as well as the branches, smooth. Flowers on short peduncles. Outer petals obovate-oblong, much larger than the calyx. (Don's Mill., i. p. 92.) A little shrub, hardly 1 ft. high, with twiggy branches, and long, cuneated, narrow leaves. Outer petals much larger than the inner ones, and all white. Found in Georgia, Florida, and Carolina, in sandy fields. Flowers white. April and

June.

Geography, History, &c. We have never seen this species, and know nothing more of its history than what is above stated. By the catalogues it appears to have been introduced into England in 1812, and, probably, is since lost. In New York, plants are 1 dollar 50 cents each.

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4. A. GRANDIFLO'RA Dun. The large-flowered Asimina.

Identification. Dun. Mon.; Dec. Prod., 1. p. 87.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 92.

Synonymes. Annona grandiflora Bartr.; A. obovata, Willd.; Orchidocarpum grandiflorum Mr. Fl. Bor. Amer.; Porcèlia grandiflora Pers.; Asiminier à grandes Fleurs Bon. Jard.

Engravings. Dun. Mon., t. 11.; Bartr. Trav., t. 2.

Spec. Char. Leaves cuneate-obovate, obtuse; under surface, as well as the branches, clothed with brown pubescence. Flowers sessile; outer petals

obovate, much larger than the calyx. (Don's Mill., i. p. 92.) A small smooth-branched shrub, with white flowers, very large for the size of the plant; the outer petals are larger than the inner ones; the berries are smooth, and oblong-obovate. Height 2 ft.

Geography, History, &c. Native of Georgia and Florida, in sandy woods and shady places; and brought to England in 1820. It is still rare, or, rather, scarcely to be met with. It may ultimately turn out that these four alleged species are only varieties of one species, modified by local circumstances. At all events, one of them (A. triloba) is quite sufficient in a general collection, to give a correct idea of the genus.

CHAP. VI.

OF THE HALF-HARDY LIGNEOUS PLANTS OF THE ORDER SCHIZANDRA CEÆ.

SOME of the genera of this order have been referred to Menispermàceæ, and some to Anonàcea; we introduce it here, in order to notice a beautiful ligneous climber, Schizandra.

Identification. Don's Mill., 1. p. 101.; Blum. Bijdr. Fl. Ind. ex Schlecht. in Linnæa, i. p. 497. obs. Synonymes. Part of Menispermàceæ and part of Anonàcca with Dec.; Anonàcea Schizandreæ Lindley's Key, p. 46.

GENUS I.

SCHIZA'NDRA Michx.

THE SCHIZANDRA. Lin. Syst. Monoe'cia
Pentándria.

Identification. Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 18.; Dec. Syst., 1. p. 548.; Don's Mill., 1. p. 101.
Derivation. From schizo, to cut, and aner, andros, a man; stamens cleft.

Gen. Char.

Flowers monoecious. Sepals 9, in a ternary order. Petals none, Male flowers with 5 anthers, which are joined at the apex; female ones with an indefinite number of ovaries. Berries disposed in spikes along an elongated receptacle. (Don's Mill., i. p. 101.)-A deciduous climber.

1. SCHIZA'NDRA COCCINEA Michx. The scarlet-flowered Schizandra.

Engravings. Michx. Flor. Bor. Amer., 2. t. 47.; Sims, Bot. Mag., I. 1413.; Encyc. of Pl., 15259.; Don's Mill., f. 26.; and our fig. 41.

A

Spec. Char., Description, &c. Leaves alternate, oval-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, rarely toothed, of a beautiful green, smooth above and pale beneath, petiolated. Flowers scarlet, disposed in spikes in the axils of the leaves. climbing, deciduous, half-hardy shrub, found in shady woods in Georgia and Florida, and also in Carolina. It flowers in June and July, and was introduced into England in 1806. It is generally treated as a green-house plant; but it stood out through the winters of 1832, 1833, 1834, and 1835, in the garden of the Horticultural Society, trained against a wall, and very slightly protected. It forms a most desirable ornament in the summer season, and should have a place against every conservative wall. It prefers a light sandy soil, and is easily propagated by ripened cuttings, in a pot of sand, placed under a handglass. Price, in London, 58.; at Bollwyller, ?; and in New York, 75 cents.

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App. i. Anticipated Additions to the Hardy Species of Schizan

dracea.

Sphærostema grandiflorum, and other species from Nepal, commonly included under Menispermàcer (see p. 173.), but properly belonging to this order, may possibly be found half-hardy; as may Kadsùra Japónica, which, as the name implies, is a native of Japan.