Gerard mentions having planted Phillýrea serrata in the Earl of Essex's garden at Barn Elms. (Herbal, edit. 1597, p. 1210.) Gough (Brit. Topog., p. 61.) says, that, before the year 1597, Gerard had 1100 different plants and trees in cultivation. Tradescant is said by Gough to have been contemporary with Gerard, but he appears rather to belong to the 17th century. The only nursery which we read of as existing in the 16th century is that of Corbet, otherwise called Poynter, the father of Bishop Corbet, at Twickenham, mentioned by Sir Hugh Plat and by Ben Jonson. Gerard says that "Richard Poynter was a most cunning and curious grafter and planter of all manner of rare plants at Twickenham." (Herb., 1597, p. 1269.)

It is uncertain whether Raleigh brought over any hardy American trees or shrubs, though it is highly probable that he did so, as he introduced the cherry tree into Ireland, and his manor at Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, is said to have been magnificently embellished with woods and gardens. Coker, author of a Survey of Dorsetshire, published in 1732, but which appears to have been written in the time of James I., says that Sir Walter Raleigh built in "the parke" adjoining the old castle "a most fine house, which hee beautified with orchardes, gardens, and groves of much varietie and great delight; soe that, whether that you consider the pleasantnesse of the seate, the goodnesse of the soyle, or the other delicacies belonging unto it, it rests unparalleled by anie in those partes." (p. 124.)

The park of Sherborne, after the death of Sir Walter Raleigh, came into the possession of the Earls of Digby, one of whom altered the house, and employed Brown to lay out the grounds. The centre part of the former mansion, which was built by Sir Walter Raleigh, still exists, and bears his arms, and the date 1574 over the windows. In the park there is a grove, said to have been planted by Sir Walter, which still retains his name. (Beauties of England, &c., Dorsetshire, p. 438.)

We can state nothing respecting the introduction of foreign trees into Scotland or Ireland during this century.

The trees and shrubs introduced into England during the 16th century, and the persons by whom they were introduced, cultivated, or recorded (the names of the latter being included in parentheses), according to the Hortus Kewensis, are as follow:

Syringa vulgàris

Persia, or probably Hun

gary, of which country it has been lately discovered to be also a native (Bot. Mag., 3278., and Gard. Mag., ix. 706.)

Gerard

Phillyrea angustifòlia, and the varieties, mèdia, virgata, péndula, oleæfòlia, ligustrifòlia, læ`vis, ilicifòlia,

latifòlia, and obliqua

It will be observed, from the foregoing list, that the date of the first introduction, or rather, that of the first mention made in books, of foreign woody plants in England, is 1548, when

sixteen were introduced. Among these were the sweet bay, the almond, the apricot, the pomegranate, the mulberry, the platanus, the stone pine, the common spruce fir, the cypress, and the savin juniper. The names of the introducers, or first cultivators, are almost entirely unknown, and, indeed, it is probable that most of the plants named at this early period had been in the country many years previously; some of them, as the rosemary, the thyme, the southernwood, the sweet bay, the apricot, &c., possibly from the time of the Romans; or, at all events, from the period of the establishment of religious houses in England. Among these plants, there are only two from ultraEuropean countries: the almond, from Barbary; and the jasmine, from the East Indies.

From 1551 to 1596, during the reign of Mary and the greater part of that of Elizabeth, twenty-four plants were first recorded, among which were the peach, the nectarine, and the walnut, from Persia; and the damask rose, the quince, and the Quércus Ilex. The names of the introducers are not known, with few exceptions; such as that of Hugh Morgan, apothecary to Queen Elizabeth; Gray, a London apothecary, mentioned by L'Obel; L'Obel, a Fleming, who was afterwards botanist to James I.; and Dr. Grindal, who was bishop of London, and afterwards archbishop of York and Canterbury, during the greater part of the reign of Elizabeth. From 1596 to the end of the century, forty-six different species were introduced, and upwards of thirty of these were first recorded by Gerard. Among these were, the English and Scotch laburnums, the althæa frutex, the Judas tree; the musk, the yellow and the hundred-leaved roses; the cotoneaster, Christ's thorn, Córnus más, the common syringa, the laurustinus, the lilac, and the phillyrea. Most of these are from the continent and south of Europe; and there are, in this period, also, the arbor vitæ and the yucca, from North America.

Thus, the total number of foreign woody plants which are known to have been cultivated in Britain during the 16th century is only eighty-four, exclusive of two varieties of the laurustinus, and nine of the phillyrea.

It is impossible, at this distance of time, to ascertain the names of all the persons to whom we are indebted for the introduction of these plants; but it is certain that the merit of the first cultivation of the greater part of them belongs decidedly to Gerard.

John Gerard, Pulteney informs us, was born at Nantwich in Cheshire, in 1545, educated as a surgeon, and patronised in London by Lord Burleigh, who had at that time the best collection of plants in the kingdom. Gerard superintended this nobleman's garden, which was in the Strand; Gerard himself living in Holborn, where he had a physic garden, considered

to be at that time the most remarkable in England for the number and variety of its productions. This garden appears by the old maps to have been situated on the brow of the hill between what is now Ely Place, and what was formerly the Fleet River, but what is now called Field Lane, the stream being arched over. Gerard appears to have practised as a surgeon and apothecary, supplying his prescriptions from his garden. He was the author of several works, the principal of which are his Catalogue and his Herbal. The first edition of the former is dedicated to Lord Burleigh, and the second to Sir Walter Raleigh. It enumerates nearly 1100 sorts of plants, of foreign and domestic growth, all of which (as attested by L'Obel) were to be found in his garden in Holborn. Gerard died about the year 1607, highly respected by the college of physicians and by all his contemporaries.

SUBSECT. 3. Of the Foreign Trees and Shrubs introduced into Britain in the 17th Century.

TRADESCANT appears to have come to England towards the end of the preceding century. Wood says he was a Dutchman; that he was in the service of Lord Treasurer Salisbury, Lord Wootton, and the Duke of Buckingham; and that, about 1629, he obtained the title of gardener to Charles I. He is said to have travelled over a great part of Europe, and to have gone into Barbary, Greece, Egypt, and other Eastern countries, in quest of plants and natural curiosities. He had a garden at Lambeth, and a museum there; in the former of which he cultivated many plants, and, as appears by a Catalogue published by his son, in 1656, some trees and shrubs. Tradescant's garden and museum were probably not commenced till after he had retired from the service of private noblemen, and entered into that of the king, which would give its origin about 1630. Tradescant's son travelled in Virginia, and introduced various new plants from that country. Tradescant, senior, died about 1652. Tradescant's garden was visited, in 1749, by Dr. Mitchell and Dr. (afterwards Sir) William Watson, F.R.S.; but at that distant period they found very few trees. Among these, however, were Schubértia dísticha, Robínia Pseùd-Acàcia; Rhámnus catharticus, about 20 ft. high, and nearly a foot in diameter; an Aristolochia, and several mulberry trees. (Phil. Trans. Abr., x. 740.) These were but a few of the species of trees cultivated by Tradescant; as appears by the Catalogue published by his son, and by the list at the end of this section.

From a memorandum by Dr. Gray, in his copy of the Horti Regii Hamptoniensis, &c., now in the British Museum, we learn that many of the plants enumerated in that catalogue were