Gleditschia monospérma, Catálpa syringaefòlia, Calycanthus floridus, Crataegus flàva, and Amórpha fruticòsa. Mr. Moore introduced Fraxinus americàna; Robert Furber, O'strya vulgàris, Pyrus coronària, Plátanus acerifòlia, Quércus álba, Rhús radìcans, and Viburnum lævigàtum. Dr. James Sherard introduced Arbutus Andráchne, Rhús glabra, and Ròsa caroliniana. Sir Charles Wager introduced Acer dasycarpum; Miller, Clématis críspa, Santolina víridis, and some others, which are recorded as being cultivated in the Chelsea Garden during this period. Among the species introduced or recorded, but without the name of the introducer, are, Cérasus virginiàna, Tilia pubéscens, Alnus oblongata, Carya compréssa, Cércis canadensis, Quércus gramúntia, Q. sericea, and Q. Prìnus, Pìnus palustris, Euónymus latifolius, Caprifolium gràtum, Rhús élegans, Wistària frutéscens, and a number of others.

From 1731 to 1740 (Geo. II.), twenty-four trees and fortyfive shrubs were introduced. Mr. Stephen Bacon introduced the Clethra alnifolia; Thomas Fairchild, the Córnus flórida; Miller no fewer than thirty species, including Crataegus cordàta, Pópulus angulàta, Acer monspessulanum, Carpinus orientalis, Céltis Tournefortii, Plátanus cuneata; Quércus Egilops, nìgra, rùbra, and vìrens; Pìnus inops and variábilis; and several others. Collinson, between 1734 and 1739, introduced twentysix species, among which we find Magnòlia acuminata in 1736; the first azaleas that were in the country, namely, Azalea nudiflòra, viscòsa, and glaúca; Kálmia latifòlia and angustifolia, Andrómeda mariana and racemòsa, Rhododendron máximum, Chionánthus virgínica, Acer sacchárinum, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Nýssa denticulàta, several species of Vibúrnum, and that beautiful tree, Làrix péndula. Sir John Colliton had in cultivation the Magnòlia grandiflòra from Carolina in 1734, and the lanceolate-leafed variety in 1737. Dr. James Sherard introduced Menispermum virgínicum; and Dr. Thomas Dale, Philadélphus inodorus.

From 1741 to 1750 (Geo. II.), there were introduced eight trees and twelve shrubs. Sir John Colliton had the Robínia híspida in cultivation before 1743. Dr. Amman introduced the Cytisus austriacus; Richard Bateman, the Acàcia Julibrissin; Christopher Gray of Fulham, the Pyrus angustifolia. Catesby introduced Stuartia virgínica; and Archibald Duke of Argyll, the Pinus Cembra, Gymnócladus canadensis, Acer montànum, Bétula papyràcea and populifòlia, Crataegus punctata and glandulosa, I'tea virgínica, Corylus rostrata, Amelanchier Botryapium, Andrómeda calyculàta, and that curious miniature tree, Dírca palustris.

From 1751 to 1760 (Geo. II.), twenty-seven trees and fortyseven shrubs were introduced. Peter Collinson introduced

Broussonètia papyrífera from Japan in 1751. Father D'Incarville introduced the Ailántus glandulòsa from China, also in 1751; Jas. Gordon of Mile End, the Ulmus americana in 1752: that remarkable tree the Salisbùria adiantifòlia was cultivated by him in 1754; the parent tree, a male, still exists (see p. 78.), and from it, in all probability, originated all the male trees of the same species, not only in Europe, but in North America; he introduced the Sophora japónica in 1753, and the Cornus alternifolia in 1760. Archibald Duke of Argyll introduced the Làrix microcárpa and the Smìlax rotundifolia in the same year. John Ellis introduced Halèsia tetráptera and díptera in 1756 and 1758; Messrs. Kennedy and Lee, Euonymus atropurpureus; Hugh Duke of Northumberland, Pinus resinòsa; Christopher Gray, Vibúrnum nítidum. The Duke of Bedford cultivated Pinus rígida before 1759; and Pópulus dilatata, the Lombardy poplar, was introduced from Italy by the Earl of Rocheford in 1758. No fewer than fifty articles were introduced or cultivated by Miller during this decade. Among these are, Acer créticum, in 1752, probably the small tree still existing in the Chelsea Garden; A. O ́pulus, heterophyllum, and tatáricum; Daphne Cneòrum and póntica, Lonicera tatárica, Magnòlia tripétala, several species of Rhamnus, Thuja occidentalis, Tilia americana, Abies rùbra, Pinus marítima and several others, Bétula lénta, Pyrus prunifòlia, Cotoneáster tomentosa, Daphne alpina, Liquidámbar imberbis. Among the trees and shrubs recorded in the period, without the name of the introducer, are, Acer pennsylvánicum, Bérberis canadensis; Cérasus caroliniana, a beautiful sub-evergreen low tree from Carolina, too much neglected in England; Ròsa sínica, Shephérdia canadénsis, Plánera Richárdi, and Oxycoccus macrocárpus.

From 1761 to 1770 (Geo. III.), twelve trees and forty shrubs were introduced. Jas. Gordon introduced, or had in cultivation, Tília álba, Bétula excélsa, Clématis virginiana, Vibúrnum cassinöìdes and Lentàgo, Hypéricum alatum, and Euonymus verrucòsus. John Bartram introduced Mitchella rèpens; John Busch, Lèdum palustre, Fothergilla alnifòlia, Xanthorhiza apiifòlia; Mr. Bennet, Lèdum latifolium; George William Earl of Coventry, Kölreutèria paniculata from China, Erica austràlis, and Salix retùsa from Italy. John Greening cultivated Pàvia flava; Joseph Brooks, Erica stricta; John Cree, Bumèlia tènax; Dr. Fothergill, Pópulus heterophýlla; Messrs. Kennedy and Lee, Crataegus elliptica, pyrifòlia, and that fine tree, Fagus ferrugínea. Sir Joseph Banks introduced Rhodòra canadensis in 1767; John Ord, Genísta triquetra; Peter Collinson, Alnus serrulata, and Vaccinium virgatum; Hugh Duke of Northumberland, Pópulus græ`ca and lævigata; and Miller, Sambucus canadensis, Genísta púrgans, and Rùbus hispidus.

The

Duchess of Portland introduced Vaccínium frondòsum. Among the plants respecting which merely the dates at which they were introduced to, or first cultivated in, Britain, are recorded in the Hortus Kewensis, are, Gaulthèria procúmbens; Rhododendron pónticum, introduced, we are informed, by Conrad Loddiges, who sold the first plant to the Marquess of Rockingham, a noble encourager of botany and gardening; Andrómeda axillaris, coriàcea, and acuminata; Styrax grandifolium and lævigàtum, Kálmia glaúca, and that delightful shrub, Chimonanthus fràgrans. The last, we are informed, was first cultivated by the Earl of Coventry at Croome.

From 1771 to 1780 (Geo. III., during the American war), were introduced eight trees and forty-eight shrubs. Mrs. Primmet introduced Genísta lusitánica; Mons. Richard, Ulmus pùmila, Caragana Chamlagu, and Caprifolium impléxum; Sir Joseph Banks, Salix myrtillöides from Sweden; Dr. Solander, Spiræ a lævigàta from Siberia; Dr. Hope of Edinburgh, Pópulus cándicans and monilífera. Messrs. Kennedy and Lee introduced Aristotèlia Mácqui, Ephedra monostachya, Búddlea globòsa, Gleditschia hórrida, Rhámnus alnifolius, and others. The celebrated botanist and traveller, Pallas, introduced Pyrus salicifòlia in 1780, Diòtis ceratöìdes, and Callígonum Pallàsia. Dr. Nicholas Jacquin introduced Cytisus capitàtus, and Drypis spinòsa; Dr. Pitcairn, Vaccinium dumòsum; Mr. William Malcolm, Gordònia pubéscens; Mr. William Young, Vaccinium stamíneum; John Earl of Bute, Genísta germánica; Hugh Duke of Northumberland, Caragana spinòsa; Dr. Fothergill, that beautiful tree, Pỳrus spectábilis, Búxus baleárica, and Clématis flórida. Salix incubàcea and Genísta decúmbens were introduced by Drs. Fothergill and Pitcairn about the same time. Francis Masson introduced Vaccinium Arctostaphylos. Benjamin Bewick introduced Vaccinium angustifolium.

From 1781 to 1790 (Geo. III., intercourse with America being restored), sixteen trees and thirty-five shrubs were introduced, according to the Hortus Kewensis. John Bell introduced Viburnum däùricum, Bétula däùrica, and Caragana Altagàna. John Busch introduced Ribes Diacántha and Alnus incàna; John Græfer, Pyrus bollwylleriana and baccàta, and that valuable evergreen, Aucuba japónica (female). William Forsyth cultivated Pinus Banksiana in 1785; William Young, Fraxinus juglandifòlia ; and Daniel Grimwood, Fráxinus pubescens. The Hudson's Bay Company introduced Ulmus undulàta; John Fraser, Magnòlia auriculata, Rhododendron punctatum, and Quercus lyràta, imbricaria, and rotundifòlia; Sir Joseph Banks, Hydrangea Horténsia, Magnòlia conspícua, Pæònia Moutan, Ròsa indica, Bérberis sibírica, and some vacciniums. Gilbert Slater introduced Ròsa semperflorens in 1789; and the celebrated Professor Thouin,

the first horticulturist of his day, Nitrària Schóberi in 1788. The following ample list was introduced by Conrad Loddiges during this period; the names having been supplied to us by the present Messrs. Loddiges, his sons:- Mòrus *tatárica and pennsylvánica; Córnus circinàta, Genísta sibírica, Rhododéndron Chamæcístus, Acer hýbridum and trilobatum, Prùnus dasycárpa, Bérberis däùrica, Crataegus Oxyacántha ròsea; Azalea speciosa críspa, nudiflòra rùbra, and nudiflòra stamínea; Bétula sibírica, Amygdalus sibírica, Andrómeda calyculata var. ventricòsa, Alnus pùmila, Córnus sibírica, Ribes triflòrum, Caragana ferox, Ròsa aciculàris and corymbòsa, Thuja plicata and tatárica. Of these species introduced by Conrad Loddiges, those marked with a star were received by him from the celebrated botanist and collector for the French government, André Michaux; almost all the others were received from William Bartram of Kingsessing, Pennsylvania.

From 1791 to 1800 (Geo. III.), were introduced nineteen trees and fifty shrubs. John Bell introduced Juniperus däùrica, and Azalea póntica. William Forsyth introduced Bérberis ilicifòlia; Sir George Staunton, Ròsa bracteata; John Busch, Caragana jubata, and Rhododendron chrysanthum ; Messrs. Lee and Kennedy, Ròsa fèrox; Messrs. Fraser, Quércus triloba, tinctòria, palustris, and Banisteri. Conrad Loddiges introduced Atragène austriaca and americàna, Cýtisus * purpureus, Andrómeda * Catesbæi, Aràlia hispida; and also, according to Messrs. Loddiges, Castanea americàna, Cytisus supinus, Juniperus alpina and sibírica, Prinos lanceolatus and lævigatus, Spiræ`a canadénsis ; Vaccinium buxifòlium, elevàtum, hispídulum, pùmilum, ligústrinum; Vitis vulpina álba, v. nigra, and v. rùbra. Among the plants recorded in the Hortus Britannicus, as having been introduced in this decade, are, Carya porcina and amàra, Pỳrus spùria, Magnòlia macrophýlla, Andrómeda speciòsa, Ròsa suaveolens, Prunus marítima, Pyrus auriculàta, Quércus microcarpa, and several others.

Of the nearly 500 hardy trees and shrubs introduced during this century, 108 are from the continent of Europe, 300 are from North America, 3 from Chili, 13 from China, 6 from Japan, 2 from the Cape of Good Hope, 33 from Siberia, 2 from Tartary, 1 from Egypt, 2 from Morocco, 1 from Aleppo, 1 from Barbary, and the remaining few chiefly from Asia.

In the early part of the century, the greater number of species appear to have been received by Peter Collinson, from Dr. Garden of Charlestown, John Bartram, Mark Catesby, and other collectors. The progress of introduction was interrupted during the eighth decade of the century (1771 to 1780), owing to the breaking out of the American war; but it revived with double vigour between 1780 and 1800, during which period by far the

greater number of trees and shrubs introduced were received by Conrad Loddiges, and chiefly from William Bartram, the son of John. The Bartrams, indeed, and André Michaux, were the great collectors of American plants during the 18th century. Michaux sent almost every thing to France, by the government of which he was employed; but the Bartrams were Americans, and corresponded chiefly with the Kew Botanic Garden, and with the London nurserymen and amateurs. A number of trees and shrubs were introduced during the 18th century by John Fraser, but the chief accessions to the British arboretum and fruticetum made by this indefatigable collector were in the succeeding century.

John Bartram, one of the most distinguished of American botanists, was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1701. His grandfather, of the same name, accompanied William Penn to this country in 1682. John Bartram was a simple farmer; he cultivated the ground for subsistence, while he indulged an insatiable desire for botany. He was self-taught in that science, and in the rudiments of the learned languages, and medicine and surgery. So great, in the end, was his proficiency in his favourite pursuit, that Linnæus pronounced him "the greatest natural botanist in the world." He made excursions, in the intervals of agricultural labour, to Florida and Canada, herborising with intense zeal and delight. At the age of 70, he performed a journey to East Florida, to explore its natural productions; at a period, too, when the toils and dangers of such an expedition far exceeded those of any similar one which could be undertaken at the present time, within the limits of the United States. He first formed a botanic garden in America, for the cultivation of American plants as well as exotics. This garden, which is situated on the banks of the Schuylkill, a few miles from Philadelphia, still bears his name. He contributed much to the gardens of Europe, and corresponded with the most distinguished naturalists of that quarter of the globe. Several foreign societies and academies bestowed their honours upon him, and published communications from him in their Transactions. John Bartram died in 1777, in the 76th year of his age. At the time of his death he held the office of American botanist to George III. of England. He was amiable and charitable, and of the strictest probity and temperance. (Encyc. Amer.)

William Bartram, fourth son of John Bartram, was born in 1739, at the Botanic Garden, Kingsessing, Pennsylvania. At the age of 16 years he was placed with a respectable merchant of Philadelphia, with whom he continued six years; after which he went to North Carolina, with a view of doing business there as a merchant: but, being ardently attached to the study of botany, he relinquished his mercantile pursuits, and accompanied his