Theories on Drug Abuse: Selected Contemporary Perspectives

abstinence achievement activity adolescent adult aggression alcohol amphetamine analgesic anxiety associated availability barbiturates become biological cessation chronic cocaine cognitive conduct norms continue coping culture death delinquent developmental deviant doses drinking drug abuse drug addiction drug dependence drug effects drug experience drug subculture drug taking drug users Drugs--general ence endorphins environment euphoria factors feelings function genetic goals heroin heroin addicts heroin users hyperactive illicit drugs important individual individual's influence initial interaction involved Jessor Kandel Khantzian lifestyle marijuana methadone morphine naloxone narcotic addicts nonusers opiates opioid parents patterns peer group perceived personality perspective Ph.D pharmacological physical dependence physiological population problem behavior prodrug proneness psychological receptors reinforcement relapse relationship response role self-esteem sexual social specific stage Stanton stimulants stress structure studies Subcultures Theory substance symptoms theoretical Theory of Drug tion treatment values variables Wikler withdrawal youths