hamas; illus.).-Wolcott, 1927, p. 312 (Haiti).-Myers, 1932, p. 1 (Bahamas)-Buckley, 1933, p. 257 (Saint Vincent).-Van Volkenberg, 1935, p. 17 (Puerto Rico).-Wolcott, 1936, p. 325 (Puerto Rico).-Macfie, 1937, p. 10 (male, female redescribed; Trinidad; synonyms; dovei, maculithorax). -Root and Hoffman, 1937, p. 162 (redescribed; U.S. records; fig. male genitalia).-Wolcott, 1941, p. 109 (Puerto Rico).-Fox, 1942, p. 418 (pupa; Puerto Rico; illus.)-Beatty, 1944, p. 144 (Saint Croix).-Barretto, 1944, p. 89 (male; Brazil; illus.).— Fox, 1946, p. 255 (Saint John, Dominican Republic).-Barbosa, 1947, p. 15 (notes; distibution; fig. male genitalia).-Floch and Abonnenc, 1950, p. 1 (Guadeloupe).-Fox and Kohler, 1950, p. 342 (Puerto Rico).-Wolcott, 1951, p. 425 (Puerto Rico, economic notes).-Kohler and Fox, 1951, p. 113 (Puerto Rico).-Wirth, 1952b, p. 91 (larva, pupa; Florida; illus.).—Fox and Maldonado, 1953, p. 165 (Puerto Rico)-Foote and Pratt, 1954, p. 21 (redescribed; distribution; illus.).— Ortiz and Leon, 1954, p. 572 (female; Ecuador; fig. wing, palpus).-Wirth and Blanton, 1956c, p. 159 (redescribed; distribution; illus.).—Lewis, 1958, p. 721 (Jamaica; internal anatomy; illus.).-Wirth and Blanton, 1959, p. 404 (redescribed; Panama distribution; illus.).-Fox and GarciaMoll, 1961, p. 120 (Puerto Rico).Jones, 1961b, p. 739 (pupa; illus.).— Bidlingmayer, 1961, p. 149 (Florida; adult biology).-Davies, 1964, p. 33 (Jamaica; biology).-Linley and Kettle, 1964, p. 129 (larva, pupa; Jamaica).-Linley, 1966a, p. 385 (Jamaica; biology; immature stages).Linley, 1966b, p. 1 (Jamaica; ovarian cycle).-Linley and Davies, 1971, p. 264 (biology and control). Ceratopogon maculithorax Williston, 1896, p. 277 (female; Saint Vincent; fig. wing). Culicoides

maculithorax (Williston).Kieffer, 1906, p. 54 (combination).—

Loughnan, 1921, p. 202 (Jamaica). --Edwards, 1922, p. 164 (Jamaica). Culicoides dovei Hall, 1932, p. 88 (male, female; Georgia; fig. male genitalia). Female.-Wing length 0.91 mm. Head: Eyes (fig. 17, g) narrowly separated, bare. Antenna (fig. 17, a) with lengths of flagellar segments in proportion of 16-12-12-12-12-1212-12-20-22-24-25-35; AR 1.28;

sensory pattern 3,7-10. Palpal segments (fig. 17, c and d) with lengths in proportion of 11-24-28-10-13; PR 2.4; third segment slightly swollen, with small, shallow sensory pit. Proboscis moderately short, P/H ratio 0.74; mandible (fig. 17, h) with 15 teeth.

Thorax: Dark brown; mesonotum pollinose grayish, with prominent pattern of numerous scattered punctiform brown dots at seta bases; scutellum brown in middle, grayish pruinose on sides. Legs (fig. 17, i, k, 1) brown; knee spots blackish; femora pale at bases, femora with subapical, tibiae with subbasal, and hind tibia with apical, narrow pale rings; tibial comb (fig. 17, j) with four spines, the one nearest the spur longest.

Wing (figs. 17, e; 30, g): Pattern as figured; 2RC blackish; pale spot over r-m crossvein large; cell R5 with three small, round, poststigmatic pale spots in a triangle, the two next to 2RC more or less fused, and a large, oblique, double spot broadly meeting wing margin in distal part of cell; cell M1 with three pale spots, the distal one located at the wing margin; vein M1 pale margined from apex nearly to its base, veins M2 and M3+4 pale margined

on distal portions; cell M2 with pale streak in basal portion and a wider spot behind medial fork, two pale spots lying past level of mediocubital fork; cell M4 with large pale spot; anal cell with pale area at base and two pale spots in distal portion. Macrotrichia moderately numerous on distal half of wing and in anal cell; CR 0.58. Halter pale.

Abdomen: Dark brown. Spermathecae (fig. 17, m) two plus rudimentary third and sclerotized ring; ovoid with long slender necks; subequal, each measuring 0.057 by 0.037

mm.

Male Genitalia (fig. 17, n).Ninth sternum with broad, deep, caudomedian excavation, ventral membrane not spiculate; ninth tergum short and tapering with unusually long, slender, divergent, pointed, apicolateral processes. Basistyle with "foot-shaped" ventral root, posterior heel short, anterior toe long, dorsal root slender; dististyle slender, slightly curved, with bent pointed tip. Aedeagus with broad, rounded basal arch extending to about half of total length; basal arms slender; distal portion relatively short and stout, the apex of two types-in one the very slender, median, distally striate tip flanked by a prominent pair of lateral points of about the same length; in the other type the lateral points apparently lacking and the striated median tip broader. Parameres (fig. 17, o) separate; each with large basal knob, stem moderately stout and curved, bearing an extremely large ventral lobe; distal portion tapering

to fine point and bearing about five strong, lateral, fringing spines.

Distribution.-Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from Massachusetts to Florida and Texas; Caribbean and Atlantic coasts of Mexico, Central America, and West Indies to Brazil; Pacific coast from Mexico to Ecuador (fig. 5).

Types.-Existence of types of C. furens unknown; described from north coast of Cuba, probably Havana. Holotype female of Ceratopogon maculithorax, Saint Vincent (British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London). Holotype male of dovei, Brunswick, Ga. (USNM 43972, but missing from the USNM collection). West Indian Records.

ANTIGUA: No locality or date, Nos. 878, 879, A. H. Jennings, 32 females (Wirth and Blanton, 1956c).

Fitches Creek, 22 September 1965, Martinez and Guerra, biting man 6 PM, 3 females; Jolly Beach Hotel, 2 November 1967, J. B. Davies, biting man, 2 females; Prickly Pear I., 6 April 1958, J. F. G. Clarke, light trap, 1 female.

BAHAMAS: Abaco I., Marsh Harbour, 13 April 1968, G. M. Stokes, light trap, 1 male, 1 female; Andros I., Driggs Hill near South Bight, 27 April 1953, E. Hayden and L. Giovannoli, 3 females (AMNH); Andros I., April 1966, H. J. Bowen, biting man, 2 females; Bimini, 25 January 1968, Stokes, light trap, 1 male, 2 females; Cat I., Bennetts Harbour, 24 March 1953, Giovannoli, 17 females (AMNH); Eleuthera I., James Cistern, 1 April 1953, Hayden and Giovannoli, 12 females (AMNH); Exuma Cays, Darby I.,

18 January 1953, Hayden and Giovannoli, 15 females (AMNH); same, Warderick Wells Cay, 10 January 1953, Hayden, 1 female (AMNH); Mayaguana I., near Abraham Bay, 3 March 1953, Hayden, 1 female (AMNH); New Providence I., Nassau, 3 June 1943, D. G. Hall, 6 females; same, 3 January 1953, Hayden, 1 female (AMNH); North Bimini, Alice Town, 4 February 1968, Stokes, 1 male, 2 females; North Bimini, Paradise Point, 18 February 1968, Stokes, light trap, 2 females; South Bimini, May, July 1951, C. and P. Vaurie, M. Cazier, and W. Gertsch, 3 males, 5 females (AMNH); Turks and Caicos I., cays 3.5 mi. sw. North Caicos I., 3 February 1953, Hayden, Giovannoli, and Rabb, 13 females (AMNH).

BARBADOS: No locality or date, No. 853, A. H. Jennings, 10 females.

CAYMAN ISLANDS: Grand Cayman, Red Bay, 11 August 1969, J. E. Davies, light trap, 1,000's; Grand Cayman, South Sound, 16 February 1970, Davies, emergence trap, 100 specimens.

CUBA: No locality, types of furens (Poey, 1851).-Cardenas, June, E. A. Schwarz (Pratt, 1907; Hoffman, 1925).-Guantanamo Bay, February-April 1970, J. E. Tisdale, light trap, 1,000's; same, 21 February 1962, E. R. Turner, light trap, 6 males, 4 females; same, 3 September 1964, T. S. Josey, light, 2 males, 1 female; Havana, no date, J. R. Taylor, 7 females; Isle of Pines, Columbia, no date or collector stated, 7 females; La Victoria, Camaguey Prov., 3 July 1957, J. U. McGuire, 1 female.

DOMINICA: Cabrit Swamp, 23 February 1965, W. W. Wirth, light trap, 10 males, 10 females; Clarke Hall Estate, January-March 1965, Wirth, light trap, 10 males, 12 females; Grande Savane, 1 February 1965, Wirth, 1 female; Layou River mouth, 20 January 1965, Wirth, 5 females; same, 6 February 1965, Wirth, reared margin lagoon, 4 males, 1 female; Macoucheri, 12, 14 February 1965, Wirth, at light, 1 male, seashore, 1 female; Portsmouth, 4 March 1964, D. F. Bray, 7 females.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: San Lorenzo, 14 May 1941, Dr. Mazzotti, biting man, 1 female (Fox, 1946).

JAMAICA: Palisadoes, Port Maria (Townsend, 1893).-No locality (Edwards, 1922).-Askenish, near Dolphin Head, Hanover Parish, 20 June 1970, E. G. Farnworth, light trap, 10 females; Baths, St. Thomas Parish, 19 July 1961, Maldonado and Farr, 2 females; Burat Hill, Trelawny Parish, 16 May 1967, R. E. Woodruff, light trap, 1 male; Duckenfield, St. Thomas Parish, 4 December 1962, T. H. G. Aitken, donkey trap, 2 females; Duncans, Trelawny Parish, 25 February 1958, D. J. Lewis, 8 females; Falmouth, Trelawny Parish, 1 March 1969, W. W. Wirth, bay shore, 4 females; Kingston, no date, No. 875, A. H. Jennings, 4 females; Milk River Bath, Clarendon Parish, 11 November 1958, Aitken, 8 females; same, 19 November 1968, Woodruff, light trap, 100 females; same, 11 March 1970, Wirth and Farr, biting man 6 PM, 10 females; Mitchell Town, Clarendon Parish, 12 November

1958, Aitken, 29 females; Montego Bay, St. James Parish, 22 June 1957, M. V. King, 5 females; Morant Bay, St. Thomas Parish, 6 February 1937, Chapin and Blackwelder, 1 female; Negril, Westmoreland Parish, 20 November 1968, Woodruff, light trap, 200 males and females; same, 22 June 1970, Farnworth, light trap, 1,000's; Portland Ridge, PWD Fish Lodge, 21 August 1969, Farnworth, biting man, 1 female; Runaway Bay, St. Ann Parish, February 1969, Wirth, light trap, 10 males, 20 females; Spanish Town, St. Catherine Parish, 2 February 1937, Chapin and Blackwelder, 1 female; same, 28 May 1970, Farnworth, light trap, 20 females; Twickenham Park, St. Catherine Parish, 28 April 1970, Farnworth, light trap, 1,000's; Winchester, St. Thomas Parish, 7 December 1962, Aitken, donkey trap, 2 females.

MONTSERRAT: (Pratt, 1907).

No locality

PUERTO RICO: Aguirre, August 1921, F. M. Root (Hoffman, 1925).-Isla Verde Int. Airport, 1958-60 (Fox and Garcia-Moll, 1961). Rio Piedras, July and September 1921, Root (Hoffman, 1925). -San Juan (Fox, 1942).-Camp Tortuguero, 24 June 1952, F. S. Blanton, light trap, 11 females; Fajardo, 1 July 1952, Blanton, light trap, 5 females; Fort Buchanan, 26 June 1952, Blanton, light trap, 3 females; Guanica, 22 June 1952, Blanton, light trap, 5 females; Las Palmas, 20 March 1970, G. M. Stokes, light trap, 3 males, 2 females; San Juan, 8 January 1969,

Walker and Drummond, light trap, 10 females.

SAINT CROIX: Krause Lagoon, June 1938, H. A. Beatty, 18 females; Salt River, September 1938, Beatty, 8 females; Tagus, June 1938, Beatty, 2 females.

SAINT JOHN: Cruz Bay, 9 September 1937, 3 females (Fox, 1946). -No locality, August-October 1961, R. W. Williams, light trap and emergence traps, 15 males, 30 females; Francis Bay, 25 March 1958, J. F. G. Clarke, at light, 9 females.

SAINT LUCIA: Grand Anse, 20 July 1964, R. Martinez, biting man, 1 female; Gros Islet, Yacht Club light, 25 October 1967, J. B. Davies, 1 female; Vilon Estate near Micoud, 28 July 1964, Martinez, biting man, 7 females.

SAINT THOMAS: No locality, 28 November 1957, R. Delgado, biting man, 1 female.

SAINT VINCENT: No locality or date, types of Ceratopogon maculithorax Williston (1896).

VIRGIN GORDA: North Beach, 23 March 1970, G. M. Stokes, biting man, 10 females.

Discussion.-A full discussion of the taxonomy and distribution of this species was presented by Wirth and Blanton (1956c; 1959). The extensive West Indian literature on the

species is listed in the synonymy given on the preceding pages.

Larval Habitat.-Myers' (1935) account of the larval habitat of C. furens in the Bahamas was the first detailed study in the West Indies, and its accuracy and definition, borne out by more recent investigations, warrant repetition: