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Smith's New Map of England and Wales, with Part of Scotland, including the Turnpike and principal Cross Roads, the Course of the Rivers and Navigable Canals, &c. London, 1806. Ibid., for the year 1818, and for 1827.

Owens, William. New Book of Roads, or a Description of the Roads of Great Britain. New edition. London, 1814.

Mogg, Edward. A Survey of the Highroads of England and Wales, with Part of Scotland...exhibiting at one View...the various Branches of Roads and Towns to which they lead, together with the actual Distance of the same from the Main Road, Rivers, Navigable Canals, Railways...&c. London, 1814-15. Brit. Mus. Maps 47. c. 14.

Cary, John. Cary's New Itinerary: or an Accurate Delineation of the Great Roads, both Direct and Cross, throughout England and Wales: with many of the principal roads, in Scotland, from an Actual Admeasurement. 7th edition, with Improvements. London, 1817.

(Huerne de Pommeuse.) Des Canaux Navigables. Atlas de la Navigation Intérieure de l'Angleterre et de la France. 1819. Paris, 1822.

Cheffins's Official Maps of the London and Birmingham, and the Grand Junction Railways. London, 1839.

Brit. Mus. Maps 92. d. 29. Wyld's Railroad Map of England and Wales [showing also those in progress and those projected, and outlining the high roads]. London,

1840.

A Map of England, Wales, and Scotland, describing all the Direct and Principal Cross Roads in Great Britain, and showing the Railroads, Great Rivers and Navigable Canals. London, 1841.

Bradshaw's Railway Companion, containing the Times of Departure, Fares, etc., of the Railways of England, etc. Manchester and London, 1842. Cary's Reduction of his Large Map of England and Wales, with Part of Scotland; comprehending the whole of the Turnpike Roads, with the Great Rivers and the Course of the different Navigable Canals. London, [1850?]. Collins' Railway Map of England and Wales and Part of Scotland, shewing the Inland Navigation by means of Rivers and Canals, together with the Rail and Principal Turnpike Roads, from the most recent surveys. London, [1852?].

England and Wales showing the Railroads, completed, proposed, and in Progress.
London, [1853].

Bett's New Map of England and Wales compiled from the latest Parliamentary
Documents, showing the Roads, and Railroads. London, [ca. 1853].
Stanford's Railway and Road Map of England and Wales. London, 1862.
Brit. Mus. Maps 29. a. 37. A Pocket-Guide to the English Traveller: Being a
Compleat Survey and Admeasurement of all the Principal Roads and most
considerable Cross-Roads in England and Wales. In One Hundred Copper
Plates. London, 1719.

Brit. Mus. 1175. (106). A New Map of England and Wales, comprehending the whole of the Turnpike Roads, with the Great Rivers and Navigable Canals. London, 1804. Very complete in its details.

Brit. Mus. C. 32. d. 8. A New Map of the Kingdome of England and Principality of Wales, taken out of I. S. (i.e., John Speed). London, 1673. It is contained in A Direction for the English Traviller.' London, 1643. Brit. Mus. 1205. (9). A New Travelling Map of England, Wales and Scotland; Drawn from all the Surveys which have hitherto been made of particular Counties, describing the Direct and principal Cross Roads, Cities, Boroughs, Market Towns and Villages, to which is added the actual distance from one

Market Town to another, and exact admeasurement of each place from London. By Edward Mogg. London, 1810. Excellent map.

Brit. Mus. 577. e. 2. The Traveller's Guide: or, a Most Exact Description of the Roads of England. Being Mr Ogilby's Actual Survey, and Mensuration by the Wheel, of the Great Roads from London...together with the Cross Roads. London, 1699. This is simply a pocket edition of Ogilby's 'Itinerarium Angliae.' Brit. Mus. 1175. (45). A New Map of England and Wales, describing all the Turnpike and principal Bye Roads, the Great Rivers and Navigable Canals. By Robert Rowe. London, 1819. Great detail.

Brit. Mus. 1205. (10). Wallis's New Travelling Map of England and Wales, with Part of Scotland, on which are delineated the Direct and Principal Cross Roads,... Also the Course of the Great Rivers.... London, 1815. Clear representation of the roads because avoiding a mass of other details.

Brit. Mus. 1175. (17). The Post Roads through England and Wales; by T. Jefferys, Geographer to His Majesty. [London, 1792] Omits all other roads except post roads.

Brit. Mus. K. 5. 68. Bowles's New Pocket Map of England and Wales, Revised and corrected from the best Authorities; with the Addition of New Roads, and other Improvements. By D. Paterson. London, 1773.

Brit. Mus. K. 191. g. 13. Nouveau Théâtre de la Grande Bretagne, Vol. IV. After the first two plates, there is A New Map of South Britain or England and Wales. Containing all the Cities and Market Towns with the Roads from Town to Town....' London, 1720. Does not show London as the centre of a series of great roads to all parts of the kingdom; but shows many smaller places than London which were greater road centres than it. Brit. Mus. K. 5. 52. A New Map of England. Containing the Adjacent Parts of Scotland, Ireland, France, Flanders and Holland. Shewing the true Scituation and Distance of London from Edinburgh, Dublin,....With a Description of the Post Roads, and their several Branches from Town to Town,....By R. Greene. London, [1690]. Does not show such a vast network of roads as some other maps of this time.

Brit. Mus. K. 5. 60. The South Part of Great Britain, called England and Wales. Containing all ye Cities, Market Towns, Boroughs,...with ye Names of ye Rivers,...Great or Post Roads, and principal Cross Roads &c. By Hermann Moll, Geographer. London, 1710.

Brit. Mus. K. 5. 61. A New and Accurate Map of England and Wales. Describing in a more distinct and correct manner than any other Map Extant, all the Cities, Boroughs, & Market Towns &c. also all the direct and principal Cross Roads, with the post Towns and computed distances between Town and Town....By E. Bowen, Geographer. London, 1734. Roads clearly delineated. Brit. Mus. K. 5. 62. Le Royaume d'Angleterre. Divisé en Comtez et Baronies. Dressé sur les dernières Observations par et chez le Sr le Rouge Ingénieur Géographe du Roi. Paris, 1745. Gives the great roads only.

Brit. Mus. 1205. (4). The Traveller's Guide or Ogilby's Roads Epitomized. A Sett of Tables in which are described all the grand Roads & several of the Cross Roads of England and Wales....By I. V. Kircher. London, [1706]. Shows a vast network of roads at that time, as does also

Brit. Mus. Maps 86. d. 10 (33). A New Map Containing all the Citties, Market Townes, Rivers, Bridges, & other considerable Places in England and Wales. Wherein are delineated ye Roads from Towne to Towne,.... London, [1696].

Brit. Mus. K. 5. 88. The Traveller's Companion or the Post Roads of England and Wales; with Distances in Measured Miles. By the late John Rocque, Chorographer to the King. London, 1771.

Brit. Mus. K. 5. 84. The Roads of England according to Mr Ogilby's Survey. London, [1712]. Circular map of the great roads.

Brit. Mus. Maps 89. e. 3 (50). A New Mapp of the Kingdome of England, representing the Princedome of Wales, and other Provinces, Cities, Market Towns, with the Roads from Town to Town. Amsterdam, [1590]. This volume gives also a complete series of county maps.

Brit. Mus. 1220. 4. Smith's New Map of the Railways and Canals of England, Wales and Scotland. Containing also the principal Roads, and the distances of the places from London. London, 1838. Gives dates of Canal Acts. N.B. The foregoing are only a few of the large number of maps consulted in order to secure the greatest degree of accuracy in this work.

INDEX

Accommodations of trains, excessive,

599

Accounts, of railways, falsified, 598
Acts of Parliament, great cost of securing,
428-9

Agriculture, advance of, in eighteenth

century, 212-3; effect of, upon roads,
213; profited much from canals, 413-
4, and from railways, 487-8, 534, 591
Aire and Calder Navigation, improve-

ments of, 371, 377; opposed to Man-
chester and Leeds Railway, 567
Allen, Ralph, improvements by, in postal
facilities, 323-4

Amalgamation, of railways, and its
effects, 577, 586-7, 588; favoured when
for the public good, 579, 600; initial
stages of, 581-2; progress of, 586-7,
640-1, 643; of all railways, advocated,
588; system of, 602-3: supervision of,
recommended, 640-3; increase of,
after passage of Railway and Canal
Traffic Act, 1854, 643, and reason
therefor, 643

Assessment, provided for repair of roads,

52, 56-7, 59, 61, 78-9, 105-6; recom-
mended, 216

Avon, river, navigation of, 181, 183

Barnsley Canal, construction of, 371
Bar tolls, 652-3

Basingstoke Canal, effect of, in reducing
cost of carriage of goods, 445
Bell, Henry, connexion of, with steam
navigation, 454

Berks and Wilts Canal, construction of,
375

Birmingham, connexion of, with Lon-

don, 97; centre of Mid and canals, 370
Birmingham Canal, construction of, 370;
consolidation of, with Birmingham and
Fazeley Canal, 371; junction of, with
Coventry Canal, 372

Birmingham and Fazeley Canal, con-
struction of, 370; consolidation of,
with Birmingham Canal, 371
Birmingham and Warwick Canal, con-
struction of, 370

Birmingham and Worcester Canal, con-
struction of, 370; opposition of, to
rival canal, 398

Boston bridge, history of, 20-21

Bridges, responsibility for, 4, 6, 15, 21–2,

144; early, 14-15; repair and main-
tenance of, by piety and bequests, 15,
17, 30, by returns from indulgences,
16, 30, 144, by contributions at bridge
chapels, 16, 144, by gilds, 18, 144, by
receipts from tolls, 18-21; constantly
in decay, 21; divided responsibility
for, 22, 148, 153; tendency to making
county responsible for, 22, 151, 350-3;
customary liabilities for, 147 ff.; royal
aid to, 152-3; widening of, 154–5,
350, 353; "gratuity bridges," 351;
Glasburne Bridge case, 351; Lord
Ellenborough's Act concerning, 352;
administration of, 353-4
Bridgewardens, 19, 149

Bridge, Westminster, construction of,
146-7

Brindley, James, 361, 364, 366, 379, 384
Bristol, antagonism of, to rival market
at Bath, 184; apathy of, toward
Great Western Railway, 562 ff.

Calder Navigation, see Aire and Calder
Navigation

Canal companies, organization of, 432–6;
not usually public carriers, 435–6
Canal, pound-lock, first, 165
Canals, first suggested, 185-90; sugges-
tion of, came from Holland and other
countries, 356; projection of first
modern, 356; Bridgewater, 360-3;
Trent and Mersey, 364-7; Stafford-
shire and Worcestershire, 367-8;
Coventry, 368; Oxford, 368-9; in the
Midlands, 370-3; in the north, 370-1;
consolidation of, 371-2; Stroudwater,
373-4; Thames and Severn, 373-5;
Kennet and Avon, 375; Berks and
Wilts, 375; small, agitation for, 389-
91; inclined planes on, 391-2; "cir-
cular canal," suggested, 392;

success

of, 394; "canal mania" of 1792-3,
394-6; reasons for opposition to, 396-
404, 543-5; new, to safeguard older
competitors from loss of revenue, 400–
1; opposition to, from coasting trade,
401; benefits anticipated from, 404-
10; benefits actually realized from,
410-16; advantages of, over river
navigations, 415-6; operation of,
financial results from, 416-21, 536,
545; some unprofitable, 416-8;

proportion of successful and unsuccess-
ful, 418-20; some profitable, 421-7;
reasons for lack of success of, 427-32,
536-7; carrying service on, organiza-
tion of, 436-42; carrying service on,
complaints against, 440-2, 536–8, 543–
5, 555-6; introduction of steam on,
442-4; effect of, on cost of carriage,
444-9; supposed advantages of, over
railways, 494-5; constantly pleaded
the claim of vested interests in op-
posing prospective railways, 495-6,
500-1, 536-40, 548-9, 551, 560; stimu-
lated to improvement by railways,
593; revenues of, reduction of, due
to railway competition, 634-5; de-
creased value of shares of, due to
railway competition, 635-6; competi-
tion compels them to make working
agreements with railways, 636-8;
taken over by railways, 637-8; legis-
lative aid given to, to enable them to
compete with railways, 638, but this
was nullified by railway aggression,
639-40; Railway and Canal Traffic
Act, 1854, 642-3; progress of amalga-
mation of railways with, 643-4; some
results of competition of railways with,
645-7; railway-controlled canals drove
private carriers off the independent
canals, 647; traffic of, drawn to rail-
ways, 647-9; methods used by rail-
ways to take the traffic from, 647-8;
reasons for decline of, 647-59; dis-
jointed state of, 649-50; lack of unity
of management of, 651; jealousy
between, 652-3; chain of, broken up
by railways purchasing strategic links,
654-6; easily hampered by drought,
frost and flood, 656; failed to adapt
themselves to progressive changes and
to adopt business methods, 657; handi-
capped because unable to carry
passengers, 658; psychological reason
for decline of, 658-9; plans devised
to maintain competition of, 661-3;
present-day suggestions for waterway
improvement, 663-4

Canal shares, unprofitable, 416-20,
valuable, 421-7
Capital, required in business, saving of,

by railways, 490, 544, 547; waste of,
by too much railway construction, 595
Caravans, 123

Carmen, in London, regulation of, 131-2
Carriage of goods, early, 8-9; during
Tudor period, 43-5; early organiza-
tion for, 44-5; charges for, to be
assessed by Justices, 65; cost of, 91-3,
139-40; later organization for, 141-2;
by river, cost of, compared with cost
of land carriage, 206-9; by pack-
horse, 304; waggon carriage sub-
stituted for pack-horse, 305–7; desire
for regularity of, 308-9; speed of, by
stage waggons, 346-7; cost of, by

J. T. II.

stage waggons, 347-9; cost of, de-
creased by canals, 410-11, 444-9;
organization for, on canals, 436-42;
defects of the service for, on canals,
440-2; rate of speed in, by canals,
450-1; cost of, expected reduction by
railways, 485-7, 543-5; speed of,
increased by railways, 487-9, 543,
590 ff.; certainty and regularity of,
by railways, 489-90; wholly inade-
quate and too costly by canals, 543–5;
cost of, reduced by railways, 590 ff.;
systems of on different railways,
624-6; by private carriers on rail-
ways, cessation of, 630-3

Carriers, combination among, increased
prices, 64-5; their traffic on western
roads, 93; rates of, settled by Justices,
140; organization of traffic of, 141-2;
methods employed by waggon carriers,
305-10; organization of, on canals,
435-46; opposed construction of rail-
ways, 549; could not be allowed on
railways, 574; how driven off railways,

630-3

Cast iron, wheels of, for early railways,
464;
rails of, introduced, 464-5;
rails of, displaced by malleable iron,
467

Chairs, Sedan, introduced into England,
116-7; cost of, 128

Chapman, William, favoured small canals,
391

Chelmer, river, proposed navigation of,
183

'Circular canal," suggested, 392
Clergy interested in good roads, 8
Coaches, introduction of, 110; increasing
use of, 103, 112 ff.; hackney, intro-
duction of, 112-8; restrictions upon,
116-8; stage, introduced, 119-21;
private, in London, 130; hackney,
profitable licenses of, 131; intense
competition among stage coaches after
1750, 312-3; coaching schedules har-
monized with those of other con-
veyances, 313-5; organization of
coaching business, 315-6; financial
operation of stage, 316-7; evils con-
nected with operation of stage, 317-20,
343, 557; business sometimes increased
by railways, 550-1, 611, and sometimes
reduced, 608-9; competition of, with
steam vessels, 614 ff.; more heavily
taxed than railways, 619-21, hence
unable to successfully compete with
railways, 619-22

Coaching establishments, opposed the
construction of railways, 501-2, 549,
551; ruined by railways, 610-11;
sometimes allied with railways, 612,
631

Coachmen and guards, impositions of,

318

Coal, cost of carriage of, to Manchester
and Liverpool, 359

23

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