Politeness: Some Universals in Language UsageCambridge University Press, 27 feb 1987 - 345 pagina's This study is about the principles for constructing polite speeches. The core of it first appeared in Questions and Politeness, edited by Esther N. Goody (now out of print). It is here reissued with a fresh introduction that surveys the considerable literature in linguistics, psychology and the social sciences that the original extended essay stimulated, and suggests distinct directions for research. The authors describe and account for some remarkable parallelisms in the linguistic construction of utterances with which people express themselves in different languages and cultures. A motive for these parallels is isolated and a universal model is constructed outlining the abstract principles underlying polite usages. This is based on the detailed study of three unrelated languages and cultures: the Tamil of South India, the Tzeltal spoken by Mayan Indians in Chiapas, Mexico, and the English of the USA and England. This volume will be of special interest to students in linguistic pragmatics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, anthropology, and the sociology and social psychology of interaction. |
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Pagina ix
... indirect speech acts Degrees of politeness in the expression of indirect speech 129 129 129 130 132 acts 5.4.2 Don't presume / assume Strategy 2 : Question , hedge 144 145 Hedges on illocutionary force Hedges encoded in particles ...
... indirect speech acts Degrees of politeness in the expression of indirect speech 129 129 129 130 132 acts 5.4.2 Don't presume / assume Strategy 2 : Question , hedge 144 145 Hedges on illocutionary force Hedges encoded in particles ...
Pagina x
... in linguistic theory 255 8.1.2 Relations between structure and usage 258 8.1.3 Examples 262 8.1.3.1 Ironic composition and understatement 8.1.3.2 Lexical usage 8.1.3.3 Phonology and prosody 8.1.3.4 Indirect speech acts 8.1.3.5 Hedges X.
... in linguistic theory 255 8.1.2 Relations between structure and usage 258 8.1.3 Examples 262 8.1.3.1 Ironic composition and understatement 8.1.3.2 Lexical usage 8.1.3.3 Phonology and prosody 8.1.3.4 Indirect speech acts 8.1.3.5 Hedges X.
Pagina xi
... Indirect speech acts 8.1.3.5 Hedges 8.1.3.6 Impersonalization mechanisms The passive Impersonal modals 8.1.3.7 Honorifics 8.2 Implications for sociolinguistics 9 Conclusions Notes References Author index Subject index 280 283 285 301 ...
... Indirect speech acts 8.1.3.5 Hedges 8.1.3.6 Impersonalization mechanisms The passive Impersonal modals 8.1.3.7 Honorifics 8.2 Implications for sociolinguistics 9 Conclusions Notes References Author index Subject index 280 283 285 301 ...
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Inhoudsopgave
I | xii |
II | xiii |
III | 1 |
IV | 51 |
V | 55 |
VI | 56 |
VII | 58 |
VIII | 59 |
L | 172 |
LI | 173 |
LII | 176 |
LIII | 178 |
LIV | 187 |
LVI | 190 |
LVII | 206 |
LVIII | 207 |
IX | 61 |
X | 62 |
XI | 64 |
XII | 65 |
XIV | 67 |
XV | 68 |
XVI | 71 |
XVIII | 74 |
XIX | 83 |
XX | 84 |
XXI | 87 |
XXII | 91 |
XXIV | 94 |
XXV | 95 |
XXVI | 98 |
XXVII | 101 |
XXVIII | 103 |
XXIX | 104 |
XXX | 106 |
XXXI | 107 |
XXXII | 112 |
XXXIII | 113 |
XXXIV | 117 |
XXXV | 124 |
XXXVI | 125 |
XXXIX | 126 |
XL | 127 |
XLI | 128 |
XLII | 129 |
XLVI | 130 |
XLVII | 132 |
XLVIII | 144 |
XLIX | 145 |
Overige edities - Alles bekijken
Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage Penelope Brown,Stephen C. Levinson Gedeeltelijke weergave - 1987 |
Veelvoorkomende woorden en zinsdelen
addressee honorifics analysis assessment assumption avaan bald-on-record behaviour claim communication context conventionalized conversation analysis conversational conversational implicatures convey cooperation creaky voice cross-cultural cultural d'in deference deixis derived dimensions dyads E. O. Keenan encode English ethos example expressions face redress face wants fact Fanshel felicity conditions function give Grice's Gricean Gricean Maxims Gumperz H's face H's wants hedges illocutionary force implicate implicature imposition indicates indirect requests indirect speech acts inference instance interaction kind kinesic Lakoff language usage Levinson linguistic Malagasy Maxim means minimize motives naš negative face negative politeness negative-politeness ness norms off-record strategies on-record output particles particular pattern perhaps plural politeness strategies positive face positive politeness positive-politeness pragmatic predict pronouns question rational reasoning record referent honorifics relations relevant ritual semantic sentences social distance social relationships societies sort speaker specific structure suggests switch syntactic Tamil theory tions Tzeltal utterance variables verbs yu'un