his model in placing them under the tutelage, chester: the master (Informator Gramand making them part, of his College, instead maticorum) received 10l. a year, being half of putting them upon an independent footing. the allowance-less travelling expensesHe established a school-“ a splendid pile of made to the President of the College; the brick in two stories, with two towers"-at usher (Hostiarius) one hundred shillings. A his birthplace, Wainfleet, in Lincolnshire, new feature was that the School was to be in which, like Chichele's similar foundation at part a training school for masters: "two or Higham Ferrers, in Northamptonshire, still three of the thirty [Demies] at least were to retains the buildings of the fifteenth century. study, so that not only might they profit The Hospital of SS. John and James at themselves, but be able to instruct and teach Brackley, in the latter county, was annexed others, and stand qualified for the purpose." to Magdalen by her founder; and upon the The trust of the famous warrior and litigious death of the last chantry priest in 1548, after landowner Sir John Fastolf for founding at the Act for the Suppression of Chantries, the Caister Castle, Norfolk, a college "of seven College established a school, which still con- priests and seven poor folk was eventually tinues, in place of the chantry. Of the old transferred by John Paston, one of the Hospital buildings nothing now remains but trustees, to the College in Oxford newly the chapel, which serves as the chapel of the founded by Waynflete, another of the trustees. College School (Leach's Winchester College,' Fastolf's seven priests were represented by pp. 121, 212, and the Rev. H. A. Wilson's four chaplains and three fellows; and the Magdalen College,' p. 265). seven poor folk by the seven eldest Demies, who, according to the statutes, received one penny a week, "which being nowadays [Mr. Collins, master of M.C.S., told Thomas Hearne, 15 May, 1721] but a small pittance, they that have it are called, by such as have it not, Fastolf's Buckram Men." Magdalen College School appears to have been opened in 1479, inside the College, and in 1480 to have been removed to separate buildings outside its gates. The founder ordained that the thirty foundationers of his Collegewho, corresponding to the Scholars at Winchester, were called Demies (demi-socii), from their receiving half a Fellow's commonswere to be admissible at the early age of twelve. They might stay, like founder's kin at Winchester, to twenty-five, and were to be kept at school under the grammar master of the College, to be instructed in " grammar, poetry, and other arts of humanity," until they should be considered by the President and master fit to enter upon the University course in Arts (Rev. H. Rashdall's Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages,' II. pt. ii. p. 514). So close, then, was the connexion between the two that it almost more difficult to determine who appears among the College alumni were not partly educated at the Grammar School than who were. Like Eton, the School was to be open and free, the master to teach freely (libere et gratis) all who came to it. But it would appear that the College never at any time admitted the claims of persons in no sense members of the University or of any college or hall to receive gratuitous teaching in the School. The petition of the citizens in favour of the School in 1550, while it states that such teaching was of great advantage to the inhabitants of Oxford, shows also that those who received it were scholars or choristers of various colleges (Wilson, 240n., and J. R. Bloxam's Register of St. M. M. Coll.,' iii. pp. 1-6, 275-85). The salaries of the master and usher were to be the same as at Win It is difficult, if not impossible, to discover at what period the choristers, not matriculated, were first allowed to enter the Grammar School. The elementary portion of their education was at first entrusted to the instructor in music, and in 1519 Robert Perrot, the College organist, is styled "scholemaster of the choristers." But as early as 1490 William Bernard, instructor of the choristers, is also called organist (Pulsator Organorum); and the latter title gradually superseded the former. The choristers, who are sixteen in number, originally lived in the Fellows' chambers and waited upon them. They also waited in hall down to 1802. At Winchester College the choristers, also sixteen in number, were to make the Fellows' beds, wait in hall, and dine off the fragments and broken meats. if sufficient, of the Fellows' and Scholars' tables. Possibly, from the first, the instructor of the Magdalen choristers may have handed them over to the grammar master in matters touching the construing, and not singing, of Latin. Besides their singing and acting. we find the eight choristers of the Chapel Royal at Whitehall obliged to attend classes in their grammar school. In 1474 a tower was roofed "in the wall towards the College meadows," which is probably identical with a tower by the water mentioned in the accounts for building the walls, and with what was afterwards known as the "Songe Schoole." Under that name it may be seen in the bird's-eye view of Oxford drawn by Ralph Agas in 1578. From the building accounts it appears to have been furnished with a "vyse," or winding staircase, and to have had two moulded windows. It stood just by the Cherwell end of the present "New Buildings," and was destroyed to make room for them in February, 1733/4. In 1487 the "house of the school of the choristers " was finished. This may have been_some building in connexion with the "Songe Schoole," which included, in the eighteenth century, certain rooms occupied by the organist. Thomas Hearne, indeed, "with learned dust besprent," noting its demolition in his diary, speaks of "the organist's house, commonly called the music-school-house" (Wilson, pp. 24, 48; Bloxam, vol. i. p. iii). Waynflete appears, like his master Henry VI., to have delighted in newel staircases. The beautiful " vyse," crowned by a little spire, of his "great tower" (Founder's Tower at Magdalen)-in autumn incarnadine with virginia creeper-is beloved by artists; and he is credited with the design of Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire, for Ralph, Lord Cromwell (Lord Treasurer of England 14331443). Here the grand staircase of 175 steps is in the south-eastern turret, and gives access to forty-eight separate chambers, four of which are very large. The stone handrail, sunk into the brickwork, and beautifully moulded to afford a firm hand-grasp, is original in conception, and probably unique in design. This is the only staircase in a building 87 ft. long, 69 ft. wide, and 112 ft. high, which is almost entirely constructed of small bricks, brilliantly coloured, and of Flemish or Dutch make. The curve of this splendid staircase is of the rare sinistral formation, and is contained within a shaft 22 ft. in diameter, built of enormously thick walls. Many of the fireplaces in the present Palace of Westminster were modelled after the magnificent specimens at Tattershall (T. A. Cook's 'Spirals in Nature and Art,' p. 140). In 1512-13 certain buildings near the Cherwell seem to have been repaired, and mention is made of a wall "between the kitchen and the music school." This has been supposed (Bloxam, vol. i. p. iii) to refer to a wall separating the two buildings, on account of "the peculiar attractions" of the former for the youthful stomach. But they were in fact divided, not only by a considerable space, but also by a block of buildings, the old stable, shown in Loggan's print of 1674, standing midway between them (Wilson, p. 64). We find in the account-books from 1481 down to the Reformation frequent charges for gloves for the Boy-Bishop on the feast of St. Nicholas (6 December), by which it appears that this custom-regulated by the Use of Sarum-was sanctioned by the founder in his lifetime. Of old, too, the President used to wash the feet of seven choristers on Maundy Thursday (Bloxam, vol. i. pp. vi, vii). But one time-honoured and popular relic of the past yet survives: the custom of singing on the great tower (the building of which a venerable but untrustworthy tradition has ascribed to Wolsey) at five o'clock in the morning of May Day, the festival of SS. Philip and James: Do you remember how, upon May-morning, We climbed the tower?-first the broad wooden flights, And then the spiral steps; and last the ladder That led us out into the welcome air? The origin of this rite is veiled in obscurity. It has been asserted that it represents a former custom of saying an annual requiem mass for Henry VII. on the top of the tower. That mass was ever said there is extremely unlikely; and the hymn now sung ("Te Deum Patrem colimus," &c.) is not part of the service of the requiem mass according to any use. In fact, the so-called "sweet Latin hymn for Henry's soul" was written in the seventeenth century by the non-juring Dr.. Thomas Smith, sometime master of M.C.S., and set to the music to which it is still sung, as part of the College "grace," by Benjamin Rogers, organist 1664-86. It is true, however, that the annual "obit" of Henry VII., who died 21 April, originally fixed for 2 or 3 October, has been held on 1 May certainly since the early part of the sixteenth century. But originally the ceremony upon the tower appears to have been of a purely secular nature. Anthony Wood says: "The choral ministers of this house do, according to an ancient custom, salute Flora every year on the first of May at four in the morning with vocal music of several parts." And in the middle of the eighteenth century the performance was a merry concert of both vocal and instrumental music, consisting of several merry ketches, and lasting almost two hours (Wilson, p. 50; Wood's Colleges and Halls,' p. 350; John Pointer's 'Oxoniensis Academia, pp. 66, 68). Since 1849 the choristers have been boarded at the expense of the College in the master's house. 66 " In 1515 Richard Foxe, third bishop after Waynflete of the richest see in England,. founded in Oxford Corpus Christi-the college of the Renaissance. Educated, in alb : divine, was either clerk or chorister of C.C.C. in 1626 ('D.N.B.,' xvii. 141). In 1685 Charles Manwaring Fullman and in 1687 William Manwaring Fullman were choristers of C.C.C. They were sons of the antiquary William Fulman noticed later. A. R. BAYLEY. St. Margaret's, Malvern. (To be continued.) probability, at Magdalen-of which College, (D.N.B.,' lviii. 360). Wood thinks ('Athenæ," according to Wood, he was a benefactor-iv.) that Richard Eedes, the Presbyterian Foxe was in early life (17-22 Edward IV.), as Mr. A. F. Leach has demonstrated, master of the ancient Grammar School of Stratford-onAvon, afterwards refounded by Edward VI. (vide Holy Ghost Gild Book, f. cvii). In later life he held with distinction the office of Lord Privy Seal under Henry VII. and Henry VIII. In his statutes he ordains that the two choristers at C.C.C. are to be taught grammar and instructed in good authors, either within his College or at M.C.S. These THE DUKE'S BAGNIO IN LONG ACRE. two choristers were, at first, probably seldom AT the sale of Mr. Julian Marshall's enmatriculated in process of time their specific gravings a print was included of an interest functions ceased, and they became simply and extreme rarity entitling it to a mention ordinary students (Dr. T. Fowler's 'History in the columns of N. & Q. It must be of C.C.C.,' 1893, pp. 48, 429, 430). An examina- classed among the shopbills or handbills of tion of the list of these C.C.C. choristers sug- the period. The upper portion is occupied by gests certain names as those of possible an engraving 65 in. by 5 in. in height, illusstudents at M.C.S. In 1552, for example, trating, in section, a building consisting of one Roach is found, his name being written a semicircular dome supported on seven "Roche" in a catalogue of the same year of columns. The dome is perforated by a numthose resident in College, wherein he comes ber of circular openings; on the chequered twenty-third among the subgraduati (Boase's floor appears a circular bath, apparently some 'Register of Oxford University,' pp. xxii, 10 ft. in diameter, on the raised edge of which 240). He is, unless I mistake, the Walter are seated two female figures, the upper part Roche who matriculated at C.C.C. on 16 Feb., of whose bodies is nude. while the lower 1554/5 (from Lancast., says Boase); was extremities are clothed. The height of the Devon Scholaris or Probationary Fellow 1558; building is stated to be 40 ft., length 32 ft., and B.A. 1559. He, like his founder, became breadth 28 ft. Above this is a representation master of the Stratford-on-Avon Grammar of the royal arms, and at each side appears School in 1570, and was succeeded in 1577 the cipher J. R., under which are the words by Thomas Hunt. But he, apparently, con- "The King's Bagnio." Then follows lettertinued to live in that town; for, moving press as under :into a house in Chapel Street in 1582, he replaced the tiles with old-fashioned thatch (Sidney Lee's Stratford-on-Avon,' p. 131). In all probability during his years of teaching there he had among his pupils a small boy named William Shakespeare. It is, at least, certain that Shakespeare had studied to some purpose his Lily's Latin grammar-a book familiar to Magdalen men (cf. Love's Labour's Lost,' IV. ii., V. i.; 'Shrew,' III. i.; 'Merry Wives,' IV. i.; J. Churton Collins's Studies in Shakespeare,' pp. 12, 14; S. Lee's Life of Shakespeare, p. 12; Stratford,' p. 176). In 1604 we find the name of Francis Garbrand-doubtless akin to the Thomas mentioned later, several of whose family were at Magdalen. About the year 1609, or earlier, occurs the name of Tobias Giles, perhaps a relative of Nathaniel the composer, sometime a Magdalen chorister. In 1648 Nathaniel Vincent, aged ten, was appointed chorister of C.C.C. by the Parliamentary visitors. He became an eminent Nonconformist divine, and, as such, enjoyed the rare honour of being praised by Anthony Wood the King's Most Excellent Majesty; from His late Upon the great Encouragement I received from Majesty of Ever Blessed Memory; from the Nobility and Gentry, and from many Eminent Physicians and others of great Learning and Travell, 1 erected a Bagnio in Long-Acre, known by the Name of the King's-Bagnio; and by His Majesty, the Nobility and Gentry highly Approved. And by Experience of Thousands, found to be of great Use and Benefit for all Man-kind; not only to such as are in perfect Health, to continue it and prevent Distempers: but of wonderful and sure Relief, to all Aged, Weak, and Consumptive Persons of both sex, and to all in General, who are afflicted with any Chronical Diseases; Bed-rid persons, and such as by Rheumatisms, Ach, &c., have had no Use of their Limbs, have been Restored to admiration. Now for that, the constant price hath hitherto been Five Shillings and Sixpence. That now, all manner of persons may receive so great a Benefit with less Charge, I have thought it, notwithstanding the great Expense of Building, and daily Charge attending it, to retrench the Prizes, and do hereby declare, that from, and after the Date hereof, That if two come together in Company, they shall pay but Eight Shillings; if Person comes three times in 14 Days, he shall have three, but Eleven Shillings; that if one single the like Advantage. Tuesdays and Fridays for Women, and the other Days for Men. From the King's-Bagnio, March 25, 1686. Sir William Jennens, Kt, Sworn Servant to His Majesty for the Bagnio. I have called this the Duke's, and not the King's Bagnio because the former was its original designation, as is proved by a silver admission ticket, likewise of extreme rarity, also in my possession. It is that mentioned on p. 538 of vol. i. of 'Medallic Illustrations (London, 1885), and is thus described : "View of an oval vapour bath supported upon columns, a person undergoing the shampooing process. Leg. THE DVKES BAGNIO IN LONG ACRE: TVESDAY. FRYDAY. WOMEN. Rev. J. D. Y. [James, Duke of York] in cypher, crowned, upon brass let into the centre of a silver medal; around, the Garter. Size 1.1." The representation of the building on the ticket exactly corresponds in all important particulars to that in the engraving. It is thus quite clear that the Bagnio was erected for James, Duke of York, and that its name was changed to The King's Bagnio" on his accession. The Medallic Illustrations' gives a conjectural date of 1667 for the ticket, which I should think too early. Cunning ham says the Bagnio was built about 1676, and rebuilt and enlarged in 1694. Lord Mohun left this Bagnio in a hackney coach to fight his famous duel in Hyde Park with the Duke of Hamilton. The Bagnio in Newgate Street was first opened in 1679. I should be much obliged by other references to the history of the building which forms the subject of the present note. J. ELIOT HODGKIN. BURTON'S ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY.' (See 9th S. xi. 181, 222, 263, 322, 441; xii. 2, 62, 162, 301, 362, 442; 10th S. i. 42, 163, 203, 282; ii. 124, 223, 442; iii. 203.) Vol. I. (Shilleto), p. 5; sig. (§ 3) recto (ed. 6), •Democritus Junior ad Librum suum.'" For points of connexion in these lines with Palingenius and Ovid, see 9th S. xii. 362. In two places Burton has borrowed from Gerbelius ("that good old man," as he calls him elsewhere, ii. 104; 281, II. ii. iv.). See the twenty elegiac lines headed 'Nicolaus Gerbelius Græciæ suæ Vale,' and opening "Viue, uale fœlix mea Græcia," printed on the title-page of G.'s 'Pro Declaratione Picturæ siue Descriptionis Græciæ Sophiani, Libri Septem.' L. 3 begins in precisely the same way as Burton's 5(I blandas inter Charites "), while "Da veniam Authori, dices" in B.'s 35 is very near to "D. u. A. dicas” (1. 7 in G.). With Burton's "te reverenter habeto " (15), compare "Hos reverenter adi" (Paling. xii. 570). The combination of reverenter and habere is probably due to Ausonius's "Fortunam reverenter habe" (epigr. ii. 7, Peiper ;. Vulg. viii. 7), which is quoted more than once "f. r. h., if fortunate and rich," and vol. ii. in the Anatomy' (vol. i. 439; 178, I. ii. v. v., 236; 360, II. iii. vii.). Cf. Johnson's remark (Boswell, 10 April, 1778), "No, sir, Garrick fortunam reverenter habet." P. 11, 1. 26; 1, 1. 27, "Copernicus." Cf. ii. 60; 253, II. ii. iii.: "Howsoever, it [the earth's motion] is revived since by Copernicus, not as a truth, but a supposition, as he Confesseth himself in the Preface to Pope Nicholas." See sign. (***) 3 in the 1617 ed. of C.'s Astronomia Instaurata, Libris sex comprehensa, qui de Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium inscribuntur,' &c., about threefourths through his Præfatio, which is addressed to Pope Paul III. (Alexander Farnese, 1534-49). See also lib. i. cap. v. and cap. xi. of the same work. "Pope Nicholas " is a curious error. C.'s preface is entitled (ed. 1617) Ad Sanctissimum Dominum Paulum III. Pontificem Maximum, Nicolai Copernici Præfatio,' &c. The 1617 ed. was edited and annotated by Nicolaus Mulerius, while the author's preface was preceded by an epistle from Nicolaus Schonbergius Cardinalis Capuanus to Nicolaus Copernicus. No wonder that Nicholas supplanted Paul! "Brunus." See, e.g., De Innumerabilibus, Immenso, & Infigurabili, seu De Uniuerso & Mundis,' lib. i. cap. 4, cap. 11, 1. 51, "Mundorum innumeri numeri quos margine nulla im- mane capit_spacium"; lib. vi. cap. 1, &c. Presumably Burton had heard of Bruno's disputations on the Copernican system during his visits to Oxford a few years before his own matriculation. P. 13, n. 1; 2, n. q, "Sabellicus exempl. lib. 10." The title of S.'s book is Marci Antonii Coccii Sabellici Exemplorum Libri Decem.' Shilleto's ed., by inserting a comma before "lib.," gives the erroneous impression that Burton is referring to book 10. passage is in lib. ii. cap. 1 ('De Contemptu Divitiarum') :— The "Democritus, qui non modo cætera aspernatus, sed luminibus etiam se privavit, ut intentius omnia contemplaretur, dignus sane qui plus unus viderit, quam universa Græcia." In the next section ('De Anaxagora') occur the words "sublimi vir ingenio," which Burton here transfers to the account of Democritus. P. 13, 1. 4; 2, 29, "Nihil......scripsit." Sabell. Ex. II. 1 : "Nihil est in toto, opificio naturæ de quo (ut præclare de eo scribitur) non fuerit illi curæ scribere." " P. 17, 1. 17; 5, 13, "tum maxime cum novitas excitat palatum.' See Alciatus's Epist. to Paulus Jovius at the beginning of the Paris (1553) ed. of vol. i. of the latter's Historiæ sui Temporis,' "Scis quam auidus sim librorum helluo, & tum maxime quum nouitas excitat palatum." ་ P. 17, ll. 18-21; 5, ll. 14-17, “ Many men... lie down." Since giving (9th S. xii. 363) the exact references in Gellius (mod. texts), Pliny, and Seneca I have made the interesting discovery that Burton was indebted for the whole of this passage to Justus Baronius's "Præscriptiones adversus Hæreticos.' See the preface Ad Lectorem': "Avlvs Gellius coronidem Noctibus suis Atticis impositurus, multos ait, in insigniendis libris miras sequi inscriptionum festiuitates. Et C. Plinius plerosque inquit ita in hac pompa excellere, ut multos ad vadimonium deserendum compellant: seu ut Senecæ uerbis utar, patri obstetricem parturienti filiæ accersenti moram iniicere possint.”—Sig. (b) 2, recto, 2nd ed., 1605. Burton's marginal references in Gellius and Pliny are taken from Baronius's margin. Baronius omitted the number of Seneca's epistle; so, naturally, does Burton. The latter's statement that Pliny "quotes out of Seneca " is due to a misunderstanding of his original. This is an instructive example. I may add that I have marked very many passages (chiefly in the case of verse quotations) in which Burton undoubtedly drew from secondary sources. P. 17, 1. 23; 5, 18, Anthonie Zara......in four sections, members, subsections,' Zara's Anatomia Ingeniorum' is divided into four sectiones, each containing from eight to eighteen membra, while each sectio opens with a separate caput unicum. P. 18, 1. 16, and n. 12; 5, 38, and n. a, "Thucydides......Qui novit......nesciret." This is Valla's translation (1513), with exprimit instead of explicat. .6 P. 18, 1. 20, and n. 22; 6, 1. 1 and n. f, "Felix Plater......O[b]servat. 1. i." Cap. In Mentis Alienatione Observationes,' Sect. Animi perturbatione, ex imaginatione læsa,' &c., over one-seventh through lib. i. It was only a single frog (not, as Burton, "frogs") that the patient imagined to be living inside him. He had "studied physick seven years to some purpose, graduating as doctor of medicine at Basel cum laude." Plater's account of the case is good reading. The headstrong delusion, after surviving most heroic purges, yielded at last to arguments drawn from the natural history of reptiles. Burton refers again to this "most memorable example," i. 474; 200, I. iii. ii. ii. P. 19, 1. 14; 6, 12, “ Experto crede Roberto." To the note at 9th S. xi. 441 may be added that this proverbial phrase is found in several of the books which Burton used. See Nevizanus, 'Sylva Nuptialis,' iv. 92, 1. 35 of the verses; Mizaldus, Cent. iii. 59, which ends, 'Experto, ut dicunt, crede Roberto." This section of Mizaldus is quoted in Wecker, 'De Secretis,' lib. v. cap. 4. P. 19, n. 9; 6, n. 1, “Iliada post Homerum.” Burton has utilized Justus Baronius on the previous page (ed. 6), and cites him by name on the present. So it is at least extremely probable that the proverb was suggested by its occurrence in cap. i. (p. 5) of Baronius's 'Pro Præscriptionibus suis adversus Iohan. Rainoldum Anglo Calvinianum Vindiciae,' printed at the end of the 1605 ed. of his Prescriptiones': "Accessit altera ratio quod non solum ea causa, de qua nobis litem moues, ad nauseam a diuersis ita tractata ac pertractata est, ut si quid amplius de ea commentari aggrederer, Iliada post Homerum scribere, atque otio literisque turpiter abuti viderer." Burton's next quotation from Baronius is within three pages of this in the 'Vindicia.' EDWARD BENSLY. Via Lombardia, Rome. (To be continued.) THE BIRTHDAY OF GEORGE III.-The fol lowing contribution to The Times of a wellknown correspondent of 'N. & Q.' opens out an interesting point : College, on Saturday, there have been many references to June 4 as the birthday of King George III., and the ode of the Poet Laureate of 1805, which was reprinted in your columns, shows, of course, that at that time June 4 was regarded, as it still is, SIR,-In the accounts of the celebration at Eton as the anniversary of his Majesty's birth. I should like your permission to point out what does not appear to be generally known-namely, that the King was actually born, not on June 4, whatever books of reference may say on the point, but on the same day as Queen Victoria, May 24. the actual date is placed beyond doubt by the quaintly worded official record in the London Gazette of Friday, May 26, 1738 :-"On Wednesday last, at Half an Hour past seven in the Morning, Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales was christened by the name of George, which was occasafely delivered of a Prince, who was immediately sioned by some dangerous Symptoms that appeared at first, though they are now happily over, and the Princess likewise is in a very good way.' tween the actual and assigned date of the birthday One can only account for the discrepancy beby supposing that when the Gregorian Calendar took the place of the Julian the famous 66 eleven days" were added to the real birthday of the |