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NOTES:-Jubilee or Jubile, 21-Dialectic Words - New "Abbotsford Edition," 22-Letter of Burns-Pitt's Last Words, 23-Mark Twain-"Two blades of grass "-' Barnaby Rudge'-Warda Fori-Bell at Malvern-Origin of Barnard's Inn, 24-Death of Art Mac Murrough-Caxton's 'Game of Chesse'-"I'm a Dutchman "-Admiral Byng, 25-"The cockles of the heart"-Blind-house-Loftie's History of London '-Mediæval Use of Word "Missal," 26. QUERIES:-Busby-Brindley, Foley, and Jackson-Picture of Conference-Symbolic Use of Candles-Wilson-Fry, 27 -July-Knighting Eldest Sons-Name of Author Wanted -King George of Greece-Rebuilding St. Paul's-Majesty "Forty Royalist Officers"-Henry Fox-" Mazarine Bible" -Statute Fairs-Comic Solar Myths-Sir John Vanbrugh, 28-Boot-tops-Relative Value of Prices-Sir Michael Foster -Authors Wanted, 29. REPLIES:- Greater Gods of Olympus,' 29-Murdrières, 30 -Herbert, Earl of Pembroke-Assassination of Spencer Perceval. 31-Who was Robin Hood?-"Twopenny damn," 32-Animated Horsehairs - Proclamations at InquestsCromwell, 33-Epitaph - Descendant of Grotius-Three Hundred Pounds & Year, 34-Lundy's Lane-Inn SignsMartin-Ecce 35-Italian Book- The Owl Critic B. S. Turner Standards of the British Regiments Richard -Original Portrait of Shakespeare-Correction of Servants, 36-Women in Red Cloaks-Longfellow-Sir Hugh Myddelton, 37-Lieut.-General Middleton-" A sleeveless errand " -Tea-Caddy, 38-Curious Epitaph, 39. NOTES ON BOOKS:-Thorold Rogers's 'First Nine Years of the Bank of England'-Hazlitt's 'Gleanings in Garden Literature.' Notices to Correspondents, &c. Notes. JUBILEE OR JUBILE. Whilst at this auspicious period of rejoicing the word jubilee is in every one's mouth, it may not be without interest to call attention to a few points connected with it, as to its orthography, derivation, signification, and application. First, as to the orthography. In the current English literature it appears always, or almost always, as Jubilee. This is taken, but incorrectly, from the Authorized Version of Leviticus xxv. 9, &c., "Then shalt thou cause the trumpet of the jubile to sound." The single e of the termination is preserved throughout, and is also continued in the Revised Version; but in almost all the imprints except those of the Queen's printer, it will be found as Jubilee. It is so given in the text of Dr. Adam Clarke's 'Commentary' (edit. 1836) and in Thos. Scott's Bible (edit. 1850). The English versions from Coverdale onwards present no fewer than six variations. Coverdale's first edition (1535) has iubilye; Matthew's (1537), jubelye; Cranmer (1549), iubely (1566), iubelye; Taverner (1549), indiscriminately iubelie, Jubely, iubelye; Bishops' Bible, in thetwo beautiful blackletter folio editions of 1572 and 1585, jubilee; Barker's ("Breeches," 1610), jubile; Authorized (1611), jubile. These all follow the Vulgate jubileus, modified into French jubile, and altered ad libitum by our early translators. The word was not entirely strange in English, being employed by Chaucer in the 'Sompnoure's Tale,' v. 7444 :They may now, God be thanked of his lone, Maken hir jubilee and walke alone. The word does not occur in Shakespeare. The derivation of the word is far from clear, and has given rise to considerable difference of opinion amongst Biblical scholars. The Hebrew roots being triconsonantal, when written without the vowel-points the meaning is frequently doubtful. Thus יבל, --, or j-b-l, may be either jobel, interpreted by Gesenius, Ewald, and De Wette as the trumpet, or the sound of the trump, or jabal, "undavit, impetu fluxit," according to Kranold. According to another ancient interpretation, the radical signifies to emit, liberate, and abstractly, freedom, liberty. This is the view taken by Josephus and adopted by the LXX., who translate Lev. xxv. 11, ̓Αφέσεως σημασία αὕτη τὸ ετος τὸ πεντηκοστὸν ἐνιαυτὸς εσται ὑμῖν, " A sign of restitution shall that fiftieth year be unto you." The Rabbins maintain that the word points out rams' horns, which are supposed to have been employed on the occasion. Bochart doubts whether rams' horns were ever employed as trumpets, and thinks that the horns spoken of may have been the horns of oxen, or brazen trumpets in the shape of horns. However this may be, there can be no doubt of the references to the Jewish feast at the end of seven times seven years, and the social arrangements and restitutions arising therefrom. There are two leading lines of interpretation, which start from different ideas, but are not incapable of reconciliation. The one is that of restitution, adopted by the LXX. and endorsed by Josephus. The other is that of a festival and rejoicing, the term applying rather to the accessories than to the work performed. The Eastern interpreters appear to have laid most stress on the former, but the Latin Church has consistently adhered to the latter. The Jubileus of the Vulgate claimed affinity with jubilo, jubilatio, jubilans, existing terms of joy in the Latin language. A Bull of Pope Boniface VIII. in A.D. 1300 established the plenary indulgence of the Jubilee year, first at intervals of a hundred, and subsequently of fifty years, and hence the joyful associations usually connected with the idea of a jubilee. This view of the jubilee runs through all the versions of the Latin races, and has quite superseded in the popular view the restitutive idea of the LXX. In the other European languages some adopt the Hebrew word untranslated, as in Danish, "Thi det er et Jubelaar, det skal være eder en Hellighed." "For it is the jubilee, it shall be holy unto you." Others translate it into the vernacular, as the Swedish of the same passage," Forty klangaret skall waraheligt ihland eder." Luther combines both ideas in his version. In Lev. xxv. 10, he translates jobel by "erlassjahr," the year of redemption, but elsewhere he adopts halljahr, the year of the or rejoicing. Our English version renders a portion of this passage differently from any other translation. In the early English Bibles, Coverdale, Matthew, Cranmer, and Taverner, verse 9 makes no reference to Jubilee. It stands thus, "And thou shalt make a trompe blow on the tenth daye of the seventh month." In the Bishops' Bible of 1572 it reads, "And thou shalt cause to blowe the trumpet of the Jubilee in the tenth day of the seventh month." There is a marginal note to Jubilee, "It was so called because the joyful tidings of libertie was publikely proclaimed by the sound of a trumpet." Our modern pronunciation is entirely out of accord with the ancient. It will be seen above that in our early English versions the initial letter is i, representing the Hebrew yod. This marks a transition taking place in the pronunciation of j, which, being merely an initial i or y, was intermingled in the old dictionaries with the vowel i. It is not easy to determine the precise period when the semivowel j, with the sound of initial y, hardened into the palatal j. In Italian a change in the spelling took place. Lat. justus, jubilæus, became giusto, giubeleo. In English we contented ourselves with altering the they should find a place in 'N. & Q.' in any case, as they will then be ready at hand for workers on the dialect dictionary which we all hope some day to see. Brimming." In the North of England, when the earth turns up with a mellow and crumbly appearance, and smoaks, the farmers say the earth is brimming (vol. i. p. 1 i. p. 157). Mother-stone.-"The stone, called, in Hertfordshire, mother-stone, a concretion of many small blue pebbles" (vol. i. p. 506). Cow-gate." I scarcely ever knew a cow-gate given up for want of ability to obtain a cow" (vol. ii. p. 126). Foal (coal-pit term).-" When they [boys] reach the age of ten or twelve years, a more laborious station is allotted to them. They then become what are termed lads or foals; supplying the inferior place at a machine called a tram" (vol. ii. p. 158). Fashions.-"He applied to Squire Fairfax, and told him, that if he would let him have a little bit of ground by the road side 'he would show him the fashions on it" (vol. ii. p. 309). Crombe." As soon as a sufficient quantity [of weeds] are collected on the dam, they are drawn out by crombes, forks, &c." (vol. ii. p. 351). Flag." The dibbler, who walks backwards, and turning the dibbles partly round.......makes two holes on each flag, at the distance of three inches the length way of the flag" (vol. ii. p. 355). Shim." In the isle of Thanet they are particularly attentive to clean their bean and pea stubbles before they plough...... For this purpose they have invented an instrument called a shim" (vol. iii. p. 131). Fell-Monger's Poake.-"This manure has, for ten years past, been used upon the stiff grounds in the counties of Surrey and Kent" (vol. iii. p. 138). Rowen.-"The grass of the preceding hay crop, or or August, without suffering any animal to enter it, is in Suffolk called old Rowen" (vol. iii. p. 151). pasturage, kept from July pronunciation, which, however, gave rise to some inconviences. Hallelujah is a poser to many rustic musical amateurs. I suppose, however, that we shall never get back to the Hebrew yobel or the old English iubely. The connexion of Hebrew jobel with similar words in the Aryan tongues is a curious subject of inquiry. Gesenius compares it with Lat. ejulare; Swed. iolen, jal, jöbl, &c. Liddell and Scott carry the comparison to Greek ὀλολῦγη, ὀλολύζω, Lat. ululare, and again to Hebrew halal, to praise-hence Hallelu-jah. The connexion of Semitic and Aryan roots may appear problematical, but interjectional cries of joy or grief are common to all races. J. A. PICTON. Sandyknowe, Wavertree. Tipling." A mode of curing clover-hay" (vol. iii. p. 194). Dai or Dei.-"In Aberdeenshire denotes the person who has the superintendance of a dairy, whether that person be male or female" (vol. iii. p. 262). " Ooze.-" Near the coast [of Norfolk] great quantities of sea-weed, or ooze, are collected and used as manure (vol. iii. p. 559). Briser.-" In the month of September, a slight plough ing and preparation is given to the field, destined for beans and the ensuing year. In this country [Jersey) this work is called briser" (vol. iv. p. 321). Lyery." They (oxen) should be as little liable as possible to disease, or any hereditary distemper; as being lyery or black-fleshed, or having yellow fat and the like" (vol. iv. p. 351). Graves. "A farmer in Surrey used graves from the Tallow-Chandlers, with very great success on a sandy soil" (vol. vi. p. 229). Stubbing."[The Spanish chesnut] possesses a peculiar faculty of branching, provincially called stubbing, from the roots after being cut down" (vol. vi. p. 457). |