Carolostadius, on the subject of free will. He appeared at the diet of Augsburg in 1538, where he argued against the protestant confession; and in 1541 he disputed for three days with Melancthon and other divines at Worms, concerning the continuance of original sin after baptism. This conference, by the emperor's command, was adjourned to Ratisbon; where he dissented again from Plug and Gropper, with reference to the articles of union. He was the most conspicuous orator in all the public disputes which the Roman catholics had with the Lutherans and Zwinglians. He wrote a great many polemical tracts; and, among the rest, a Manual of Controversies, in which he discourses upon most of the heads contested between the papists and protestants. This book was printed at Ingoldstadt, in 1535. He wrote another tract against the articles proposed at the conference at Ratisbon, printed at Paris in 1543. He composed likewise two discourses upon the sacrifice of the mass; some other controversial pieces; an exposition upon the prophet Haggai; and several homilies. Upon the whole, he was a person of uncommon parts, uncommon learning, and uncommon zeal; and to his perseverance in the cause of popery, the reformers were greatly indebted. He died at Ingoldstadt, in 1543, aged sixty years.1

ECLUSE (CHARLES), in Latin Clusius, an eminent botanist, was born at Arras, in French Flanders, on Feb. 19, 1526, and was educated at Ghent and Louvain, in the languages, jurisprudence, and medicine, in which last fa culty he took a degree, but without any view to practice. At the age of twenty-three he began his travels, and pursued in them all the study of botany, to which he was extremely partial. He visited England three times, and in all his journeys cultivated the acquaintance of the learned in his favourite science. He also not only collected and described a number of new plants, but made drawings of several with his own hand. In 1573 he was invited to Vienna, by the emperor Maximilian II. with whom, as well as with his son, afterwards the emperor Rodolphus II. he was in great favour, and was honoured by the former with the rank of nobility. In 1593, the sixty-eighth year of his age, he was chosen professor of botany at Leyden, where he resided in great reputation

1 Mosheim; and particularly Milner's Church Hist: vol. IV. p. 377.—Moreri.

till his death, April 4, 1609. At his funeral, in St. Mary's church, Leyden, a Latin oration in his praise was delivered by the rector of the university. With respect to bodily health, Ecluse was unfortunate beyond the usual lot of humanity. In his youth he was afflicted with dangerous fevers, and afterwards with a dropsy. He broke his right arm and leg by a fall from his horse in Spain, and dislocated, as well as fractured his left aukle at Vienna. In his sixty-third year he dislocated his right thigh, which, being at first neglected, could never afterwards be reduced, and he became totally unable to walk. Calculous disorders, in consequence of his sedentary life, accompanied with colic and a hernia, close the catalogue of his afflictions. Yet his cheerful temper and ardour for science never forsook him, nor did any man ever enjoy more respect and esteem from those who knew him.

Although not like his great contemporary, Conrad Gesner, a systematic genius, Ecluse was one of the best practical botanists. He discriminated plants very happily, and his histories of them are rendered interesting by innumerable remarks and anecdotes. He introduced the cherry-' laurel and horse-chesnut, now so common and so ornamental, which he received, among many other plants, from the Imperial ambassador at the Porte, in 1576. As all the rest of the cargo perished, it is but just that his memory should be perpetuated along with those two beautiful trees, with which all botanists of taste ought for ever to associate his name.

The principal publications of Ecluse are, 1. " Rariorum aliquot Stirpium per Hispanias observatarum Historia," Antwerp, 1576, 8vo, with above 220 wooden cuts, admirably executed. 2. Rariorum aliquot Stirpium per Pannoniam, Austriam, et vicinas quasdam Provincias observatarum Historia," Antwerp, 1583, 8vo, with above 350 wooden cuts. 3. The foregoing were republished with the title of " Rariorum Plantarum Historia," in folio, at Antwerp, in 1601. This is the edition in common use, and most generally quoted. 4. "Exoticorum Libri decem," Antwerp, 1605, folio, with numerous cuts of animals, exotic fruits, and gums. 5. "Cura Posteriores," Antwerp, 1611, folio. This posthumous work is generally bound with the last. It consists of a few excellent figures and descriptions of rare plants. The funeral oration of Ecluse, with various poetical tributes to his memory, are

commonly annexed to this volume, and among them, a short account of his life, from Boissard's "Portraits of Illustrious Men." To this list may be added various translations and editions of other writers on Botany, or Materia Medica. A manuscript of Ecluse on fungi is said to exist in the library at Leyden.1

EDELINCK (GERARD)), an eminent engraver, was born at Antwerp in 1641, and there learnt the first elements of drawing and engraving; but it was in France that he made the full display of his talents, being invited thither by the munificence of Louis XIV. about 1665. He was made choice of to engrave two pieces of the highest reputation; the picture of the Holy Family, by Raphael, and that of Alexander in the Tent of Darius, by Le Brun. Edelinck surpassed expectation in the execution of these masterpieces; and the copies were as much applauded as the originals. It is impossible not to admire in them, as in all his other product ons, a neatness of touch, a plumpness, and a shade that are inimitable. The ease and assiduity with which he worked procured the public a great number of estimable pieces. He succeeded equally well in the portraits of the most famous personages of his time, among whom he might reckon himself. This excellent artist died in 1707, at the age of sixty-six, in the hotel royal of the Gobelins, where he had apartments, with the title of engraver in ordinary to the king, and counsellor in the royal academy of painting. In the list of his plates may be noticed that of Mary Magdalen renouncing the vanities of the world, from a painting by Le Brun, remarkable for the beauty of the work, and the delicacy of the expression. He had a son and a brother, both engravers, briefly noticed by Mr. Strutt, but inferior in reputation."

EDEMA (GERARD), a Dutch painter, thought to be a native of Friesland, painted landscapes justly held in great esteem. He went over to Surinam, for the purpose of drawing insects and plants; this department, however, appearing to him too confined, he quitted it for the taking of views, drawing trees, &c. He then went to the English colonies in America, where he applied to all manner of subjects; and painted several pictures which he brought with him to London about 1670. Whatever he put out of his

1 Moreri.-Haller. But principally from Rees's Cyclopædia. Dict. Hist.-Strutt.

His

hand, was well coloured, and finished with spirit. pictures found a quick reception here in England, as representing prospects of a continent in which the public was so highly interested. Edema took his advantage of this taste for his works, and became famous for painting landscapes, in which he exhibited a variety of scenes of horror, such as rocks, mountains, precipices, cataracts, and other marks of savage nature. He would have died more wealthy, and perhaps would have lived longer, had he not been too fond of wine. He died about 1700.1

EDGEWORTH (ROGER), residentiary and chancellor of Wells, was born at Holt-castle, on the borders of Wales. He went to Oxford about 1503, took a degree in arts in 1507, and the year after was elected feilow of Oriel-college, on the foundation of bishop Smyth, being the first elected to that fellowship, and was himself a benefactor to this college at the time of his death. Afterwards he took orders, and was reputed a noted preacher in the university and elsewhere. In 1519 he was admitted to the reading of the sentences, and was promoted afterwards to be canop of Salisbury, Wells, and Bristol, and residentiary, and in 1554 chancellor of Wells. He was also vicar of St. Cuthbert's church, in Wells, to which he was admitted Oct. 3, 1543. During the commencement of the reformation in the reigns of Henry VIII. and Edward VI. he behaved with singular moderation; but when queen Mary succeeded, he threw off the mask, and appeared what he really was, a violent Roman catholic. He died in the beginning of 1560, and was buried in the cathedral of Wells. He published a volume of "Sermons fruitful, godly, and learned," Lond. 1557, 4to, or according to Herbert, 8vo. He wrote also, which may be seen among the records to Burnet's History of the Reformation, "Resolutions concerning the Sacraments," and "Resolutions of some questions relating to bishops and priests, and of other matters tending to the reformation of the church made by king Henry VIII."2

EDMER. See EADMER.

EDMONDES, EDMONDS, or EDMUNDS, (SIR THOMAS), knt. memorable for his embassies at several courts, was born at Plymouth, in Devonshire, about 1563. He

1 Pilkington.-Walpole's Anecdotes.-Descamps, vol. IV. 2 Ath, Ox. new edit. 1813.-Strype's Cranmer, p. 77.,

was the fifth and youngest son of Thomas Edmondes, head customer of that port, and of Fowey, in Cornwall, by Joan his wife, daughter of Antony Delabare, of Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, esq. who was third son of Henry Edmondes, of New Sarum, gent. by Juliana his wife, daughter of William Brandon, of the same place. Where he had his education is not known. But we are informed that he was introduced to court by his name-sake, sir Thomas Edmonds, comptroller of the queen's household; and, being initiated into public business under that most accomplished statesman, sir Francis Walsingham, secretary of state, he was, undoubtedly through his recommendation, employed by queen Elizabeth in several embassies. In 1592, she appointed him her resident at the court of France, or rather agent for her affairs in relation to king Henry IV. with a salary of twenty shillings a day, a sum so ill paid, and so insufficient, that we find him complaining to the lord treasurer, in a letter dated 1593, of the greatest pecuniary distress. The queen, however, in May 1596, made him a grant of the office of secretary to her majesty for the French tongue, "in consideration of his faithful and acceptable service heretofore done." Towards the end of that year he returned to England, when sir Anthony Mildmay was sent ambassador to king Henry; but he went back again to France in the beginning of May following, and in less than a month returned to London. In October, 1597, he was dispatched again as agent for her majesty to the king of France; and returned to England about the beginning of May 1598, where his stay was extremely short, for he was at Paris in the July following. But, upon sir Henry Neville being appointed ambassador to the French court, he was recalled, to his great satisfaction, and arrived at London in June 1599. Sir Henry Neville gave him a very great character, and recommended him to the queen in the strongest terms. About December the 26th of that year, he was sent to archduke Albert, governor of the Netherlands, with a letter of credence, and instructions to treat of a peace. The archduke received him with great respect; but not being willing to send commissioners to England, as the queen desired, Mr. Edmondes went to Paris, and,, having obtained of king Henry IV. Boulogne for the place of treaty, he returned to England, and arrived at court on Sunday morning, February 17. The 11th of March fol