cessent pas de mentionner." It would seem more natural to suppose that a 'torrent' or canal at high Nile, 40 cubits broad, traversed the narrow strip of desert from Hebennu (Phoenix), dying into the burning sands of the desert, to live in the Reian (Pharaoh) Basin beyond. The existence of this is plainly indicated. 66 HO @ mar, mu âmenti maru, est de parfait accord avec 100 l'eau occidentale du pays du lac, et avec n't mar, mar dans ce côté de l'Egypte serait ཞུ་ 01 (Ib., p. 278.) donc un autre lac Maréotis dont la tradition n'a pas conservé les moindres traces de souvenir," followed necessarily from the fatal error in regard to the extent of Moris which he adopted from M. Linant through Dr. Lepsius. It seems therefore that in Pharaonic days the "Lake of the West" may have been connected with the Bahr Jusuf by a canal at this point. The present aliment of the palm-trees at the Deir Reian is perhaps a thread of water slowly filtering through the old channel. It should be one of the objects of any exploration to trace by sinking tubes (easily accomplished) the direction of the underground flow. Zoan-Memphis, the Palace of Pharoah (Ex. vii, et seq.). There may be—and I think are-many other texts which refer to Lake Moris, and which have been erroneously assigned to the north-eastern Delta. The acute perception of Jablonski was for once at fault when he said, "Castigandus est error Fl. Josephi, Lib. IV, de B.J. c. 9, § 7, accipientis de Memphi, cum tamen ipse alibi, Lib. I, A.J. c. 8, § 3 rectius intelligit Tanin." Had he observed that in the Antiquities (as in the LXX) a qualifying term is added, прò Тávidos tês Alyúπtov, while it is also stated, B.J. IV, 11, 5, how Titus “κατὰ πολίχνην τινὰ Τάνιν ἀυλίζεται,” he would have eagerly welcomed the explanation that as the δεύτερος σταθμός, Ηρακλέους πόλις, was Heracleopolis Parva, so the Tanis of the Delta where Titus passed the night was not a city of any great importance. The Tanis at the Memphite end of the Tanitic Branch of the Nile in the land of Mizraim-Egypt-Raamses is TANIS Magna. It was the royal suburb or quarter in which the Hyksos kings had probably reigned, the Tanis of the Pilgrim Antoninus, and the Zoan or Masr Antika of the R. Benjamin of Tudela. (See Proc. Am. Or. Soc. Balto., Oct. 29th, 1884, and authorities cited.) The oversight (or assumption) of Jablonski is the more to be regretted because he had nevertheless insisted that either Memphis or Heliopolis was the residence of Pharaoh (Diss. IV, p. 126, and § 5), and inter alia cited the Greek text of Judith i, 10: Εως τοῦ ἐλθεῖν ἐπάνω Τάνεως Kai Méupews"-(omitted in the Vulgate). His conclusion deserves to be given in his own words: "Quodsi jam omnia hæc rite expendimus et inter se comparamus, intelligemus facile, in Ægypto, ab omni tempore, hominibus hanc insedisse persuasionem, Israëlitas quidem habitasse in tractu Heracleopolitico, ibique, cum pecoribus pascendis, tum operibus magnificis et utilitatis admirandæ construendis, occupatos fuisse, dum interea reges Memphim, sedem suam, omni studio et industria exornarent, atque illic jus populis dicerent. Postremum hoc cumprimis, ex omnibus iis quæ attuli indiciis adeo certis colligitur, ut vix credam, fore quemquam, qui id in dubium vocare sustineat." He based his affirmation on the opinion given by St. Jerome: "Nonnulli Judæorum asserunt Gesen nunc Thebaidem vocari. Et id quod postea sequitur, 'Dediit iis ut possiderent Ægypti (al, in Aegypto) optimam terram in Ramesse,' PAGUM ARSINOITEM Sic olim vocatur autumant." (Lib. Heb. Q. in Gen. c. xlv, v. 28.) He concluded as follows: "Quo admisso, ruit profecto præcipuum contrariæ opinionis fulcrum, neque nobis posthac Tanis [San el-Hagar] esse caput Ægypti objici poterit." (Jablonski, Op. II, De Terra Gosen, Dis. VI, § viii. 667 Goshen-Fayoum. The admirable completeness of Semitic tradition in the Arabic Historians, from unknown antiquity and the Koran to Leo Africanus, had already led me to hold (Proc. Soc. Bib. Arch., June 5, 1883) that the Israelites "were employed on the great constructions from Gizeh to the island (Pyramids) in Moris." The arguments of Jablonski would have convinced me, had my own opinion not been formed before (September, 1884) I obtained a copy of his treatise. Like him, I had rejected the Tanitic residence of the Pharaohs from Joseph to Moses at San-el-Hagar, the Tanis of Herodotus and Strabo, from a confidence in the entire accuracy of the Greek, Latin, and Arabic enumeration of the seats of Imperial Power (Abd el-Atif, "Relation de l'Égypte," p. 184; Makrizi, p. 209; Maçoudi, "Les Prairies d'Or," p. 365, V. ii, chap. xxxi; Abulfeda, p. 31; (Michalis) [see n., p. 126]; Murtadi (Vattier), p. 107, et seq. and Leo Africanus, Lib. VIII). It seems clear that the Táns of Suidas: ὄνομα τύπου ἔνθα ἦσαν τοῦ Φαραὼ τὰ βασίλεια ; and Theodoret: Τάνις ειχε τοῦ Φαραὼ τὰ βασίλεια; ἐκεῖ δὲ τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις τὰς τιμωρίας ὁ μέγας éñýyaye Mwσis (Ps. lxxvii, 43) was the same royal palace whose geographical situation is fixed beyond dispute by the plague of locusts. "The mighty strong west wind, which took away the locusts and cast them into the Red Sea" (Ex. x, 19), was Notus (LXX), or (ie., Moipios = Moris), and blew across the Heracleopolite Nome from the Sea of the West (Pi-Tum or Horus) to the Sea of . No objection can be founded on the Ηρώων πόλιν of the LXX (Gen. xlvi, 28, 29; cf. Josephus), and the Targumists (xlvii, 11; cf. Pilgrim Antoninus). The dualism (or even pluralism) of names of places in Egypt is an unquestionable fact. ימה סוף,Suph A most interesting (but original) result of this identification of the Arsinoite Nome with the land of Goshen is the explanation then afforded by Manetho of the addition of the LXX: y Teσèμ ̓Αραβίας. Syncellus said : Ἰακὼβ δὲ κατελθὼν πρὸς τὸν Ἰωσὴφ εἰς Αἴγυπτον κατῴκησεν ἐν γῇ Γεσέμ, ἥτις ἐστὶν ἡ πρὸς τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ Αραβία. Satisfied that Aegyptus is commonly to be taken in the restricted sense of the Heptanomis-i.e., the northern part of Middle Egypt-the region ἡ πρὸς τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ 'Αραβία must be the Fayoum. Josephus accepted the statement of Manetho (Apion., i, 26), that the later occupants of Avaris were the Jews, and claimed that the compulsory exodus of the shepherds was in fact the voluntary exodus of the Israelites. Everything therefore which determines the position of Avaris is evidence for the situation of the land of Goshen in the opinion of the Alexandrine and Palestine Jews of the Christian Era. ""The king,' says Manetho (§ 26) got together... 80,000 men, whom he sent to those quarries which are on the east side of the Nile [Turra and Masoora], that they might work in them, and he separated them from the rest of the Egyptians'. . . after which he (Manetho) then writes verbatim: After those that were sent to work in the quarries had continued in that miserable state for a long while, the king was desired that he would set apart the city of Avaris, which was then left desolate of the shepherds, for their habitation and protection which desire he granted them. Now this city, according to the ancient theology, was Typhonian (rvþóvios). But when these men were gotten into it and found the place fit for a revolt, they appointed themselves a ruler out of the priests of Heliopolis, whose name was Osarsiph.... When he had made many laws contrary to the customs of the Egyptians, he gave orders that they should use the multitude of the hands they had in building walls about their city, and make themselves ready for a war with king Amenophis.... He sent ambassadors to those shepherds who had been driven out of the land by Tethmosis to the city [also] called Jerusalem.. and promised that he would in the first place bring them back to their ancient city and country Avaris : εἰς Αὔαριν τὴν προγονικὴν αὐτῶν πατρίδα, καὶ τὰ ἐπιτήδεια τοῖς ὄχλοις παρέξειν ἀφθύνως.”” The only strategic position sufficiently near to Egypt, and yet separated from it, is that oasis. El-Hun, Pa-Men, Ta-She, Phiom, Pithom, redeemed by a canal into the Wadi Reian (Edrisi), watered by the Bahr Jusuf, and with its impounding reservoir, the lake of Moris, the key to the Nile below Beni-Suef (Jusuf. Zoupis). It was peculiarly adapted to be 2, "the interior" (or palace) of the great natural enceinte, which has survived as the appellation of the (mediæval) dyke. Herodotus uses your rightly enough as describing the terra fossilis, the easily eroded and friable limestone in the Western Basins, but the germ of his tradition about the artificial removal of the earth seems to lie in the geological truth and the word 20т. Avapis then is Howara. The name survives where the Labyrinth has hitherto been placed, at the entrance of the Fayoum. The summer encampment (ἐνθάδε κατὰ θερειαν ἤρχετο) was called by the same name, in accordance with the dualism of Egyptian geographical nomenclature (Brugsch, Abulfeda, passim). Ἐπὶ δὲ βασιλεως, ᾧ ὄνομα εἶναι ̓Αλισφραγμόνθωσις, ἡττωμένους φησὶ τοὺς ποιμένας ὑπ ̓ ἀυτοῦ ἐκ μὲν τῆς ἄλλης Αἰγύπτου πάσης ἐκπεσεῖν, κατακλεισθῆναι δ' εις τόπον, ἀρουρῶν ἔχοντα μυρίων τὴν περίμετρον: Αὔαριν ὄνομα τῷ τόπῳ. Τοῦτον φησιν ὁ Μανεθὼν ἅπαντα τείχει τε μεγάλῳ καὶ ἰσχυρῷ περιβαλεῖν τοὺς ποιμένας; ὅπως τήν τε κτῆσιν ἅπασαν ἔχωσιν ἐν ὀχυρῷ καὶ τὴν λείαν τὴν ἑαυτῶν. Shut up in the Fayoum, on the land side protected by the Bahr Wardan and on the west by Moris, with the inexhaustible supplies of food furnished by the lake and the cultivation of the upper plateau; in easy communication with Syria across the Desert, (assuming that the figures are sufficiently accurate to describe the spot) even 480,000 men under Alisphragmouthosis might be compelled to parley with the besieged, and allow 420,000 souls to withdraw "from Egypt and go without any harm to be done to them whithersoever they would; and after this composition was made they went away with their whole families and effects, and took their journey from Egypt through the wilderness to Syria." Josephus, who undoubtedly confined all the events connected with the history of the Jews in Egypt (from Joseph to Moses) between Tel el-Yahoudeh and Beni-Suef, accepts this so far as to say: "These shepherds, as they are here called, who were no other than our forefathers, were delivered out of |