adventurous than that of Manasseh. It quitted the original Goshen, "the fair-abiding place in the Western region of the Lake," for the Bathen of Beni-Suef. Jacob, disregarding the annoyance of Joseph, said with historic truth: "I know it my son, I know it; Manasseh also shall become a people, and he also shall be great: howbeit his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his seed shall become a multitude of nations." Ephraim probably included, as at the present day, the oases as an indispensable adjunct to the pasturages of Beni-Suef, and the dual form deserves attention. The dream of Joseph, so cruelly misinterpreted by his father, was now fulfilled. The Sun and the Moon bowed down to him: Ra and Hathor acknowledged his beneficent power (Gen. i, 19, 20). The eleven stars made obeisance unto Eôvpis (see Steph. Thes, s. v. Zôvpis = Σwpis = Σώθις).

"Balbis," said the Arabian historian, "is called in the law of Moses, Jāshān, and is the place to which Jacob went down after he had presented himself to his son Joseph." The double nomenclature of Egypt, which gave to Arsinoe on the Heroonpolite Gulf (and to the Heroonpolite Gulf itself) the name of the important Prefecture of which it was the Ostium or Le Havre, compelled the Greek geographers to use Magna and Parva to distinguish Heracleopolis (M), Appollinopolis (M), Aphroditopolis (M), the parent city in the Nile Valley, from the oλix, subordinated to it by some channel of commerce. The land of Goshen, where the sons of Israel finally settled, was "in the midst of the land of Mizraim, and the royal palace of Pharaoh was at the entrance of the land of Mizraim." (See "The Targums on the Pentateuch," I, 477). When Joseph addressed Pharaoh (Gen. xlvii, 1) his brethren were a ya, in the Fayoum-Goshen. Their father was at On-Heliopolis-Zoan. The (ib. xlvii, 3) received the royal permission to present themselves at Court, as well as to dwell in any part of Mizraim, and the father and sons remained near Joseph, and received allowances from the Crown (Gen. xlvii, 11). With the completion of the vast system of irrigation, which the Wādi Reian enabled these Hyk-Sos to establish, the lands of the Arsinoïte Nome and the adjacent districts in the Nile Valley were increased in extent, and enhanced in value. The rose, the olive, the papyrus, and the vine seem to have been a monopoly of the Crown, as tobacco and salt in modern times. Commerce and manufacture were developed. Heavily laden ships.

,בארע גּשׁן

from the Phoenician coast anchored under the fortress of Men-Nofer, and were docked in the chief port of the Saïd near Gizeh, at the mouth of the Canal of Joseph.

Thus Herodotus said that the Egyptians told him that except the Thebaic canton (the Nile valley south of Aphroditopolis), all Egypt was a marsh; none of the land below Lake Moeris then showing itself (at high Nile) above the surface of the water. As the Dutch engineers altered the face of the Norfolk broads, the Hyk-Sos redeemed the Holland of the Nile. The Palace of Pharaoh was necessarily near the head of the Delta, where by "barrages" the government controlled the river and, through it, the inhabitants of the Delta. The Egyptian Memphis, the Greek Heliopolis, the Roman Babylon, and the Mahommedan Cairo are conclusive proofs that this district is the natural centre of administration.

BENJAMIN.

Benjamin is a wolf that ravineth.

In the morning he shall devour the prey.
And at even he shall divide the spoil.

Benjamin,, Beviaμiv, Bevaμeiv; and ", Jamini, is of uncertain etymology, and N, Bevov, Benoni, is an alternative name. It might almost be said that may indicate as

a third appellation BÈN.

בנימים,The Samaritan gives a fourth

is interpreted in the text of the Vulgate as "filius dextræ," and in the margin of the A. V. as son of the right hand, assumed to mean fortunate. But it is not. It was also the smallest tribe but one, and marched with the powerful ranks of Ephraim and Manasseh (Num. ii, 18–24). Its brief period of glory terminated with the suicide of Saul. The tribe was known as the Jeminites, i.e., people of Yemen; Southrons, (1 Sam. ix, 1; Esth. ii, 5), as if the name was, in the margin of the A.V. Son of Jemini, or son of a man of Jemini. Ο Σύρος καὶ ὁ Ἐβραῖος τὸν διαμεὶν ὕδωρ βούλονται λέγειν, ἀντὶ τοῦ, ἔυρε πηγὴν ἐν ἐρήμῳ· δι δὲ ἑρμηνεύσαντες αὐτήν πως τὴν λέξιν 'Eẞpaïκny Tebeikari (Schleusner, s.v.), citing Gen. xxxvi, 24, "ubi LXX et Theod., Tòv lapeìv, et Aqu. Toùs lapeip." Therefore we are required, if possible, to find an explanation for the use of Ben, Beniamin, Beniamim, Jamin, Jamim, Benoni, and the meanings, son, son of my right hand, son of days, fountain in the desert, son of On,

τὸν

or son of sorrow.

Further, we have apparently the unintelligible and inappropriate metaphor, of a wolf devouring in the morning and dividing the spoil at even.

SAUT, the ancient name of the town which the

Copts call CIOOT, the modern town of b, Assiout or 'Siut,

lies near the southern mouth of the Ibrahîmé Canal, which now feeds the Bahr Jūsuf. The point at which any lateral canal may receive the water of the Nile varies with the changes in the general system of irrigation. Streams of water in Africa alter their names as they traverse different districts, with the increase in the volume of water or modification of a distinctive characteristic. The Canal from 'Siut to Minieh might be known by either name, while its prolongation through Beni-Suef would become the canal of that province. In geographical inscriptions the canal of a town is named like its temple, but it does not follow on that account that this political division included a canal extending between two points on the Nile, with two embouchures, to receive and discharge its waters. There is an engineer attached to each considerable district of Egypt, but the Bahr Jusuf has usually had its own official, whose field of duty follows the canal from Assiout to the Birket el-Qerun, subject, nevertheless, to the claims of four other engineers who are responsible for the lateral systems. Assiout was the metropolis of the 13th nome of Upper Egypt, with the cult and armorial bearings of 4 Ânup, represented under the form of a jackal, and hence obtaining from the Greeks the name of Lycopolis or Lycônpolis Aukotoλirns £10 Ap-uatΝομός, Λυκωνπόλις. Its Egyptian name was

Qem'a, "he who opens the route to the South."

www

It is now the terminus of the Cairo railway, as well as the Fayoum Canal, which

so late as the thirteenth century carried boats with grain into the Khalig of Cairo (see for the hieroglyphs, Brugsch, Dict. Geog.

Mu-n-Honti,

p. 662). The region was also known as JJ Lycopolites (Brugsch, Dict. Geog., p. 618), and it contained a temple called Hat-Anup, "the dwelling-place of

the god Anubis." About half-way from 'Siut to Beni-Suef, in the province of Minieh, the canal reaches the important town of Behnesa, according to the Mohammedan tradition, a stronghold of the Ephraimites or Ephratimites. This town with the armorial bearings of the Phoenix, was known as Hebennu. A hieroglyphic

*

inscription had been found which described a canal (Tômi) of forty

cubits, which conveyed the water into

爷

mu âmenti n't mar, "the Western waters of the region of the lake," ୪ mu n't mar amenti, "the water of the

or

region of the Western lake." There is no lake of any kind for a hundred miles to the West of Behnesa, and Dr. Brugsch, therefore, said: "Le mar dans ce côté de l'Egypte serait donc un autre lac Maréotis dont la tradition classique n'a pas conservé les moindres traces de souvenir." (See Dict. Geog., pp. 278 and 1188). Conceding that I have established a Lake Moeris filling the Reian Basin as a Southern Birket-el-Qerūn, this canal was a (subterranean?) passage into the West. The LXX translated is rò éoñépas, and in distinguishing the Goshen into which the sons of Jacob conducted their focks, described it as Γέσεμ τῆς ̓Αραβίας. It was the same Γέσεμ of which Syncellus said: ἡ πρὸς τῇ ̓Αιγύπτῳ Αραβία, i.e., the Goshen lying along that region of Masr or Mizraim still called Gauf. When the Israelites left Egypt they were accompanied by "a mixed multitude," Ghereb Rab, 17. The learned Saadia and the traveller R. Benjamin of Tudela identified the Fayoum with Pithom, or Pi-Tum, "the West," and as the region at the "foot" of the canal, in which the surplus grain of Egypt was stored (Murtadi, et al. passim). ÂN (see Brugsch, "Dict. Geog.," pp. 43 and 947)

naturally associates Oxyrhyncus and its crest, the fish, with the