term indicates the divine origination even of his physical life; second, the innermost aspect of his inward natural life; and finally, in the latest system of Christian thought, the regenerate or spiritual life in which man is linked anew to God through Christ Jesus (p. 130).

In the second section of his book Dr Laidlaw carries the view thus reached of man's nature into his discussion of the questions of sin and salvation. It leads him to take the position of Augustinian theology all along the line, though it is important to note his large admissions as to dogmatic exaggeration of original righteousness, and the figurative character of the story of the entrance of sin into the world. In his chapter on the Image of God in Man, which he is led to define as consisting of Intellect, Self-consciousness, and Personality, he has some very suggestive observations regarding the relation between the doctrine of the Trinity and the image of God in man. He shows that the thought of Trinity "alone furnishes the connecting link between God and man in the person of the Incarnate Logos" (p. 170). The Divine Original, after which man is made, is thus presented to us, not as mere sovereign will, but as absolute Love. But one desiderates a fuller discussion than is here given of the relation of the image of God in man to Christ. He says: "When we endeavour to connect in thought the relation of the Logos to humanity in the first creation with the relation of the Incarnate Redeemer to renewed humanity, we enter upon a somewhat dim and perilous way" (p. 175). Yes; but this way needs exploration, especially in connection with the Christology of Paul. The relation of the pre-existent Logos to mankind, preparatory to that which He was to sustain to man in the Incarnation, has an important bearing on the Soteriology of the New Testament. Dr Laidlaw quotes Dr Dale as saying, that without some clearing up of this point "the theory of expiation cannot hold its place in the thoughts of the Church.' And he admits that there is much unexplored territory in the great texts which combine the relation of the Son to the universe with that of the glorified Redeemer to the restitution of all things. But he hesitates to assert that a gateway may be found into this territory by any suggestion as to man having been created in the image of the Logos. Possibly; but one feels that Dr Laidlaw might have dealt more fully with the Christological relations of the Divine Image. He stops his discussion at a point where we would fain have had him proceed.

Nothing but praise can be given to Dr Laidlaw's exposition of the Psychology of the New Life. In the course of it he exposes the thinness of the tripartite theory at this point; and in his discussion of the relation between regeneration and conversion he has cleared up much popular confusion. His chapter on the great

Pauline passages that bear upon the growth and victory of the new life is a fine piece of exegesis-and to the preacher nothing could be more useful or suggestive. It is a field in which Dr Laidlaw has long wrought fruitfully and successfully. The volume is closed with an admirable chapter on the bearing of the Biblical psychology on the future life. The insufficiency of the theory of "Conditional Immortality" is exposed as another proof of the untenableness of the Trichotomy on which it rests; and the author shows how a true view of immortality is bound up with a doctrine of man's nature, such as the foregoing psychology has yielded. One feels that the author has, in his own words, successfully vindicated the place of Biblical psychology as "a torch-bearer to Biblical theology." And if there is, as Dr Laidlaw says, no novelty in our discussion," no reader of the book will fail to admire its freshness. It is a most luminous exposition, and the author's candour and careful efforts to do justice to the opinions of others, specially to those he controverts, are features which should greatly commend the work.

DAVID PURVES.

Sammlung von Lehrbüchern der Praktischen Theologie in gedrängter Darstellung.

Herausgegeben von D. H. Hering, Professor in Halle. I. Band:

Homiletik, 1 Lieferung.

Pp. 64, Price, M. 1.

Berlin: Reuter & Reichard, 1894.

THIS is the first instalment of a series of monographs on Practical Theology, which it is proposed to issue in some forty similar instalments within the next two years. The series, which is to consist of seven volumes, of from three to four hundred pages each, will discuss the various branches of Practical Theology usually set forth in German text-books. The aim of the series is to enable students of theology to continue the work of the lecture-room. Technicalities will be treated briefly but thoroughly; methods will be discussed in the light of past experience and present practice; and the superabundant literature of the subject will be examined so as to enable the student easily to see what is of abiding value. If the series is carried out in the spirit and with the skill and ability shown in the part now in hand, students of Practical Theology will hail it as a contribution of no ordinary interest and value. The volume on Homiletic is from the pen of the Editor. It has divided the subject into "history" and "theory"; and the part in hand carries the history of preaching, in an exceedingly interesting and well

informed sketch, from the Apostolic Age to the twelfth century. The periods are broken up into convenient sections; the characteristics of each period and section are clearly and briefly noted; a succinct account is given of the great preachers; and in the case of Augustine, a careful summary of the De Doctrina Christiana. Professor Hering handles the technicalities of his subject with ease and grace. They are never obtruded, yet they are always present, and they make the study of the history remarkably practical. At times, a somewhat unguarded expression occurs; as for instance, "Chrysostom is Bibeltheologe when he preaches." But Professor Hering is quite alive to the weakness of Chrysostom's treatment of Scripture. I should, however, have expected more than a passing notice of the Περὶ ἱερωσύνης.

JAMES ROBERTSON.

The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia: Being an Essay of the Local History of Phrygia from the Earliest Times to the Turkish Conquest.

By W. M. Ramsay, D.C.L., LL.D. Vol. I.: The Lycos Valley and South-Western Phrygia. Oxford: at the Clarendon Press. 8vo, pp. xxii. 352. Price, 18s. net.

THE publication of the first volume of Professor Ramsay's contribution to the history of Phrygia is an event of no ordinary importance. It has been looked forward to with eager interest, and it will not disappoint the expectations which have been formed of it. It has been a labour of love to its author. For many years the project has been upon his mind and in his heart, the enthusiasm of his waking and his sleeping hours. He has given his best powers to it, and has left nothing undone to secure its successful accomplishment. He has been able to make repeated visits to the country. He has examined every inch of the ground which he undertakes to describe. He has tested again and again his first impressions, his preliminary conclusions, and his favourite ideas. Not only has he been on the most intimate terms with the natives, and obtained from them all the information which they could furnish; he has even been able to make himself independent of them, and has sometimes astonished them by taking himself the part of guide, and directing them to finds of which they had no idea. He has examined with all the care and skill of an expert the monuments which he has come across in the districts which he explored. He has had the good fortune to light upon inscriptions of importance.

Vol. V.-No. 4.

He has

2 A

gathered up all that could be ascertained of the habits, dialects, beliefs, tales, superstitions, folk-lore, and institutions of the people.

His book has all the value, therefore, of a study at first hand. It is the product not only of much thought, but of much travel and patient investigation on the spot. It has in it the makings of new chapters in ancient history. It presents an immense amount of matter which is of the greatest value to the classical student, as well as to the historian. The theologian also will find in it much that comes very close to his special interests. It opens up new lines of inquiry, new points of view, new ways of approaching old problems, both in the interpretation of the New Testament writings and in the story of the early Christian Church. It follows the large methods of Bishop Lightfoot, the yet larger methods of Mommsen, Schiller, and the great German scholars, and gives the theologian to understand, by fruitful and informing example, how the best results, in the case of the origin of Christianity and the reading of its records, as in other lines of historical research, can be reached only when the wealth of epigraphic, geographical, and archæological inquiry is added to the study of the literature.

What Professor Ramsay professes to give is a local history. He follows, therefore, the plan of taking each city or centre by itself, and giving in as complete detail as possible all that belongs to it. He begins with a chapter on the Lycos Valley itself, describing its geographical position, its scenery, its divisions, its general importance, its history, and its religion. In successive chapters he deals at length with Laodiceia, Hierapolis, the cities of the middle Maeander Valley (Mossyna, Motella, Dionysopolis, Hyrgaleis), the Phrygian cities of the lower Maeander Valley and the Carian and Lydian frontiers, Colossai and the roads to the east, Lounda, Peltai, and Attanassos, the Valley of the Kazanes and Indos, and the Phrygian cities of the Pisidian frontier. In each case he gives all that he has been able to gather about the origin of the city, its inhabitants, their religious beliefs and practices, their race affinities, the particulars of their trade, finance, manufactures, public buildings, amusements, officials and forms of government, relations to strangers, social system, wars, position under different conquerors, and in short everything, however minute, that contributes in any way to an adequate idea of the people and their place in history. The account of each city or group of cities is followed by Appendices in which we get the texts of inscriptions and the succession of bishops. An admirable map of South-Western Phrygia and a plan of Laodiceia are also given. The want of indices is meantime a serious want. These will be supplied no doubt when the work is completed.

In his Introduction Professor Ramsay touches upon the problem

of Pteria, the strange city of the White Syrians, "whose remains,' he tells us, “are the largest and the most remarkable in Asia Minor, though it has lain in ruins since 539 B.C." The story of this great city and of the Empire of which it was the centre, and to which Phrygia probably belonged, is one of the most recent and most absorbing of Asian mysteries. Professor Ramsay here goes beyond the position to which he has hitherto adhered on the subject. He is inclined to agree with those who hold that this Pterian Empire was held by "the King Khitasar, whose war with Rameses II., towards 1300 B.C., is one of the most famous events in Egyptian history," and that it was so situated that "he could have allies from two widely severed regions, Western Asia Minor, and the extreme east of Asia Minor with Syria." He sides here with the orientalists rather than with the classical scholars, and believes that the geographical identifications on which the former rely are sufficient, if they are correct, to carry the above conclusions with them.

The account which Professor Ramsay gives of the Lycos Valley and its chief cities has too many points of interest even to mention here. He explains the positions of the three peoples inhabiting it, --the Phrygian people in the glen of the upper Lycos, to whom Colossai belonged; the Carian people on the south bank of the Lycos and of the Maeander, who possessed the cities of Laodiceia, Trapezopolis, Attouda, and Kidramos; and the people, sometimes regarded as Carian and sometimes as Lydian, the Hydreleitai or Kydrareitai, on the north bank of the Lycos and Maeander. He shows how they had each their own sanctuary or hieron as the centre of their religion and government, and how the God of the third people came to resemble the Greek Apollo, while the deity of the others was rather like the Greek Zeus. He thinks that the religions of the three were fundamentally the same in ritual, and that the difference in development was connected with differences in national or tribal character, the Phrygians and Carians tending more to "the patriarchal type of social institutions, while the Lydians retained more of the matriarchal type which seems to have been native to Asia Minor."

Much is made, naturally, of the road-systems. It is pointed out that the existence of a great empire is inferred from the earliest known line of communication in Asia Minor, and that it may be identified with that of Khitasar. The importance given. to the Lycos Valley, especially under the Roman administration, by the fact that it was one of the great points on the Eastern Highway, and the change that took place with the Valley and its cities when the line of communication was altered, are clearly shown. When the centre of the Roman Empire was removed first to Nicomedeia by Diocletian, and then to Constantinople by the